Showing papers on "Gelatin published in 2010"
TL;DR: The results demonstrate that genipin‐crosslinked gelatin microspheres can be used to deliver growth factors locally to cells in order to direct their function.
Abstract: A main challenge in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine is achieving local and efficient growth factor release to guide cell function. Gelatin is a denatured form of collagen that cells can bind to and degrade through enzymatic action. In this study, gelatin microspheres were used to release bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2). Spherical microparticles with diameters in the range of 2-6 µm were created by an emulsification process and were stabilized by crosslinking with the small molecule genipin. The degree of crosslinking was varied by controlling the incubation time in genipin solution. Loading rate studies, using soy bean trypsin inhibitor as a model protein, showed rapid protein uptake over the first 24 h, followed by a levelling off and then a further increase after approximately 3 days, as the microspheres swelled. Growth factor release studies using microspheres crosslinked to 20%, 50% and 80% of saturation and then loaded with BMP2 showed that higher degrees of crosslinking resulted in higher loading efficiency and slower protein release. After 24 h, the concentration profiles produced by all microsphere formulations were steady and approximately equal. Microspheres incubated with adult human mesenchymal stem cells accumulated preferentially on the cell surface, and degraded over time in culture. BMP2-loaded microspheres caused a three- to eight-fold increase in expression of the bone sialoprotein gene after 14 days in culture, with more crosslinked beads producing a greater effect. These results demonstrate that genipin-crosslinked gelatin microspheres can be used to deliver growth factors locally to cells in order to direct their function.
755 citations
TL;DR: In vitro enzymatic degradation results indicated that the porous gelatin scaffolds were non-toxic to cartilage cells, since the cells spread and grew well and the properties of the scaffolds, such as porosity, water adsorption ability and compressive strength, were studied.
392 citations
TL;DR: Cell culture results showed that the elongation of the osteoblast on the aligned nanofibrous scaffold was parallel to the fiber arrangement and the cell number was similar to that of randomly-oriented scaffold, indicating that the aligning scaffold provide a beneficial approach for the bone regeneration.
347 citations
TL;DR: The biological response of MG-63 cells on nanocomposite scaffolds was superior in terms of improved cell attachment, higher proliferation, and spreading compared to chitosan–gelatin (CG) scaffold.
309 citations
TL;DR: FT-IR, in combination with residual amino group determination using a fluorescence technique, has been used to investigate the chemical functional groups involved in the cross-linking reaction between glutaraldehyde and gelatin molecules, suggesting that the reaction may also involve the -OH groups of hydroxyproline and hydroxylysine, leading to the formation of hemiacetals.
Abstract: FT-IR, in combination with residual amino group determination using a fluorescence technique, has been used to investigate the chemical functional groups involved in the cross-linking reaction betw...
284 citations
TL;DR: Porous alginate hydrogels resulted in formation of larger spheroids and higher albumin secretion compared to nonporous conditions and may have provided a better environment for cell proliferation and albumin production, which is potentially beneficial for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine applications.
Abstract: For tissue engineering applications, scaffolds should be porous to enable rapid nutrient and oxygen transfer while providing a three-dimensional (3D) microenvironment for the encapsulated cells. This dual characteristic can be achieved by fabrication of porous hydrogels that contain encapsulated cells. In this work, we developed a simple method that allows cell encapsulation and pore generation inside alginate hydrogels simultaneously. Gelatin beads of 150-300 microm diameter were used as a sacrificial porogen for generating pores within cell-laden hydrogels. Gelation of gelatin at low temperature (4 degrees C) was used to form beads without chemical crosslinking and their subsequent dissolution after cell encapsulation led to generation of pores within cell-laden hydrogels. The pore size and porosity of the scaffolds were controlled by the gelatin bead size and their volume ratio, respectively. Fabricated hydrogels were characterized for their internal microarchitecture, mechanical properties and permeability. Hydrogels exhibited a high degree of porosity with increasing gelatin bead content in contrast to nonporous alginate hydrogel. Furthermore, permeability increased by two to three orders while compressive modulus decreased with increasing porosity of the scaffolds. Application of these scaffolds for tissue engineering was tested by encapsulation of hepatocarcinoma cell line (HepG2). All the scaffolds showed similar cell viability; however, cell proliferation was enhanced under porous conditions. Furthermore, porous alginate hydrogels resulted in formation of larger spheroids and higher albumin secretion compared to nonporous conditions. These data suggest that porous alginate hydrogels may have provided a better environment for cell proliferation and albumin production. This may be due to the enhanced mass transfer of nutrients, oxygen and waste removal, which is potentially beneficial for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine applications.
264 citations
TL;DR: In order to reduce pollution caused by traditional non-biodegradable plastic films, renewable raw materials from plants and wastes of meat industries have been employed inThis work, a hydrolysable chestnut-tree tannin was used for gelatin modification.
236 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a simple and rapid method for the qualitative determination using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) in combination with attenuated total reflectance (ATR) and discriminant analysis was developed.
221 citations
TL;DR: Due to the high water absorption capacity, a similar compressive modulus with soft tissue, controllable biodegradation, and excellent biocompatibility, the gelatin/CM-chitosan hybrid hydrogels have potential as skin scaffolds and wound healing materials.
214 citations
TL;DR: From the impressive cell proliferation and network formation, these new hydrogels combining polysaccharide and protein derivatives appear to be excellent candidates for further development as bioactive scaffolds for use in vascular tissue engineering and regeneration.
203 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a series of relationships between film properties based on gelatin was found, as well as between these properties and glycerol content of the films, which would allow better management of film formulations and an appropriate selection of plasticizer concentration in accordance with the specific requirements of potential users.
Abstract: The aims of this work were to develop gelatin films using glycerol as plasticizer (0–100% based on protein mass) and to establish relationships between glycerol content and structural, barrier, thermal and mechanical film properties. These correlations were established since WVP exhibited a minimum for films containing 20 g glycerol/100 g gelatin, while flexibility increased from 2.2% to 180.9% and T g shifted from 137.5 to 21.3 °C, for films without glycerol and plasticized films with 80 g glycerol/100 g gelatin, respectively. Furthermore, a satisfactory fit between T g experimental data and predicted values by Couchman and Karasz's equation was found, with glycerol ranging from 0 to 60 g/100 g gelatin. T g values correlated inversely with film moisture content, and both mechanical and thermal properties showed a strong dependence since elastic modulus and T g followed a similar trend. Films exhibited similar X-ray patterns regardless of the glycerol concentration, showing a displacement in the position of the peak located at around 2 θ = 8°, which shifted towards lower 2 θ values with glycerol content. The abovementioned correlations between film physical properties and glycerol content, would allow to select the optimum conditions to develop, process and manage gelatin films according to specific requirements. Industrial relevance The methodology used in this work is of considerable importance for the film development and could be used in industrial applications. The management of film formulations and the function that each component plays could allow to obtain tailormade films. A series of relationships between film properties based on gelatin was found, as well as between these properties and glycerol content of the films. An inflexion point in the behavior and microstructure of these materials was established due to glycerol concentration. The addition of higher quantities of glycerol than that corresponds to the abovementioned point, would not be recommendable since the properties are not modified and moreover, it is not profitable. These results would allow better management of film formulations and an appropriate selection of plasticizer concentration in accordance with the specific requirements of potential users.
TL;DR: Alginate was better than pectin for coacervation with gelatin in terms of less aggregation, smaller particle size and easy dispersion and the microcapsules showed low drug release in gastric fluid and sustained release in intestinal fluid.
TL;DR: Electrospin defect-free chitosan, gelatin and chitOSan-gelatin blend nanofiber system with smooth morphology and diameter with potential application in skin regeneration is able to be achieved by optimizing the process and solution parameters.
Abstract: Tissue engineering scaffolds produced by electrospinning feature a structural similarity to the natural extracellular matrix. Polymer blending is one of the effective methods to provide new and desirable biocomposites for tissue engineering applications. In this study chitosan was blended with gelatin and the effect of processing parameters of electrospinning and the solution properties of the polymer on the morphology of the fibers obtained were investigated. The morphology of the electrospun chitosan, gelatin and the chitosan-gelatin blend were characterized using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The miscibility of the blend was determined using a SEM, and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) Fourier transform Infrared spectrometer (FTIR). Further the tensile properties of the blend nanofibers were studied and compared with chitosan and gelatin fibers. In this study we have been able to electrospin defect-free chitosan, gelatin and chitosan-gelatin blend nanofibers with smooth morphology and diameter ranging from 120 to 200 nm, 100 to 150 nm, and 120-220 nm, respectively by optimizing the process and solution parameters. Chitosan and gelatin formed completely miscible blends as evidenced from DSC and FTIR measurements. The tensile strength of the chitosan-gelatin blend nanofibers (37.91 +/- 4.42 MPa) was significantly higher than the gelatin nanofibers (7.23 +/- 1.15 MPa) (p < 0.05) and comparable with that of normal human skin. Thus the novel chitosan-gelatin blend nanofiber system has potential application in skin regeneration.
TL;DR: The photopolymerised gelatin effectively sealed a wound in lung tissue from blood and air leakage, was not cytotoxic and did not produce an inflammatory response, and offer considerable improvement over current surgical tissue sealants.
TL;DR: Results suggest that the peptide derived from Nile tilapia ( O. niloticus ) scale gelatin acts as a candidate against oxidative stress and could be used as a potential functional food ingredient.
TL;DR: It is concluded that crosslinking is one of the key methods to control structure and degradation of the gelatin fiber mat structures which are expected to be useful for numerous applications.
TL;DR: In this article, the effects of heat treatment at different temperatures (40-90°C) of film-forming solution (FFS) containing 3% gelatin from cuttlefish (Sepia pharaonis) ventral skin and 25% glycerol (based on protein) on properties and molecular characteristics of resulting films were investigated.
TL;DR: The results suggest that PCL-gelatin nanofibers crosslinked with genipin can be used as a substrate to modulate proliferation and differentiation of myoblasts, presenting potential applications in muscle tissue engineering.
Abstract: Composite nanofibers of poly(caprolactone) (PCL) and gelatin crosslinked with genipin are prepared. The contact angles and mechanical properties of crosslinked PCL-gelatin nanofibers decrease as the gelatin content increases. The proliferation of myoblasts is higher in the crosslinked PCL-gelatin nanofibers than in the PCL nanofibers, and the formation of myotubes is only observed on the crosslinked PCL-gelatin nanofibers. The expression level of myogenin, myosin heavy chain, and troponin T genes is increased as the gelatin content is increased. The results suggest that PCL-gelatin nanofibers crosslinked with genipin can be used as a substrate to modulate proliferation and differentiation of myoblasts, presenting potential applications in muscle tissue engineering.
TL;DR: A detailed investigation of the microstructure formation of PVA/Gelatin hydrogel in each stage of physical treatment helps to explain the role of physical treatments in tuning their physical properties for biomechanical applications.
Abstract: Poly (vinyl alcohol)/Gelatin hydrogels are under active investigation as potential vascular cell culture biomaterials, tissue models and vascular implants. The PVA/Gelatin hydrogels are physically crosslinked by the freeze-thaw technique, which is followed by a coagulation bath treatment. In this study, the thermal behavior of the gels was examined by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA). Rheological measurement and uniaxial tensile tests revealed key mechanical properties. The role of polymer fraction in relation to these mechanical properties is explored. Gelatin has no significant effect on the thermal behavior of PVA, which indicates that no substantial change occurs in the PVA crystallite due to the presence of gelatin. The glass transition temperature, melting temperature, degree of crystallinity, polymer fraction, storage modulus (G') and ultimate strength of one freeze-thaw cycle (1FT) hydrogels are inferior to those of 3FT hydrogels. With coagulation, both 1FT and 3FT hydrogels shifted to a lower value of T(g), melting temperature and polymer fraction are further increased and the degree of crystallinity is depressed. The mechanical properties of 1FT, but not 3FT, were strengthened with coagulation treatment. This study gives a detailed investigation of the microstructure formation of PVA/Gelatin hydrogel in each stage of physical treatments which helps us to explain the role of physical treatments in tuning their physical properties for biomechanical applications.
TL;DR: Gelatins from the skins of brownbanded bamboo sharks (BBS; Chiloscyllium punctatum) and blacktip shark (BTS; Carcharhinus limbatus) were extracted using distilled water at different temperatures (45, 60 and 75°C) and times (6 and 12).
TL;DR: A simple stirring process combined with freeze-drying (SFD1) method is introduced for the development of gelatin hydrogels with enlarged pore structure that can improve the aqueous humor circulation and cell sheet transplants at the site of injury without causing adverse effects.
TL;DR: Findings suggest ocular cell/tissue response to changes in cross-linker properties is suggested, in comparison to GTA treatment, the EDC cross-linking is more suitable for preparation of chemically modified gelatin hydrogels for ophthalmic use.
Abstract: Biocompatibility is a major requirement for the development of functional biomaterials for ophthalmic applications. In this study, we investigated the effect of cross-linker functionality on ocular biocompatibility of chemically modified gelatin hydrogels. The test materials were cross-linked with glutaraldehyde (GTA) or 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethyl aminopropyl)carbodiimide (EDC), and were analyzed using in vitro and in vivo assays. Primary rat iris pigment epithelial cultures were incubated with various gelatin discs for 2 days, and the cellular responses were monitored by cell proliferation, viability, and pro-inflammatory gene and cytokine expression. The results demonstrated that the cells exposed to EDC cross-linked gelatins had relatively lower lactate dehydrogenase activity, cytotoxicity, and interleukin-1beta and tumor necrosis factor-alpha levels than did those to GTA treated samples. In addition, the gelatin implants were inserted in the anterior chamber of rabbit eyes for 12 weeks and characterized by clinical observations and scanning electron microscopy studies. The EDC cross-linked gelatin hydrogels exhibited good biocompatibility and were well tolerated without causing toxicity and adverse effects. However, a significant inflammatory reaction was elicited by the presence of GTA treated materials. It was noted that, despite its biocompatibility, the potential application of non-cross-linked gelatin for local delivery of cell and drug therapeutics would be limited due to rapid dissolution in aqueous environments. In conclusion, these findings suggest ocular cell/tissue response to changes in cross-linker properties. In comparison to GTA treatment, the EDC cross-linking is more suitable for preparation of chemically modified gelatin hydrogels for ophthalmic use.
TL;DR: Stress-strain curves showed that the addition of small amounts of GA increased the strength of the gelatin by two fold and allowed for the creation of a water insoluble gelatin electro-spun membrane.
Abstract: In this study, we developed a fast, simple and novel process to fabricate cross-linked electro-spun gelatin with limited amounts of glutaraldehyde (GA) using trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) as the solvent. Using SEM, the uncross-linked gelatin fibers were determined to have diameters between 50-300 nm, while the cross-linked gelatin electro-spun fibers had diameters between 100-500 nm. FT-IR revealed that the un-cross-linked and cross-linked electro-spun gelatin was fabricated successfully by electro-spinning using TFA as a solvent, which has not been reported until now. Stress-strain curves showed that the addition of small amounts of GA increased the strength of the gelatin by two fold and allowed for the creation of a water insoluble gelatin electro-spun membrane.
TL;DR: In this review, the gelatin quality achieved from different fish species is reviewed along with the experimental procedures used to determine gelatin quality, the chemical structure of collagen and gelatin, the collagen-gelatin conversion, the gelation process, and the gelatin market are discussed.
Abstract: Gelatin is a multifunctional ingredient used in foods, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and photographic films as a gelling agent, stabilizer, thickener, emulsifier, and film former. As a thermoreversible hydrocolloid with a narrower gap between its melting and gelling temperatures, both of which are below human body temperature, gelatin provides unique advantages over carbohydrate-based gelling agents. Gelatin is mostly produced from pig skin, and cattle hides and bones. Some alternative raw materials have recently gained attention from both researchers and the industry not just because they overcome religious concerns shared by Jews and Muslims but also because they provide, in some cases, technological advantages over mammalian gelatins. Fish skins from a number of fish species are among the other sources that have been comprehensively studied as sources for gelatin production. Fish skins have a significant potential for the production of high-quality gelatin with different melting and gelling temperatures over a much wider range than mammalian gelatins, yet still have a sufficiently high gel strength and viscosity. Gelatin quality is industrially determined by gel strength, viscosity, melting or gelling temperatures, the water content, and microbiological safety. For gelatin manufacturers, yield from a particular raw material is also important. Recent experimental studies have shown that these quality parameters vary greatly depending on the biochemical characteristics of the raw materials, the manufacturing processes applied, and the experimental settings used for quality control tests. In this review, the gelatin quality achieved from different fish species is reviewed along with the experimental procedures used to determine gelatin quality. In addition, the chemical structure of collagen and gelatin, the collagen–gelatin conversion, the gelation process, and the gelatin market are discussed.
TL;DR: It was concluded that EPD was an effective and efficient technique to prepare chitosan/gelatin coatings on the titanium surface and that CS/G coatings with higher gelatin content were promising candidates for further loading of functional agents.
TL;DR: It is demonstrated that a biodegradable hydrogel of gelatin can achieve the sustained release of water-insoluble simvastatin and augments the simvastsatin-induced bone regeneration given biocompatible gelatin fragments and has its potential to deliver a wide range ofWater- insoluble drugs.
TL;DR: The cross-linking effect was predominant when the TA content was lower, resulting in the formation of a partially insoluble cross-link network, and the protein matrix became rigid, whereas the mechanical properties were enhanced.
Abstract: Chemical modification of gelatin by a natural phenolic compound tannic acid (TA) at pH 8 was studied, and the properties of the modified gelatin materials were examined. The cross-linking effect was predominant when the TA content was lower, resulting in the formation of a partially insoluble cross-link network. The cross-linking structure was stable even under boiling, and the protein matrix became rigid, whereas the mechanical properties were enhanced. An effective cross-linking effect on gelatin matrix was achieved when the amount of TA was around 3 wt %. Further increase in the TA content enhanced the grafting and branching reactions between gelatin and TA in conjunction with the hydrogen bonding between gelatin and TA molecules. These effects produced an increase in molecular mobility of gelatin matrix, and the materials displayed a behavior similar to that of plasticized protein materials.
TL;DR: The observed small, but appreciable, increase in thermal stability found by differential scanning calorimetric investigation is supported by X-ray diffraction results.
TL;DR: Results indicate that cells can perceive differences in the diameter and resultant pore size of electrospun gelatin fibers and that they process this information to alter their behavior.
Abstract: Defined electrospinning conditions were used to create scaffolds with different fiber diameters to investigate their interactions with osteoblastic MG63 cells. Nonwoven gelatin scaffolds were electrospun with varied fiber diameters to investigate the effect of fiber size and resultant porosity on cell proliferation, viability, migration, and differentiation. The low toxicity solvent acetic acid:ethyl acetate:water ratio and gelatin concentrations were optimized to create small and large diameter fibers. The fiber diameters obtained by this procedure were 110 ± 40 nm for the small and 600 ± 110 nm for the large fibers. Cell viability assays showed that MG63 cells grew similarly on both fibers at the early time point (day 3) but preferred the scaffold with large diameter fibers by the later time points (day 5 and day 7). Confocal microscopic imaging showed that MG63 cells migrated poorly (maximum depth of 18 μm) into the scaffold of small diameter fibers, but readily penetrated (maximum depth of 50 μm) into the scaffold of large diameter fibers. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) assays showed that MG63 cells differentiated on scaffolds made from both diameter fibers. In longer term experiments, MG63 cells differentiated to a greater extent on scaffolds made from small diameter fibers compared to large diameter fibers at days 3 and 7, but the ALP levels were the same for both diameter fibers by day 14. These results indicate that cells can perceive differences in the diameter and resultant pore size of electrospun gelatin fibers and that they process this information to alter their behavior. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A, 2010
TL;DR: It is demonstrated that the balance of morphological and biochemical properties improves all the fundamental biological events of nerve regeneration, enhancing cell adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation in comparison with PCL nanofibrous scaffolds, as well as supporting the neurite outgrowth.