genomic DNA

About: genomic DNA is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 15046 publications have been published within this topic receiving 663636 citations. The topic is also known as: genomic deoxyribonucleic acid & gDNA.

Structure and expression of the human FHIT gene in normal and tumor cells.

Abstract: The FHIT gene, encoded by 10 exons in a 1.1-kb transcript, encompasses approximately 1 Mb of genomic DNA, which includes the hereditary RCC t(3;8) translocation break at 3p14.2, the FRA3B common fragile region, and homozygous deletions in various cancer-derived cell lines. Because some of these genetic landmarks (e.g., the t(3;8) break between untranslated FHIT exons 3 and 4, a major fragile region that includes a viral integration site between exons 4 and 5, and cancer cell homozygous deletions in intron 5) do not necessarily affect coding exons and yet apparently affect expression of the gene product, we examined the FHIT locus and its expression in detail in more than 10 tumor-derived cell lines to clarify mechanisms underlying aberrant expression. We observed some cell lines with apparently continuous large homozygous deletions, which included one or more coding exons; cell lines with discontinuous deletions, some of which included or excluded coding exons; and cell lines that exhibited heterozygous and/or homozygous deletions, by Southern blot analysis for the presence of specific exons. Most of the cell lines that exhibited genomic alterations showed alteration of FHIT transcripts and absence or diminution of Fhit protein.

Quantitative sequencing of 5-formylcytosine in DNA at single-base resolution

Abstract: Recently, the cytosine modifications 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) and 5-formylcytosine (5fC) were found to exist in the genomic deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) of a wide range of mammalian cell types. It is now important to understand their role in normal biological function and disease. Here we introduce reduced bisulfite sequencing (redBS-Seq), a quantitative method to decode 5fC in DNA at single-base resolution, based on a selective chemical reduction of 5fC to 5hmC followed by bisulfite treatment. After extensive validation on synthetic and genomic DNA, we combined redBS-Seq and oxidative bisulfite sequencing (oxBS-Seq) to generate the first combined genomic map of 5-methylcytosine, 5hmC and 5fC in mouse embryonic stem cells. Our experiments revealed that in certain genomic locations 5fC is present at comparable levels to 5hmC and 5mC. The combination of these chemical methods can quantify and precisely map these three cytosine derivatives in the genome and will help provide insights into their function.

Human immunoglobulin D segments encoded in tandem multigenic families.

Abstract: A family of germ-line immunoglobulin D-region genes has been cloned and mapped at regular intervals along a 33-kilobase length of human chromosomal DNA. Each member of the family varies slightly in sequence, but precisely conserves the recombinational signals and spacing that flank each gene. This region seems to have been formed by the tandem amplification of large and still well conserved segments of genomic DNA. Further, structural comparisons of germ-line and rearranged D segments suggest that D segments may recombine with each other.

Bug mapping and fitness testing of chemically synthesized chromosome X

Abstract: INTRODUCTION Design and construction of an extensively modified yeast genome is a direct means to interrogate the integrity, comprehensiveness, and accuracy of the knowledge amassed by the yeast community to date. The international synthetic yeast genome project (Sc2.0) aims to build an entirely designer, synthetic Saccharomyces cerevisiae genome. The synthetic genome is designed to increase genome stability and genetic flexibility while maintaining cell fitness near that of the wild type. A major challenge for a genome synthesis lies in identifying and eliminating fitness-reducing sequence variants referred to as “bugs.” RATIONALE Debugging is imperative for successfully building a fit strain encoding a synthetic genome. However, it is time-consuming and laborious to replace wild-type genes and measure strain fitness systematically. The Sc2.0 PCRTag system, which specifies recoded sequences within open reading frames (ORFs), is designed to distinguish synthetic from wild-type DNA in a simple polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay. This system provides an opportunity to efficiently map bugs to the related genes by using a pooling strategy and subsequently correct them. Further, as we identify bugs in designer sequences, we will identify gaps in our knowledge and gain a deeper understanding of genome biology, allowing refinement of future design strategies. RESULTS We chemically synthesized yeast chromosome X, synX, designed to be 707,459 base pairs. A high-throughput mapping strategy called pooled PCRTag mapping (PoPM) was developed to identify unexpected bugs during chromosome assembly. With this method, the genotypes of pools of colonies with normal or defective fitness are assessed by PCRTag analysis. The PoPM method exploits the patchwork structure of synthetic and wild-type sequences observed in the majority of putative synthetic DNA integrants or meiotic progeny derived from synthetic/wild-type strain backcross. PCRTag analysis with both synthetic and wild-type specific primers, carried out with genomic DNA extracted from the two pools of clones (normal fitness versus a specific growth defect), can be used to identify regions of synthetic DNA missing from the normal fitness pool and, analogously, sections of wild-type DNA absent from the specific growth-defect pool. In this way, the defect can be efficiently mapped to a very small overlapping region, and subsequent systematic analysis of designed changes in that region can be used to identify the bug. Several bugs were identified and corrected, including a growth defect mapping to a specific synonymously recoded PCRTag sequence in the essential FIP1 ORF and the effect of introducing a loxPsym site that unexpectedly altered the the promoter function of a nearby gene, ATP2. In addition, meiotic crossover was employed to repair the massive duplications and rearrangements in the synthetic chromosome. The debugged synX strain exhibited high fitness under a variety of conditions tested and in competitive growth with the wild-type strain. CONCLUSION Synthetic yeast chromosome X was chemically synthesized from scratch, a rigorous, incremental step toward complete synthesis of the whole yeast genome. Thousands of designer modifications in synX revealed extensive flexibility of the yeast genome. We developed an efficient mapping method, PoPM, to identify bugs during genome synthesis, generalizable to any watermarked synthetic chromosome, and several details of yeast biology were uncovered by debugging. Considering the numerous gene-associated PCRTags available in the synthetic chromosomes, PoPM may represent a powerful tool to map interesting phenotypes of mutated synthetic strains or even mutated wild-type strains to the relevant genes. It may also be useful to study yeast genetic interactions when an unexpected phenotype is generated by alterations in two or more genes, substantially expanding understanding of yeast genomic and cellular functions. The PoPM method is also likely to be useful for mapping phenotype(s) resulting from the genome SCRaMbLE system.

Identification of SNP and SSR markers in eggplant using RAD tag sequencing

Abstract: Background: The eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) genome is relatively unexplored, especially compared to those of the other major Solanaceae crops tomato and potato. In particular, no SNP markers are publicly available; on the other hand, over 1,000 SSR markers were developed and publicly available. We have combined the recently developed Restriction-site Associated DNA (RAD) approach with Illumina DNA sequencing for rapid and mass discovery of both SNP and SSR markers for eggplant. Results: RAD tags were generated from the genomic DNA of a pair of eggplant mapping parents, and sequenced to produce ~17.5 Mb of sequences arrangeable into ~78,000 contigs. The resulting non-redundant genomic sequence dataset consisted of ~45,000 sequences, of which ~29% were putative coding sequences and ~70% were in common between the mapping parents. The shared sequences allowed the discovery of ~10,000 SNPs and nearly 1,000 indels, equivalent to a SNP frequency of 0.8 per Kb and an indel frequency of 0.07 per Kb. Over 2,000 of the SNPs are likely to be mappable via the Illumina GoldenGate assay. A subset of 384 SNPs was used to successfully fingerprint a panel of eggplant germplasm, producing a set of informative diversity data. The RAD sequences also included nearly 2,000 putative SSRs, and primer pairs were designed to amplify 1,155 loci. Conclusion: The high throughput sequencing of the RAD tags allowed the discovery of a large number of DNA markers, which will prove useful for extending our current knowledge of the genome organization of eggplant, for assisting in marker-aided selection and for carrying out comparative genomic analyses within the Solanaceae family.