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Four-wave mixing
About: Four-wave mixing is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 7530 publications have been published within this topic receiving 112702 citations.
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TL;DR: In this paper, the optical phase conjugation at the midpoint of a 100-km standard single-mode fiber was used to compensate for the distortion of 10-Gb/s intensity-modulated NRZ pulse at an input power level exceeding +10 dBm with a resultant power penalty of less than 1.2 dB.
Abstract: Pulse shape distortion due to chromatic dispersion and self-phase modulation in a single-mode fiber was effectively compensated for by using an optical phase-conjugate wave generated by nondegenerate forward four-wave mixing in a zero-dispersion single-mode fiber. Using optical phase conjugation at the midpoint of a 100-km standard single-mode fiber compensates for the distortion of 10-Gb/s intensity-modulated NRZ pulse at an input power level exceeding +10 dBm with a resultant power penalty of less than 1.2 dB. >
91 citations
TL;DR: A theory of four-wave mixing in semiconductor laser media is developed by considering the contributions of both the gain and index gratings created by the carrier-density modulation occurring at the beat frequency of the pump and the probe waves, showing that the dominant contribution to the four- wave mixing process comes from the index grating.
Abstract: A theory of four-wave mixing in semiconductor laser media is developed by considering the contributions of both the gain and index gratings created by the carrier-density modulation occurring at the beat frequency of the pump and the probe waves. The general formalism can be applied to semiconductor lasers operating below or above threshold. As an illustration, we consider the case in which the semiconductor laser is operated as a traveling-wave amplifier. The results show that the dominant contribution to the four-wave mixing process comes from the index grating. Further, the index grating makes the probe transmission asymmetric with respect to the pump-probe detuning.
91 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a theory of the four-wave mixing (FWM) spectroscopy for the multilevel system coupled to the bath with arbitrary time scale is presented, in contrast to most previous work that assumes the fast bath dynamic limit.
Abstract: We present a theory of the four-wave-mixing (FWM) spectroscopy for the multilevel system coupled to the bath with arbitrary time scale, in contrast to most previous work that assumes the fast bath dynamic limit (motionally narrowed limit). Exact quantum mechanical expressions for the relevant nonlinear response tensor and the nonlinear polarization vector are obtained for a model Hamiltonian. Effects of molecular rotation and the polarization directions of the input radiation fields are also fully taken into account. The results show how the cross correlation as well as the autocorrelation functions of the fluctuations in the energy-gaps or transition frequencies between eigenstates contribute to the FWM spectroscopy. The result is applied to three-pulse echo spectroscopy. We examine the results for a variety of model spectral density functions, and recover the results of the previously reported theories as limiting cases.
91 citations
TL;DR: In this article, an imprinting-exfoliation-wiping method is demonstrated to reduce the number of layers of graphite nano-particles and create a femtosecond passively mode-locked erbium doped fiber laser (EDFL).
Abstract: An imprinting–exfoliation–wiping method is demonstrated to reduce the number of layers of graphite nano-particles and create a femtosecond passively mode-locked erbium doped fiber laser (EDFL). As the number of exfoliations increases from 1 to 7, the linear transmittance of the graphite nano-particle increases from 0.44 to 0.9, and the modulation depth increases from 22% to 57%. Moreover, the 2D band of the graphite nano-particles in the Raman spectrum becomes intense and symmetric, which indicates the structural properties of the graphite nano-particles approach those of few-layer graphene. The passively mode-locked EDFL pulsewidth reduces from 755 to 375 fs as the number of exfoliations increases from 1 to 7, while the spectral linewidth broadens from 3.55 to 6.85 nm. The first-order Kelly sideband on the optical spectrum is observed with a frequency spacing Dυ decreasing from ±1.45 to ±1.35 THz. The frequency spacing of the second-order Kelly sideband decreases slightly from ±2.04 to ±2.01 THz on increasing from six to seven applications of the imprinting–exfoliation–wiping process. Apart from the Kelly sidebands, two spectral peaks arise on the soliton spectrum with the six-times exfoliated graphite nano-particles due to the nonlinear four-wave-mixing (FWM) effect of Kelly sidebands during propagation in the EDFL cavity.
90 citations
IBM1
TL;DR: In this article, the authors show that in order to describe completely the coherent coupling between the pump and probe pulses in a pump-probe measurement of transient absorption, the influence of induced phase gratings must be included.
Abstract: We show that in order to describe completely the coherent coupling between the pump and probe pulses in a pump– probe measurement of transient absorption, the influence of induced phase gratings must be included. The importance of phase gratings is demonstrated experimentally for the case of a bleachable dye and analyzed in terms of transient four-wave mixing. These results are relevant to the interpretation of pump–probe measurements on all time scales performed with pulses from a single laser, particularly when the pulse duration is comparable with the material response time.
90 citations