Showing papers on "Gauge boson published in 1975"

Hadron Masses in a Gauge Theory

Abstract: We explore the implications for hadron spectroscopy of the "standard" gauge model of weak, electromagnetic, and strong interactions. The model involves four types of fractionally charged quarks, each in three colors, coupling to massless gauge gluons. The quarks are confined within colorless hadrons by a long-range spin-independent force realizing infrared slavery. We use the asymptotic freedom of the model to argue that for the calculation of hadron masses, the short-range quark-quark interaction may be taken to be Coulomb-like. We rederive many successful quark-model mass relations for the low-lying hadrons. Because a specific interaction and symmetry-breaking mechanism are forced on us by the underlying renormalizable gauge field theory, we also obtain new mass relations. They are well satisfied. We develop a qualitative understanding of many features of the hadron mass spectrum, such as the origin and sign of the $\ensuremath{\Sigma}\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\Lambda}$ mass splitting. Interpreting the newly discovered narrow boson resonances as states of charmonium, we use the model to predict the masses of charmed mesons and baryons.

Non-Abelian gauge fields as Nambu-Goldstone fields

Abstract: Gauge invariance is obtained as a consequence of the spontaneous breaking of a larger symmetry. The Yang--Mills gauge fields are the corresponding Nambu--Goldstone fields. This involves the study of field theories in a space with more than four dimensions. In a ''cylindrical'' sector these field theories reduce to new non-Abelian generalizations of Jordan--Brans--Dicke theory. The nonobservability of the excess dimensions (while a difficulty for theories in which these dimensions are bosonic) should cause no problems if the higher dimensions are fermionic. In the latter case, field theories in which all basic fields are at the same time Nambu--Goldstone and Yang--Mills fields become possible. The relation of this work to recent work on gravitation theory by Yang is explored.

Solutions for gravity coupled to massless gauge fields

Abstract: An explicit procedure is presented so that from each solution of the coupled Einstein-Maxwell equations for gravity and source-free electromagnetic fields, one can construct a set of solutions of the coupled Einstein-Yang-Mills equations for gravity and source-free, unquantized, massless, gauge fields for any gauge group which has an invariant metric. These solutions show that the Rainich-Misner-Wheeler ''already unified field theory'' cannot be extended to massless gauge fields. As an example of the procedure a solution is constructed which describes the exterior of a rotating black hole which has gauge charges such as isospin and hypercharge. A curved-space generalization of the Wu-Yang solution is shown to be a special case except written in a different gauge. Such black-hole solutions with massless gauge fields question Wheeler's ''black holes have no hair'' conjecture. (AIP)

General gauge invariance and spin waves in the B phase of superfluid $sup 3$He

Abstract: Assuming that the $B$ phase of superfluid $^{3}\mathrm{He}$ is described in terms of a spherical triplet state of Balian and Werthamer, the Goldstone bosons associated with the general gauge transformation of the $B$ phase are studied theoretically. Particular attention is paid to spin waves, which are the Goldstone bosons associated with (partially broken) gauge invariance of the original Hamiltonian against the rotation of the spin space. Spin-wave dispersions in the hydrodynamic regime of the $B$ phase are determined.

Electromagnetic interaction of neutrinos in gauge theories of weak interactions

Abstract: The scattering of neutrinos off real or virtual photons is examined in the gauge theories of weak interactions. Finite amplitudes of orderGα are calculated in the fourth-order perturbation for various models.

Eight-Quark Model of Weak Interactions with Left-Handed Currents

Abstract: A gauge model is proposed which contains only left-handed currents of quarks and leptons. Finally, the nuclear β-decay current couples to the intermediate boson with partial strength of the gauge coupling, and a new mixing angle is introduced to ensure the universality of the β decay and the μ decay.

Two-Dimensional Massless Quantum Electrodynamics in the Landau-Gauge Formalism and the Higgs Mechanism

Abstract: The Schwinger model is considered in the LandaJl-gauge formalism of quantum electro­ dynamics. This model can be solved exactly on the assumption of no radiative corrections to the anomaly. It is found that the photon obtains a non-zero mass through the Higgs mechanism. In this case, the would-be Nambu-Goldstone boson is an associated boson which is constructed from a pair of two-component massless fermions. This would-be Nambu-Goldstone boson appears as a result of the spontaneous breaking of the gauge invariance of the first kind, and it becomes unphysical through the Higgs mechanism. However, as all the fermions themselves decouple from photons, they cannot appear as real particles in our world. § 1 .. Introduction Recently several ideas are proposed to explain why the constituent part.icles do not appear as real particles. The most fantastic idea is infrared shielding, i.e.; if there were an extremely long range force, it would bind the constituents and they could appear not as free particles but only as' bound states. In this case, we can hope that the Yang-Mills fields play a role of a long-:range force and also that the symmetry breaking occurs because such a dynami<;al system is very unstable owing to the existence of long range correlations. Then we expect that the· gauge fields get· a mass through the Higgs mechanism and the constituent particles cannot app.ear since the Nambu-Goldstone boson becomes unphysical through the Higgs mechanism. In order to analyze the conjecture, we consider the two-dimensional massless QED (the Schwinger model). We can solve this model exactly and show explic­ itly that the gauge invariance of the first kind is broken spontaneously, and the Nambu-Goldstone boson appears as a bound state of the massless free fermions. This paper is organized as follows: In § 2, we· consider the Schwinger model in the Landau gauge. In § 3, we solve the Dirac equation for the electron iri the gauge field. In § 4, we reconstruct the electromagnetic current from the fermion wave functions obtained in § 3. .This technique is due to Lowenstein. In § 5, we construct the associated boson from the massless free fermions. This is just the Nambu-Goldstone boson and appears as a bound state of the fermions. In § 6, we discuss the construction of the Hilbert space and the representation

Asymptotic freedom and the "color" gauge group

Abstract: In the light of a recent discovery by Chang that there exist particular solutions to the renormalization-group equations which may render a field theory asymptotically free even though the general solutions do not, we present a gauge model of superstrong quark interactions based on local SU(2) in which functional conditions are imposed on the coupling constants so that the theory remains asymptotically free despite the complete breakdown of symmetry which occurs by way of the Higgs mechanism. This model is also highly realistic in the sense that it is consistent with the usual quark phenomenology, in addition to providing a clue to the dynamics involved.