Topic
Gastrointestinal agent
About: Gastrointestinal agent is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 1101 publications have been published within this topic receiving 37321 citations.
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TL;DR: A wide spectrum of positive effects exerted by butyrate is suggested, with a high potential for a therapeutic use in human medicine, at the extraintestinal and intestinal level.
Abstract: The multiple beneficial effects on human health of the short-chain fatty acid butyrate, synthesized from non-absorbed carbohydrate by colonic microbiota, are well documented. At the intestinal level, butyrate plays a regulatory role on the transepithelial fluid transport, ameliorates mucosal inflammation and oxidative status, reinforces the epithelial defense barrier, and modulates visceral sensitivity and intestinal motility. In addition, a growing number of studies have stressed the role of butyrate in the prevention and inhibition of colorectal cancer. At the extraintestinal level, butyrate exerts potentially useful effects on many conditions, including hemoglobinopathies, genetic metabolic diseases, hypercholesterolemia, insulin resistance, and ischemic stroke. The mechanisms of action of butyrate are different; many of these are related to its potent regulatory effects on gene expression. These data suggest a wide spectrum of positive effects exerted by butyrate, with a high potential for a therapeutic use in human medicine.
935 citations
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TL;DR: Current approved treatment options, including metoclopramide and gastric electrical stimulation (GES), do not adequately address clinical need and attention should be given to the development of new effective therapies for symptomatic control.
854 citations
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TL;DR: A database containing information about the clearance routes for over 300 drugs from multiple therapeutic classes, including analgesics, anti-infectives, psychotropics, anticonvulsants, cancer chemotherapeutics, gastrointestinal agents, cardiovascular agents and others, was constructed to assist in the semiquantitative prediction of the magnitude of potential interactions with drugs under development.
Abstract: This article reviews the information available to assist pharmacokineticists in the prediction of metabolic drug interactions. Significant advances in this area have been made in the last decade, permitting the identification in early drug development of dominant cytochrome P450 (CYP) isoform(s) metabolising a particular drug as well as the ability of a drug to inhibit a specific CYP isoform. The major isoforms involved in human drug metabolism are CYP3A, CYP2D6, CYP2C, CYP1A2 and CYP2E1. Often patients are taking multiple concurrent medications, and thus an assessment of potential drug-drug interactions is imperative. A database containing information about the clearance routes for over 300 drugs from multiple therapeutic classes, including analgesics, anti-infectives, psychotropics, anticonvulsants, cancer chemotherapeutics, gastrointestinal agents, cardiovascular agents and others, was constructed to assist in the semiquantitative prediction of the magnitude of potential interactions with drugs under development. With knowledge of the in vitro inhibition constant of a drug (Ki) for a particular CYP isoform, it is theoretically possible to assess the likelihood of interactions for a drug cleared through CYP-mediated metabolism. For many agents, the CYP isoform involved in metabolism has not been identified and there is substantial uncertainty given the current knowledge base. The mathematical concepts for prediction based on competitive enzyme inhibition are reviewed in this article. These relationships become more complex if the inhibition is of a mixed competitive/noncompetitive nature. Sources of uncertainty and inaccuracy in predicting the magnitude of in vivo inhibition includes the nature and design of in vitro experiments to determine Ki, inhibitor concentration in the hepatic cytosol compared with that in plasma, prehepatic metabolism, presence of active metabolites and enzyme induction. The accurate prospective prediction of drug interactions requires rigorous attention to the details of the in vitro results, and detailed information about the pharmacokinetics and metabolism of the inhibitor and inhibited drug. With the discussion of principles and accompanying tabulation of literature data concerning the clearance of various drugs, a framework for reasonable semiquantitative predictions is offered in this article.
747 citations
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15 Jan 1995
TL;DR: In this article, historical and epidemiological aspects of gastrointestinal infections gastrointestinal tract structure and physiology immunologic defense against gastrointestinal pathogens approach to clinical gastrointestinal syndromes clinical approach to gastrointestinal disorders in immunocompromized hosts gastric infections gastrointestinal agents of diarrheal disease - bacterial and fungal infections, viral infections, parasitic infections diagnostic considerations in gastrointestinal infections therapy for gastrointestinal infections prevention and control.
Abstract: Historical and epidemiological aspects of gastrointestinal infections gastrointestinal tract structure and physiology immunologic defense against gastrointestinal pathogens approach to clinical gastrointestinal syndromes clinical approach to gastrointestinal syndromes in immunocompromized hosts gastric infections gastrointestinal agents of diarrheal disease - bacterial and fungal infections, viral infections, parasitic infections diagnostic considerations in gastrointestinal infections therapy for gastrointestinal infections prevention and control.
627 citations
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University of Amsterdam1, University of Calgary2, University of Michigan3, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven4, Rambam Health Care Campus5, University of Chicago6, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill7, Leiden University8, St. Vincent's Health System9, Imperial College London10, King Abdulaziz University11, Harvard University12, University of Cape Town13, Cleveland Clinic14, University of Paris15, Medical University of Vienna16, University of Kiel17, Dartmouth College18, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center19, Tokyo Medical and Dental University20, University of Western Ontario21, Mayo Clinic22, Lille University of Science and Technology23, University of Oxford24
TL;DR: Preliminary evidence suggests that a substantial proportion of patients in clinical remission for >1 year, without signs of active inflammation can remain in remission after stopping treatment, and there are insufficient data to make recommendations on when to stop anti-TNF therapy.
410 citations