Showing papers on "Fundamental frequency published in 2006"
18 Jun 2006
TL;DR: In this article, a phase-locked-loop (PLL) method for single-phase systems was proposed to detect the phase angle, amplitude and frequency of the utility voltage.
Abstract: Phase, amplitude and frequency of the utility voltage are critical information for the operation of the grid-connected inverter systems. In such applications, an accurate and fast detection of the phase angle, amplotude and frequency of the utility voltage is essential to assure the correct generation of the reference signals and to cope with the new upcoming standards. This paper presents a new phase-locked-loop (PLL) method for single-phase systems. The novelty consists in generating the orthogonal voltage system using a structure based on second order generalized integrator (SOGI). The proposed structure has the following advantages: — it has a simple implementation; — the generated orthogonal system is filtered without delay by the same structure due to its resonance at the fundamental frequency, — the proposed structure is not affected by the frequency changes. The solutions for the discrete implementation of the new proposed structure are also presented. Experimental results validate the effectiveness of the proposed method.
1,023 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a hybrid system consisting of a proportional integral (PI) controller plus a generic hth harmonic resonant controller implemented in a frame rotating at the n th harmonic frequency is discussed in detail.
Abstract: Voltage source inverters connected to the grid in applications such as active rectifiers, active filters, uninterruptible power supplies, and distributed generation systems need an optimal ac current control. To obtain zero steady-state error at the fundamental frequency (i.e., unity power factor), the use of a standard integrator in a rotating frame is as effective as the use of a resonant controller in a stationary frame. However, the grid voltage harmonics influence the current controller and generate current harmonics unless several integrators in multiple rotating frames or resonant compensators in a stationary frame are adopted. In this letter, a hybrid system consisting of a proportional integral (PI) controller plus a generic hth harmonic resonant controller implemented in a frame rotating at the n th harmonic frequency is discussed in detail. The hth harmonic controller is able to decrease both the (h - n)th and (h + n)th harmonics, while the PI controller is able to decrease other harmonics if the synchronization phase signal adopted for the frame transformation is unfiltered. It is demonstrated that the use of a PI and sixth harmonic resonant compensator is effective for both positive and negative sequence fifth and seventh harmonics; hence, four harmonics are compensated with the proportional integral-resonant (PI-RES) controller implemented in a synchronous frame. Simulation and experimental tests validate the proposed analysis
662 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, an active harmonic elimination method was proposed to eliminate any number of specific higher order harmonics of multilevel converters with equal or unequal dc voltages, and the simulation results showed that the method can effectively eliminate the specific harmonics, and a low total harmonic distortion (THD) near sine wave was produced.
Abstract: This paper presents an active harmonic elimination method to eliminate any number of specific higher order harmonics of multilevel converters with equal or unequal dc voltages. First, resultant theory is applied to transcendental equations characterizing the harmonic content to eliminate low order harmonics and to determine switching angles for the fundamental frequency switching scheme and a unipolar switching scheme. Next, the residual higher order harmonics are computed and subtracted from the original voltage waveform to eliminate them. The simulation results show that the method can effectively eliminate the specific harmonics, and a low total harmonic distortion (THD) near sine wave is produced. An experimental 11-level H-bridge multilevel converter with a field programmable gate array controller is employed to implement the method. The experimental results show that the method does effectively eliminate any number of specific harmonics, and the output voltage waveform has low THD.
322 citations
Proceedings Article•
01 Jan 2006
TL;DR: A conceptually simple and computationally efficient fundamental frequency (F0) estimator for polyphonic music signals and three different estimators are proposed: a “direct” method, an iterative estimation and cancellation method, and a method that estimates multiple F0s jointly.
Abstract: This paper proposes a conceptually simple and computationally efficient fundamental frequency (F0) estimator for polyphonic music signals. The studied class of estimators calculate the salience, or strength, of a F0 candidate as a weighted sum of the amplitudes of its harmonic partials. A mapping from the Fourier spectrum to a “F0 salience spectrum” is found by optimization using generated training material. Based on the resulting function, three different estimators are proposed: a “direct” method, an iterative estimation and cancellation method, and a method that estimates multiple F0s jointly. The latter two performed as well as a considerably more complex reference method. The number of concurrent sounds is estimated along with their F0s.
212 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a theory of the direct current effect on the detection of terahertz and underground radiation in gated two-dimensional structures is presented. But the authors focus on the nonresonant case, where the fundamental frequency of plasma oscillations is large compared to inverse scattering time.
Abstract: We present theoretical and experimental studies of the direct current effect on the detection of subterahertz and terahertz radiation in gated two-dimensional structures. We developed a theory of the current-driven detection both for resonant case, when the fundamental frequency of plasma oscillation is large compared to inverse scattering time, ${\ensuremath{\omega}}_{0}\ensuremath{\tau}⪢1$, and for the nonresonant case, ${\ensuremath{\omega}}_{0}\ensuremath{\tau}⪡1$, when the plasma oscillations are damped. We predict that, in the nonresonant case, even a very small dc current would increase the detection amplitude up to two orders of magnitude. Physically, this increase is related to an abrupt transition from the linear to saturation region near the knee of the current-voltage characteristic. When the current increases up to the saturation value, the electron concentration near the drain becomes very low and can be strongly affected by a small external field. As a consequence, the two-dimensional channel becomes extremely sensitive to external perturbations. In the resonant case, the detection amplitude has maxima when the radiation frequency is equal to fundamental plasma frequency and its harmonics. We predict that the effective linewidths of the respective resonances would decrease with the increasing current. Physically, this happens because dc current shifts the system towards the plasma wave instability. At some critical current value, the width corresponding to the fundamental frequency would turn to zero, indicating the onset of plasma waves generation. Our experimental measurements performed on $\mathrm{GaAs}$ HEMT confirm the theoretical predictions.
203 citations
TL;DR: Analysis of a suspended carbon nanotube used as a frequency mixer to detect its own mechanical motion shows that the nanotubes in these devices have no slack and that, by applying a gate voltage, the Nanotube can be tuned from a regime without strain to a regime where it behaves as a vibrating string under tension.
Abstract: We have used a suspended carbon nanotube as a frequency mixer to detect its own mechanical motion. A single gate-dependent resonance is observed, which we attribute to the fundamental bending mode vibration of the suspended carbon nanotubes. A continuum model is used to fit the gate dependence of the resonance frequency, from which we obtain values for the fundamental frequency, the residual and gate-induced tension in the nanotube. This analysis shows that the nanotubes in our devices have no slack and that, by applying a gate voltage, the nanotube can be tuned from a regime without strain to a regime where it behaves as a vibrating string under tension.
200 citations
TL;DR: Results indicate that explicit F0 modulation of the channel envelopes improves music perception in cochlear implant subjects.
Abstract: Music perception and appraisal is very poor in cochlear implant (CI) subjects partly because (musical) pitch is inadequately transmitted by the current clinically used sound processors. A new sound processing scheme (F0mod) was designed to optimize pitch perception, and its performance for music and pitch perception was compared in four different experiments to that of the current clinically used sound processing scheme (ACE) in six Nucleus CI24 subjects. In the F0mod scheme, slowly varying channel envelopes are explicitly modulated sinusoidally at the fundamental frequency (F0) of the input signal, with 100% modulation depth and in phase across channels to maximize temporal envelope pitch cues. The results of the four experiments show that: (1) F0 discrimination of single-formant stimuli was not significantly different for the two schemes, (2) F0 discrimination of musical notes of five instruments was three times better with the F0mod scheme for F0 up to 250 Hz, (3) melody recognition of familiar Flemish songs (with all rhythm cues removed) was improved with the F0mod scheme, and (4) estimates of musical pitch intervals, obtained in a musically trained CI subject, matched more closely the presented intervals with the F0mod scheme. These results indicate that explicit F0 modulation of the channel envelopes improves music perception in CI subjects.
119 citations
Journal Article•
TL;DR: In this article, two models that predict perceived timbral brightness in terms of the centroid of the frequency spectrum were investigated, and the results indicated that brightness is much better correlated with frequency spectrum centroid (r = 0.513, p < 0.01) than with the ratio of centroid to the fundamental frequency.
Abstract: Two models that predict perceived timbral brightness in terms of the centroid of the frequency spectrum were investigated. One model simply uses the centroid of the frequency spectrum, the other divides this same value by the fundamental frequency: the latter scales the centroid of the frequency spectrum with the fundamental frequency. Different single tone and pitch combinations, presented sequentially, were compared. Participants were not-asked to ignore piich differences and intervals of greater than an octave were compared. The results indicate that brightness is much better correlated with frequency spectrum centroid (r = 0.513, p < 0.01) than with the ratio of the centroid of the frequency spectrum to the fundamental frequency (r = 0.030, p = 0.441).
101 citations
TL;DR: It is shown that higher harmonics with significant amplitudes are also contained in the ASSR spectrum, and the use of a q-sample test, which, in addition to the fundamental frequency, also includes higher harmonICS in the detection leads to a better detection performance.
Abstract: Auditory steady-state responses (ASSR) are expected to be useful for the objective, frequency-specific assessment of hearing thresholds in small children. To detect ASSR close to the hearing threshold, a powerful statistical test has to be applied. At present, so-called one-sample tests are used. These tests only evaluate the phase, or the phase and amplitude, of the first harmonic, that is, the fundamental frequency. It is shown that higher harmonics with significant amplitudes are also contained in the ASSR spectrum. For this reason, statistical tests that only consider the first harmonic ignore a significant portion of the available information. The use of a q-sample test, which, in addition to the fundamental frequency, also includes higher harmonics in the detection leads to a better detection performance. The evaluation of test performance uses both detection rate and detection time.
89 citations
01 Nov 2006
TL;DR: In this paper, the analysis of the active neutral-point-clamped 5-level converter (ANPC5L) with regards to the total harmonic distortion (THD) for high speed, high power applications is presented.
Abstract: This paper presents the analysis of the active neutral-point-clamped 5-level converter (ANPC5L) with regards to the total harmonic distortion (THD) for high speed, high power applications. A 5 MW machine with fundamental frequency of 500 Hz is considered. The converter can be switched up to 2 kHz, thereby making the switching frequency to fundamental frequency ratio in the range of 3-4. Different optimized pulse patterns (OPP) are studied for this case. It is shown that no extra filter is necessary to limit the THD in the considered application, when applying the proposed pulse patterns. Topology specific issues, such as the floating capacitor voltage balancing and the switching frequency of the devices, are investigated in detail for the proposed pulse patterns. The results are compared with a traditional pulse width modulation (PWM) approach
77 citations
TL;DR: FODLs were not influenced by component phase for N= 6 or 7, but were smaller for cosine than for alternating phase once N exceeded 7, suggesting that temporal fine structure plays a role in this range.
Abstract: Thresholds for discriminating the fundamental frequency (FO) of a complex tone, FODLs, are small when low harmonics are present, but increase when the number of the lowest harmonic, N, is above eight. To assess whether the relatively small FODLs for N in the range 8-10 are based on (partly) resolved harmonics or on temporal fine structure information, FODLs were measured as a function of N for tones with three successive harmonics which were added either in cosine or alternating phase. The center frequency was 2000 Hz, and N was varied by changing the mean FO. A background noise was used to mask combination tones. The value of FO was roved across trials to force subjects to make within-trial comparisons. N was roved by +/- 1 for every stimulus, to prevent subjects from using excitation pattern cues. FODLs were not influenced by component phase for N= 6 or 7, but were smaller for cosine than for alternating phase once N exceeded 7, suggesting that temporal fine structure plays a role in this range. When the center frequency was increased to 5000 Hz, performance was much worse for low N, suggesting that phase locking is important for obtaining low FODLs with resolved harmonics.
TL;DR: Comparative results between the proposed Short-Time FChT and popular time–frequency techniques reveal an improvement in spectral and time-frequency representation.
TL;DR: In this paper, the second harmonic response of a microwave distributed bandstop filter has been shown to have upper passband widths of up to six times the fundamental bandstop center frequency, due to the use of compound resonators having shorter electrical length.
Abstract: Previous microwave distributed bandstop filters have had their second harmonic response centered at no more than three times the fundamental bandstop mid-band frequency, due to the use of quarter-wave resonators. This limitation has now been removed by the use of compound resonators having shorter electrical length. Some configurations incorporate lumped capacitors, resulting in additional design degrees of freedom and wider passbands. The new theory has been developed to apply to both wide and narrow stopbands. Example filters having upper passband widths of up to six times the fundamental bandstop center frequency are presented
TL;DR: In this paper, it is conjectured that pseudo-second spectrum contributions arising when evanescent waves become propagating above the cut-off frequency ω co = κ AG / ρ I can corrupt the frequency predictions of Timoshenko beam theory.
TL;DR: This article employed a cue synthesis experimental method to examine the effects of pitch and intonation on male vocal attractiveness to women, finding that high voices rated as significantly less attractive to women than either medium or low voices.
Abstract: This paper employs a cue synthesis experimental method to examine the effects of pitch and intonation on male vocal attractiveness to women. Voices were acoustically manipulated to yield nine combinations of three levels of average fundamental frequency and three levels of variance of fundamental frequency. Strong main effects were obtained for the average fundamental frequency manipulation, with high voices rated as significantly less attractive to women than either medium or low voices, which do not differ in attractiveness. The main effects of manipulations of variance of fundamental frequency on vocal attractiveness and benevolence did not reach significance, but there was a significant interaction on the benevolence factor, with high or low average fundamental frequency manipulations being rated particularly low for voices with low variance of fundamental frequency.
01 Jan 2006
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigated vortex-induced vibration at higher than tenth mode in uniform and sheared flows and found that the largest RMS stress and fatigue damage due to VIV are caused by these higher harmonics.
Abstract: This paper presents results from two field experiments using long flexible cylinders, suspended vertically from surface vessels. The experiments were designed to investigate vortex-induced vibration (VIV) at higher than tenth mode in uniform and sheared flows. The results of both experiments revealed significant vibration energy at the expected Strouhal frequency (referred to in this paper as the fundamental frequency) and also at two and three times the Strouhal frequency. Although higher harmonics have been reported before, this was the first time that the contribution to fatigue damage, resulting from the third harmonic, could be estimated with some certainty. This was enabled by the direct measurement of closely spaced strain gauges in one of the experiments. In some circumstances the largest RMS stress and fatigue damage due to VIV are caused by these higher harmonics. The total fatigue damage rate including the third harmonic is shown to be up to forty times greater than the damage rate due to the vibration at the fundamental vortex-shedding frequency alone. This dramatic increase in damage rate due to the third harmonic appears to be associated with a narrow range of reduced velocities in regions of the pipe associated with significant flow-induced excitation.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
TL;DR: In this article, the frequency equation for radial vibrations of a poroelastic cylinder is derived in the form of a determinant involving Bessel functions, which gives the values of the characteristic circular frequency parameters of the first four modes for various geometries.
Abstract: Employing Biot's theory for wave propagation in a porous solid, the frequency equation for radial vibrations of a poroelastic cylinder is obtained. The frequency equation has been derived in the form of a determinant involving Bessel functions. The roots of the frequency equation give the values of the characteristic circular frequency parameters of the first four modes for various geometries. These roots, which correspond to various modes, are numerically calculated and presented graphically. The results indicate that the effects of porosity are very pronounced.
TL;DR: Results are consistent with the idea that resolved harmonics are necessary for good fo discrimination, and fo DLs for high fo's increased with stimulus level in the same way as pure-tone frequency DLs, suggesting that for this frequency range, the frequencies of Harmonics are more poorly encoded at higher levels, even when harmonics is well resolved.
Abstract: Three experiments tested the hypothesis that fundamental frequency (f0) discrimination depends on the resolvability of harmonics within a tone complex. Fundamental frequency difference limens (f0 DLs) were measured for random-phase harmonic complexes with eight f0’s between 75 and 400Hz, bandpass filtered between 1.5 and 3.5kHz, and presented at 12.5‐dB∕component average sensation level in threshold equalizing noise with levels of 10, 40, and 65dB SPL per equivalent rectangular auditory filter bandwidth. With increasing level, the transition from large (poor) to small (good) f0 DLs shifted to a higher f0. This shift corresponded to a decrease in harmonic resolvability, as estimated in the same listeners with excitation patterns derived from measures of auditory filter shape and with a more direct measure that involved hearing out individual harmonics. The results are consistent with the idea that resolved harmonics are necessary for good f0 discrimination. Additionally, f0 DLs for high f0’s increased with...
TL;DR: Results showed that hyperelastic and time-dependent parameters of the constitutive model can be related to observed age-related and gender-related differences in speaking fundamental frequency.
Abstract: The elastic as well as time-dependent mechanical response of the vocal fold cover (epithelium and superficial layer of the lamina propria) under tension is one key variable in regulating the fundamental frequency. This study examines the hyperelastic and time-dependent tensile deformation behavior of a group of human vocal fold cover specimens (six male and five female). The primary goal is to formulate a constitutive model that could describe empirical trends in speaking fundamental frequency with reasonable confidence. The constitutive model for the tissue mechanical behavior consists of a hyperelastic equilibrium network in parallel with an inelastic, time-dependent network and is combined with the ideal string model for phonation. Results showed that hyperelastic and time-dependent parameters of the constitutive model can be related to observed age-related and gender-related differences in speaking fundamental frequency. The implications of these findings on fundamental frequency regulation are described. Limitations of the current constitutive model are discussed.
TL;DR: Experiments performed in a tissue-mimicking phantom and in a rabbit aorta in vivo showed the feasibility of tissue harmonic imaging with a conventional IVUS catheter.
Abstract: Tissue harmonic imaging (THI) has been shown to increase image quality of medical ultrasound in the frequency range from 2 to 10 MHz and might, therefore, also be used to improve image quality in intravascular ultrasound (IVUS). In this study we constructed a prototype IVUS system that could operate in both fundamental frequency and second harmonic imaging modes. This system uses a conventional, continuously rotating, single-element IVUS catheter and was operated in fundamental 20 MHz, fundamental 40 MHz, and harmonic 40 MHz modes (transmit 20 MHz, receive 40 MHz). Hydrophone beam characterization measurements demonstrated the build-up of a second harmonic signal as a function of increasing pressure. Imaging experiments were conducted in both a tissue-mimicking phantom and in an atherosclerotic animal model in vivo. Acquisitions of fundamental 20 and 40 MHz and second harmonic acquisitions resulted in cross sections of the phantom and a rabbit aorta. The harmonic results of the imaging experiments showed the feasibility of intravascular THI with a conventional IVUS catheter both in a phantom and in vivo. The harmonic acquisitions also showed the potential of THI to reduce image artifacts compared to fundamental imaging
TL;DR: In this article, a method of analysis is presented for determining the free vibration frequencies of cylindrically curved laminated panels under general edge conditions, and is implemented in a layerwise optimization (LO) scheme to determine the optimum fiber orientation angles for the maximum fundamental frequency.
TL;DR: The results show that place pitch sensitivity drops with increased spectral smearing and that place Pitch cues for multi-channel stimuli can adequately be mimicked when the discriminability of adjacent channels is adjusted by varying the spectral slopes to match that of CI subjects.
Abstract: Although in a number of experiments noise-band vocoders have been shown to provide acoustic models for speech perception in cochlear implants (CI), the present study assesses in four experiments whether and under what limitations noise-band vocoders can be used as an acoustic model for pitch perception in CI. The first two experiments examine the effect of spectral smearing on simulated electrode discrimination and fundamental frequency (FO) discrimination. The third experiment assesses the effect of spectral mismatch in an FO-discrimination task with two different vocoders. The fourth experiment investigates the effect of amplitude compression on modulation rate discrimination. For each experiment, the results obtained from normal-hearing subjects presented with vocoded stimuli are compared to results obtained directly from CI recipients. The results show that place pitch sensitivity drops with increased spectral smearing and that place pitch cues for multi-channel stimuli can adequately be mimicked when the discriminability of adjacent channels is adjusted by varying the spectral slopes to match that of CI subjects. The results also indicate that temporal pitch sensitivity is limited for noise-band carriers with low center frequencies and that the absence of a compression function in the vocoder might alter the saliency of the temporal pitch cues.
TL;DR: In this paper, a genetic algorithm (GA) was used as an optimization engine to identify the parameters of the AQDM by simultaneously considering per-phase fundamental frequency impedance and stand-still frequency response impedance.
Abstract: There has been considerable research in developing improved induction motor models. One recently developed model simultaneously includes magnetizing path saturation, leakage saturation, and a highly flexible transfer function approach to represent the rotor circuits. This alternate QD model (AQDM) is also computationally efficient in that it is noniterative at each time step. It is considerably more accurate than the classical QD model (CQDM). However, the suggested characterization procedure is complicated and time consuming. This paper proposes a new characterization procedure for the AQDM. The proposed procedure employs a genetic algorithm (GA) as an optimization engine to identify the parameters of the AQDM by simultaneously considering per-phase fundamental frequency impedance and stand-still frequency response (SSFR) impedance. The proposed approach is validated by comparison of current ripple predictions (to validate high-frequency model behavior) and by application to maximum torque per ampere control design (to validate fundamental frequency model behavior). The proposed procedure is significantly more straightforward than the other published method of obtaining AQDM parameters.
TL;DR: Speech reconstruction tests reveal that the combination of robust fundamental frequency and voicing estimation with spectral subtraction in the integrated front-end leads to intelligible and relatively noise-free speech.
TL;DR: In this paper, a novel configuration of balanced frequency InGaAs pseudomorphic high electron mobility transistor (PHEMT) monolithic microwave integrated circuit (MMIC) tripler is proposed.
Abstract: A novel configuration of balanced frequency InGaAs pseudomorphic high electron mobility transistor (PHEMT) monolithic microwave integrated circuit (MMIC) tripler is proposed. A resonant LC filter is used to eliminate the fundamental frequency and a phase delay line is employed to suppress the second harmonic. The separation of the independent phase shifters makes the tripler more compact and flexible. The conversion loss of the tripler operating from 12 to 36GHz is less than 9.4dB at 9-dBm input power. As compared to the third-harmonic frequency, the fundamental frequency is suppressed more than 21.4dB while for the second harmonic is more than 22.3dB at 36GHz
TL;DR: A new kind of Obrechkoff one-step method, which combines the Fourier spectrum and the high-order derivatives is constructed, which can be used as a high-accurate integrator with any large step size but also as a frequency filter to detect the fundamental frequency of a unknown periodic dynamic system.
TL;DR: In this article, a waveguide design is proposed to provide phase matching for nonlinear optical processes by designing the structure to guide the fundamental frequency by total internal reflection and the second harmonic (SH) frequency by transverse Bragg reflection.
Abstract: In this paper, we introduce and analyze a novel wave-guide design to provide phase matching for nonlinear optical processes. Phase matching is achieved by designing the structure to guide the fundamental frequency by total internal reflection and the second harmonic (SH) frequency by transverse Bragg reflection. By forcing the SH mode to operate in the middle of the Bragg stopband, we solve for the waveguide dimensions for arbitrary waveguide materials, given the material dispersion between the fundamental and SH frequencies. Using GaAs-AlGaAs as an example, we analytically investigate and quantify properties such as nonlinear coupling efficiency, bandwidth, tunability, and limitations due to dispersion. The technique shows tremendous promise when compared to alternate technologies, where it is particularly attractive as an effective means to obtain ultralow-loss nonlinear optical elements for monolithic integration with coherent light sources and other active devices.
TL;DR: In this paper, a phase-locked dielectric resonator oscillator (PLDRO) was designed and implemented at a 3-GHz IF as an alternative to detecting at RF using a sampling phase detector (PD).
Abstract: This paper describes the design and behavior of a 12-GHz push-push dielectric resonator oscillator in a phase-locked environment. This phase-locked dielectric resonator oscillator (PLDRO) differs from conventional designs on many fronts. First, it uses a push-push oscillator for its improved phase noise and reduced fundamental frequency. Second, the phase detection is implemented at a 3-GHz IF as an alternative to detecting at RF using a sampling phase detector (PD). Finally, the push-push PLDRO is tuned via coupled microstrip lines to minimize oscillator loading. These modifications are intended to minimize the risk of PLDRO lock failures by maintaining a constant PD gain via amplifiers operating at P1dB, and by halving the DRO fundamental frequency using the push-push approach. Experimental results indicate a fundamental suppression of 27 dBc, and single-sideband phase noise densities of -105, -110, and -125 dBc/Hz at 10-kHz, 100-kHz, and 1-MHz offsets, respectively, from a 12-GHz carrier
TL;DR: In this paper, a classification of floors into five headings is given based on vibration characteristics, and suggested criteria and limiting values for floor vibration design are proposed, based on tests carried out on site and in laboratory conditions.
Abstract: This paper summarizes results from vibration tests on floors. Classification of floors into five headings is given based on vibration characteristics. Suggested criteria and limiting values are proposed. These values are based on tests carried out on site and in laboratory conditions. It was found that the point load deflection is the best indicator for floor vibration design, when the fundamental frequency is higher than 10 Hz. It is further suggested that the deformation caused by the point load is divided into a local deflection mainly caused by soft toppings and floating floors and a global deflection of the main floor joists.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors proposed an adaptive cut-off frequency determination by power spectrum curve analysis, and bass expansion by both fundamental frequency illusion and equalization, and used a common channel for both stereo channels to limit computational complexity.
Abstract: Bandwidth expansion for audio signals by frequency band translations plus adaptive gains to create higher frequencies; use of a common channel for both stereo channels limits computational complexity. Adaptive cut-off frequency determination by power spectrum curve analysis, and bass expansion by both fundamental frequency illusion and equalization.