Frequency drift

About: Frequency drift is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 5054 publications have been published within this topic receiving 56191 citations. The topic is also known as: chirp rate.

Adaptive estimation of power system frequency deviation and its rate of change for calculating sudden power system overloads

Abstract: A novel Kalman filtering-based technique is presented for estimating power system frequency deviation and its average rate of change during emergency operating conditions that may require load shedding. This method obtains the optimal estimate of the power system frequency deviation from noisy voltage samples and the best estimate of the mean system frequency deviation and its rate of change while accounting for low-frequency synchronizing oscillations which occur during large disturbances. The proposed technique is a two-stage algorithm which uses an adaptive extended Kalman filter in series with an adaptive linear Kalman filter. The extended Kalman filter calculates the frequency deviation, magnitude, and phase angle of the voltage phasor, which may change during the time period covered by the estimation window. Both the measurement noise variance and the system noise covariance associated with the voltage samples are calculated online. The instantaneous frequency deviation is used as the input to a linear Kalman filter, which models the frequency deviation as a random walk plus a random ramp process. The estimated average rate of frequency decay is represented by the slope of the random ramp. Results for both single and multiple measurements are reported. >

Transmitter/receiver for transmitting and receiving of an RF signal in two frequency bands

Abstract: The object of the invention is a transmitter/receiver for transmitting and receiving of an RF signal in two frequency bands. In the solution according to the invention, a transmitter/receiver is used which is based on direct conversion and in it, when operating in both frequency bands, the mixing frequency is formed by means of the same synthesizer (340). This is implemented preferably in such a way that in the higher operating frequency, the frequency of the output signal of the synthesizer is used as such as a mixing frequency and when operating in the lower operating frequency, a mixing frequency is used which is obtained by dividing the frequency of the output signal of the synthesizer by two or a larger integer in the divider (311, 361). When the solution according to the invention is used, many synthesizers are not needed in the transmitter/receiver and no intermediate frequency components are needed.

Predicting islanding operation of grid connected PV inverters

Abstract: Increasing numbers of photovoltaic arrays are being connected to the power utility through power electronic inverters. This has raised potential problems of network protection. If, due to the action of the inverter or inverters, the local network voltage and frequency remain within regulatory limits when the utility is disconnected, then islanding is said to occur. Many methods to prevent this have been proposed and a SPICE-based model and analysis of the system are presented. Specifically aimed at predicting the effectiveness of two of these. These are: active frequency drift, which causes the inverter current to be generated slightly lower or higher in frequency than the frequency of the terminal voltage; and slip mode frequency shift, which controls the phase angle of the inverter current as a function of the frequency deviation of the terminal voltage from that of the normal network frequency. Experimental verification of the model is provided. Active frequency drift using frequency speed-up rather than speed-down is shown to be preferable for inductive loads, but conditions that resulted in islanding could be predicted. Slip mode frequency shift proved to be a more robust anti-islanding protection technique.

Introduction to Quartz Frequency Standards

Abstract: : The fundamentals of quartz frequency standards are reviewed. The subjects discussed include: crystal resonators and oscillators, oscillator types, and the characteristics arid limitations of temperature-compensated crystal oscillators (TCXO) and oven-controlled crystal oscillators (OCXO). The oscillator instabilities discussed include: aging, noise, frequency vs. temperature, warmup, acceleration effects, magnetic field effects, atmospheric pressure effects, radiation effects, and interactions among the various effects. Guidelines are provided for oscillator comparison and selection. Discussions of specifications are also included, as are references and suggestions for further reading. Oscillator, clock, frequency standard, frequency control, frequency stability, time, timing devices, quartz, quartz crystal, quartz oscillator, atomic clock, atomic frequency standard, stability, aging, noise, phase noise.

A 12 MHz micromechanical bulk acoustic mode oscillator

Abstract: We demonstrate a bulk acoustic mode silicon micromechanical resonator with the first eigen frequency at 12 MHz and the quality factor 180 000. Electrostatic coupling to the mechanical motion is shown to be feasible using a high bias voltage across a narrow gap. By using a low-noise preamplifier to detect the resonance, a high spectral purity oscillator is demonstrated (phase noise less than −115 dBc/Hz at 1 kHz offset from the carrier). By analyzing the constructed prototype oscillator, we discuss in detail the central performance limitations of using silicon micromechanics in oscillator applications.