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Fullerene

About: Fullerene is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 12723 publications have been published within this topic receiving 359173 citations.


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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigate the reasons for the decrease in photocurrent of poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) as the donor and find that it can be attributed partly to a loss in charge generation efficiency that may be related to the LUMO-LUMO and HOMO-HOMO offsets at the donor-acceptor heterojunction, and partly to reduced charge carrier collection efficiencies.
Abstract: The use of fullerenes with two or more adducts as acceptors has been recently shown to enhance the performance of bulk-heterojunction solar cells using poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) as the donor. The enhancement is caused by a substantial increase in the open-circuit voltage due to a rise in the fullerene lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) level when going from monoadducts to multiadducts. While the increase in the open-circuit voltage is obtained with many different polymers, most polymers other than P3HT show a substantially reduced photocurrent when blended with fullerene multiadducts like bis-PCBM (bis adduct of Phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester) or the indene C60 bis-adduct ICBA. Here we investigate the reasons for this decrease in photocurrent. We find that it can be attributed partly to a loss in charge generation efficiency that may be related to the LUMO-LUMO and HOMO-HOMO (highest occupied molecular orbital) offsets at the donor-acceptor heterojunction, and partly to reduced charge carrier collection efficiencies. We show that the P3HT exhibits efficient collection due to high hole and electron mobilities with mono- and multiadduct fullerenes. In contrast the less crystalline polymer Poly[[9-(1-octylnonyl)-9H-carbazole-2,7-diyl]-2,5-thiophenediyl-2,1,3-benzothiadiazole-4,7-diyl-2,5-thiophenediyl (PCDTBT) shows inefficient charge carrier collection, assigned to low hole mobility in the polymer and low electron mobility when blended with multiadduct fullerenes.

122 citations

Book ChapterDOI
01 Jan 1996
TL;DR: In this article, the authors describe the laboratory methods commonly used to synthesize, extract, and purify fullerenes, including resistive heating of carbon rods in a vacuum, ac or dc plasma discharge between carbon electrodes in He gas, laser ablation of carbon electrodes, and oxidative combustion of benzene/argon gas mixtures.
Abstract: This chapter describes the laboratory methods commonly used to synthesize, extract, and purify fullerenes. Fullerene molecules are formed in the laboratory from carbon-rich vapors which can be obtained in a variety of ways, e.g., resistive heating of carbon rods in a vacuum, ac or dc plasma discharge between carbon electrodes in He gas, laser ablation of carbon electrodes in He gas, and oxidative combustion of benzene/argon gas mixtures. Most methods for the production of large quantities of fullerenes simultaneously generate a mixture of stable fullerenes (C 60 , C 70 , …), impurity molecules such as polyaromatic hydrocarbons, and carbon-rich soot. Therefore, the synthesis of fullerenes must be followed by procedures to extract and separate fullerenes from these impurities according to mass, and for the higher fullerenes, separation according to specific isomeric forms may also be required. Fullerenes can be synthesized in the laboratory in a wide variety of ways, all involving the generation of a carbon-rich vapor or plasma. All current methods of fullerene synthesis produce primarily C 60 and C 70 , and these molecules are now routinely isolated in gram quantities and are commercially available. Higher-mass fullerenes and endohedral complexes can also be made and isolated, albeit in substantially reduced amounts. At present the most efficient method of producing fullerenes involves an electric discharge between graphite electrodes in ∼200 torr of He gas. Fullerenes are embedded in the emitted carbon soot and must then be extracted and subsequently purified. A variation of the arc technique is used to synthesize graphene tubules. However, it appears that it will be difficult to extend the chemical methods now used to isolate particular fullerene isomers to separate the carbon tubules according to diameter and chiral angle.

122 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Using the ab initio global search approach, Wang et al. as mentioned in this paper predicted three hexagonal and one tetragonal two-dimensional carbon allotrope: C65-, C63-, C31- and C41-sheets.
Abstract: Graphene has attracted tremendous interest due to its extraordinary electrical, thermal, and physical properties. The graphynes are widely investigated for their variety of structures and electrical properties. Using the ab initio global search approach, we predicted three hexagonal and one tetragonal two-dimensional carbon allotrope: C65-, C63-, C31- and C41-sheets. Graphene, C65-sheet, graphenylene, C63-sheet, and graphyne form a series of graphene-like allotropes from graphene to graphyne. These four new carbon allotropes are metallic and are local minimums in their potential energy surfaces. These two-dimensional carbon allotropes are expected to serve as precursors to build various nanotubes, fullerenes, nanoribbons, and other low-dimensional nanomaterials.

122 citations

Patent
04 Oct 1991
TL;DR: In this article, a method of generating fullerenes by vaporizing carbon with the heat from an electrical arc and then condensing a soot from which fullerene may be recovered was proposed.
Abstract: This invention provides a method of generating fullerenes by vaporizing carbon with the heat from an electrical arc and then condensing a soot from which fullerenes may be recovered.

122 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a review of tunneling tunneling microscopy investigations of adsorption and film growth of various fullerenes on semiconductor and metal surfaces is presented.

121 citations


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Performance
Metrics
No. of papers in the topic in previous years
YearPapers
2023542
20221,244
2021366
2020346
2019411
2018420