Fresnel zone

About: Fresnel zone is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 2337 publications have been published within this topic receiving 37650 citations.

Particle-Size Measurement Using Forward-Scatter Holography*

Abstract: This study is an experimental and theoretical investigation of the application of forward-scatter Fresnel holography to water droplets. The theoretical holograms were constructed on a digital computer by determining the irradiance of the interference pattern formed by the light scattered from a droplet and a reference source, at discrete points on a hologram. The forward-scattered light is evaluated by assuming that the droplet is an opaque disk and utilizing the Rayleigh–Sommerfeld theory of diffraction. The reconstructed wave front is evaluated by performing the Fresnel transform on the hologram matrix. The corresponding experimental holograms were made with a helium–neon continuous-wave laser and using glass beads from 80 to 250 μm in diameter as models of the water droplets. The half-radiance width of the reconstructed wave-front radiance distribution is shown theoretically to increase linearly as the distance of the object from the hologram is decreased. Also, the half-radiance width increases logarithmically with hologram area. The theoretical and experimental radiance distributions in the plane of reconstruction were compared. Proper alignment of the hologram during reconstruction is necessary for the reconstruction of the original radiance distribution. Size can be measured by noting edge enhancement (radiance peak at the edge of the droplet) in the reconstructed image. A relationship between the diameter of the peak and the actual droplet diameter is determined for sphere diameters from 20 to 250 μm and object distances from 10 to 20 cm. Experimental accuracy to within 4% is achieved with this technique.

Coherence properties of a reflected optical wave in atmospheric turbulence

Abstract: The transverse spatial coherence radius is studied for both the monostatic and bistatic laser radar problems involving an optical wave propagating through atmospheric turbulence in the weak-fluctuation regime over a path of length L and then reflected in the reverse direction from a finite mirror with finite focal length FR. Formal expressions are developed for the wave structure function and the modulus of the complex degree of coherence in the general Gaussian-beam wave case, and tractable analytic results are derived for the special case of a diverging (or spherical) wave at the transmitter and observation points in the beam symmetrically located with respect to the beam centerline. By varying the focal length of the mirror, one minimizes the spatial coherence radius of a reflected spherical wave when the receiver is located near the plane defined by the radius of curvature of the mirror (i.e., L/FR ~ 2) and maximizes it when L/FR is approximately 6–7. Effects of inner scale, outer scale, and the high wave-number deviation from pure power-law behavior are taken into account in the assumed spectral models for refractive-index fluctuations. Analogous to line-of-sight propagation, the spatial coherence radius based on a modified spectrum is generally less than that based on the von Karman spectrum, particularly when the coherence radius is of the order of the inner scale of turbulence.

Fabrication of Fresnel zone plates with high aspect ratio by soft X-ray lithography

Abstract: High focusing efficiency Fresnel zone plates for hard X-ray imaging is fabricated by electron beam lithography, soft X-ray lithography, and gold electroplating techniques. Using the electron beam lithography, Fresnel zone plates which has an outermost zone width of 100 nm and thickness of 250 nm has been fabricated. Fresnel zone plates with outermost zone width of 150 nm and thickness of 660 nm has been fabricated by using soft X-ray lithography.

A Large Planar Holographic Refiectarray for Fresnel-Zone Microwave Wireless Power Transfer at 5.8 GHz

Abstract: We present a 5.8 GHz Fresnel-zone microwave wireless power transfer experiment leveraging a large planar holographic metasurface reflectarray to form a focused spot at a distance of 6.5 m. The 1.5 $\mathbf{m}^{2}$ holographic metasurface is fabricated from 15 panels having total dimensions of $\mathbf{122}\times \mathbf{127}$ cm, and is comprised of over 4,000 reflective patch resonators on the top surface of a 3.0 mm thick FR-4 substrate. A constrained hologram approach is used to discretize the desired hologram and approximate the desired focal spot given the Lorentzian coupled amplitude-phase response of the patch resonators. When the metasurface is illuminated by a 20 dB standard-gain horn 1.8 $\mathbf{m}$ away, it produces a spot with a 3 dB beam waist (FWHM) of approximately 50 cm. The experimentally measured beam profile matches the simulated beam profile to ± 1 dB within the beam, and we estimate almost 40% of the transmitted power was incident onto the receiver at the focus point.