Showing papers on "Genus published in 1978"
01 Jan 1978
TL;DR: Careful evaluation of the material has led to the recognition of a distinctive suite of morphological traits distinguishing the Laetolil and Hadar remains from other hominid taxa, indicating the necessity of assigning these fossils to a new and more primitive species of Australopithecus.
Abstract: Hominid fossils have recently been recovered from Pliocene age deposits at Hadar, Ethiopia, and Laetolil, Tanzania. These fossils share an array of distinctive morphological characteristics which suggests that they belong to a single species of the genusAustralopithecus, differing significantly from those previously described. The binomen Australopithecus afarensis sp. nov. is therefore assigned to this collection of early hominid remains. No. 28 A substantial collection of hominid fossils has recently been recovered from two Pliocene sites in eastern Africa. Hominid specimens from Hadar in Ethiopia (11 °N, 40°30'E) and Laetolil in Tanzania (3°12'S, 35°11 'E) have been dated to between ca. 2. 9 and ca. 3. 7 million years before present (Aronson· et al., 1977; Leakey et al ., 1977). The strong morphological continuity between these two samples suggests that they are best considered as representing a single taxon; hence, the Hadar and Laetolil fossils currently constitute the oldest indisputable evidence of the family Hominidae. Some of these specimens have been provisionally allocated to Homo sp. indet. (Johanson and Taieb, 1976; Leakey et al., 1977) while others have been referred to Australopithecus aff. africanus (Johanson and Taieb, 1976). Subsequent to this preliminary assessment , more detailed study of the entire hominid sample from Laetolil and Hadar has provided us with new infonnation indicating that 1) the specimens belong to only a single taxon, and 2) they differ significantly from previously recognized species of Plio/Pleistocene Hominidae. The Hadar and Laetolil hominids exhibit many morphological features found in specimens attributed to the genus Australopithecus (sensu !ato) (as defined by LeGros Clark, 1955) and they are therefore assigned to this taxon . Careful evaluation of the material has led to the recognition of a distinctive suite of morphological traits distinguishing the Laetolil and Hadar remains from other hominid taxa. Such study indicates the necessity of assigning these fossils to a new and more primitive species of Australopithecus. Order PRIMATES Linnaeus 1758 Superfamily HOMINOIDEA Simpson 1931 Family HOMINIDAE (Le Gros Clark 1955) Genus Australopithecus Dart 1925 Australopithecus afarensis sp. nov. Synonomy: 1950 Meganthropus african us Weinert, H.: 139 ' 1955 Praeanthropus african us ~enyiirek, M.: 33 I
339 citations
TL;DR: The social structure of six species of anemonefishes from Japan is described and the results of histological studies of their gonads are reported, indicating that all individuals of all six species are ambosexual as juveniles.
Abstract: Population structure and gonad histology were investigated in six species of the anemonefish genus Amphiprion occurring in Japanese waters.Species investigated included Amphiprion frenatus,A.clarkii,A.polymnus,A.perideraion,A.sandracinos,and A.ocellaris. All six species occur around their host anemones in small social groups that include a monogamous pair of sexually functional adults and from zero to three sexually non-functional subadults and juveniles.In all species,the single female in a particular social group is larger than her mate,considerably so in some species.Histological examination of gonads indicated that all individuals of all six species are ambosexual as juveniles.At first only testicular tissues mature.Under certain conditions these may later degenerate and the gonads change to ovaries.Field studies supported histological results.A strict dominance hierarchy exists in each social group.The largest fish is always the single female,and the second largest fish is invariably a functional male.Only the two largest fish are sexually functional.Two functional males of A.clarkii under study in the field changed to females after the loss of their previous mates.The six Amphiprion species in Japan present examples of socially controlled protandrous sex inversion. In the course of field studies of anemonefishes at Sesoko Island,Okinawa,in 1975,it was found that Amphiprion frenatus Brevoort usually appeared around the host anemone in social groupings that included an adult pair and one or two juveniles,and that a remarkable size difference consistently appeared among the adults,with females considerably larger than males.A similar but less obvious female/male size ratio had previously been described for Amphiprion clarkii(Bennett)by Moyer and Sawyers(1973).Late in 1976,two individuals of A.clarkii at Miyakejima,Izu Islands,were noted to have changed from males to females.These facts indicated the possibility of protandrous hermaphroditism in these species,and led to investigations of other Amphiprion species in the Ryukyu Islands. Subsequently,Fricke(1976)and Fricke and Fricke(1977)described protandrous sex inversion in Amphiprion bicinctus Riippell from the Gulf of Aqaba,Red Sea,and in A.akallopisos Bleeker from Aldabra in the Indian Ocean.Ross(1978)noted a similar sex change in A.melano pus Bleeker from Guam. The present study describes the social structure of six species of anemonefishes from Japan and reports the results of histological studies of their gonads. Materials and Methods From 1975-1977,field observations of the social behavior and social structures of Amphiprion frenatus,A.clarkii,A.polymnus (Linnaeus),A.perideraion Bleeker,A.sandracinos Allen,and A.ocellaris Cuvier were made using SCUBA or by snorkeling in the waters of Sesoko Island,Okinawa Island,Miyako Island,Ikema Island,and Kuroshima in the Ryukyu Islands,and at Miyake-jima in the lzu Islands.Specimens were collected using hand and screen nets,and were preserved in 10% formalin after weighing and measuring. In specimens larger than 41 mm in standard length,gonads were removed and prepared in 7p paraffin sections.In specimens of 40 mm or less in standard length,cross sections of the entire abdominal region were prepared after decalcification in 5% formic acid.The sexes of the fishes were determined under a microscope after staining with haematoxylin and eosin.Fish specimens are deposited at the Tatsuo Tanaka Memorial Biological Sta.tion (TMBS),Miyake-jima,and gonad preparations are in the Fishery Research Laboratory of Kyushu University.
143 citations
TL;DR: One hundred and twenty-one species are identified from 546 collections made in New Zealand and a new genus Exserticlava is described and an illustrated account given of its type species E. vasiformis.
Abstract: One hundred and twenty-one species are identified from 546 collections made in New Zealand. Ninety-four species are fungi imperfecti, 26 are ascomycetes with or without conidial states, and 1 species is a basidiomycete. A new genus Exserticlava is described and an illustrated account given of its type species E. vasiformis (≡ Cordana vasiformis Matsushima). New species and varieties described and illustrated are Acrogenospora gigantospora, A, novaezelandiae, Asteridiella knightiae, Conoplea novae-zelandiae, C. tortuosa, Endophragmiella dingleyae, E. hymenochaeticola, E. novae-zelandiae, Monotosporella setosa var. macrospora, Phaeostalagmus novae-zelandiae, Phragmocephala atra var. stenophora, Sporidesmium hyalospermum var. novae-zelandiae, Sporoschismopsis dingleyae, and Xenosporium boivinii. Amphisphaeria incrustans Ellis et Everh. is transferred to Microthelia, and Bactrodestmium longisporum Ellis to Stigmina. New combinations involving names not listed for New Zealand are Exserticlava trisepta...
121 citations
TL;DR: The chromosome banding patterns of all seven extant species of the horse family, Equidae, are presented.
Abstract: The chromosome banding patterns of all seven extant species of the horse family, Equidae, are presented. This mammalian family is composed of a single genus, Equus, notable for its rapid karyotypic ev
120 citations
TL;DR: A detailed study of feeding appendages and gut structure confirms that each species of fiddler crab is adapted to feed on a particular type of sediment and that the main factors controlling species distribution appear to be height above low water and the type of substratum as mentioned in this paper.
111 citations
01 Jan 1978
107 citations
Journal Article•
TL;DR: A detailed study of the anatomy leads to the conclusion that P. newberryi is the earliest recognized decapod eucarid crustacean with characters of both the glypheoidean palinurans and astacideans.
Abstract: A reexamination of all available palaeopalaemonid specimens, of the genus Palaeopa- laemon, and material of Bellocaris newfoundlandensis Fong, 1972, is presented. The four described species of Palaeopalaemon are synonymized as one, P. newberryi Whitfield, 1880. A detailed study of the anatomy leads to the conclusion that P. newberryi is the earliest recognized decapod eucarid crustacean with characters of both the glypheoidean palinurans and astacideans. Bellocaris is not a paleopalaemonid but a pygocephalomorph mysidacean peracarid, closely related to Pygocephalus.
105 citations
TL;DR: In accordance with the amended description, the species currently classified in Torulopsis are transferred to the genus Candida, and the status of the genusTorulopsis Berlese is discussed.
Abstract: The status of the genus Torulopsis Berlese is discussed. An amendment of the diagnosis of the genus Candida Berkhout is proposed to allow for nonhyphal species. In accordance with the amended description, the species currently classified in Torulopsis are transferred to the genus Candida.
101 citations
TL;DR: Two biochemical methods, starch gel electrophoresis and microcomplement fixation, have been used in an examination of the evolutionary relationships among western North American frogs of the genus Rana and indicate that the Rana boylii species group presently includes two very different evolutionary lineages.
Abstract: Case, S. M. (Museum of Vertebrate Zoology and Departments of Zoology and Biochemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720) 1978. Biochemical systematics of members of the genus Rana native to western North America. Syst. Zool. 27:299-311. -Few supraspecific groups have been defined in North American ranids and the informal groupings which are recognized are often poorly characterized. Two biochemical methods, starch gel electrophoresis and microcomplement fixation, have been used in an examination of the evolutionary relationships among western North American frogs of the genus Rana. Both the electrophoretic and albumin comparisons indicate that the Rana boylii species group presently includes two very different evolutionary lineages. Rana aurora, R. boylii, R. cascadae, R. muscosa, and R. pretiosa are all members of one lineage allied to R. temporaria of Europe. A Mexican species traditionally included in this group, R. tarahumarae, is most closely related to other members of the genus that occur in Mexico and is part of a larger lineage that also includes R. pipiens. Frogs found in eastern North America diverged from western European frogs in mid-Eocene; estimates of divergence time are consistent with the hypothesis that separation of these lineages coincided with the end of a land connection between Europe and North America. The catesbeiana, pipiens, and tarahumarae groups diverged from each other in the Oligocene. Western North American Rana diverged from a Eurasian ancestor in the Oligocene and radiated in this area to form the five members of the boylii group. [Evolutionary relationships; electrophoresis; microcomplement fixation; Rana; western North America.] There have been conflicting views about the relationships among North American species of the genus Rana, particularly of the western forms. The traditional species groups, which are primarily defined by similarities in external morphology, are presented in Table 1. The results of two recent studies, one which examined several osteological features (Chantell, 1970) and the other utilizing biochemical comparisons (Wallace et al., 1973), have suggested that the composition of the species groups of western ranids needs to be reevaluated. Their data suggested that R. boylii and R. muscosa were closely allied with the members of the aurora group, with the possible exception of R. sylvatica. This study deals primarily with Rana aurora, R. boylii, R. cascadae, R. musI Present address: Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138. cosa, and R. pretiosa, all of which are native to the western United States, and R. tarahumarae which occurs primarily in Mexico. The geographical ranges of these six species are shown in Figs. 1 and 2. The methods of starch gel electrophoresis and microcomplement fixation have been utilized here in an analysis of the evolutionary relationships among members of the genus Rana in western North America. MATERIALS AND METHODS Rana boylii from six localities, R. muscosa from eight localities, R. aurora draytoni from seven localities, R. pretiosa from two localities, R. tarahumarae and R. catesbeiana from one locality each were examined (see Appendix for locality data). Eleven enzymes encoded ly 15 loci and five serum proteins were examined electrophoretically in horizontal starch gel. These were: lactate dehydrogenase (LDH-1 and 2), malate dehy-
TL;DR: It is concluded that recently published claims based on blood proteins that the Mangabeys are diphletic are valid, and it is proposed to divide them into two distinct genera:Cercocebus (with three species):torquatus (includingatys),agilis, andgaleritus), which belongs to the Cercocebini but has a somewhat isolated position in this tribe.
Abstract: On the basis of original craniological studies, it is concluded that recently published claims based on blood proteins that the Mangabeys are diphletic are valid, and it is proposed to divide them into two distinct genera:Cercocebus (with three species:torquatus (includingatys),agilis, andgaleritus), which belongs to the Cercocebini but has a somewhat isolated position in this tribe, andLophocebus (with one species,albigena: includingaterrimus as a subspecies), which is closer toPapio. The inter-relationships within each genus are discussed, with particular reference to the problem of subspeciesvs. allopatric species. A new subspecies is named and described,Lophocebus albigena osmani, and the anomalous position of the poorly-known subspeciesL.a. opdenboschi is extensively discussed.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: Chromosome numbers are reported for 128 species of flowering plants indigenous or endemic to Hawaii, including first reports for 13 genera and 82 species, and the possible significance of chromosome numbers in these and certain other taxa is discussed below.
Abstract: Chromosome numbers are reported for 128 species of flowering plants indigenous or endemic to Hawaii, including first reports for 13 genera and 82 species. The special significance of reports for Ilex, Tribulus. KeNsseria, Pisonia, Boerha0ia Jacquemontia, Claoxylon, Lipochaeta, Railliardia, and Dubautia are discussed. The cytological and morphological variation in Railliardia and Dubautia is considered and their treatment as congeners is advocated. The cytogeographic pattern in Dubautia and Railliardia and other factors suggest that the ancestral chromosome number of the Hawaiian tarweeds is n = 14. Their derivation from a western North American progenitor similar to Adenothamnus is considered plausible if not indeed likely. CHROMOSOME NUMBERS have been reported for about 165 (11.4%) of Hawaii's 1,442 species of native flowering plants as enumerated by St. John (1973). The only extensive, general cytological survey of Hawaiian plants is that of Skottsberg (1955). Additional chromosome reports of Hawaiian taxa have resulted from concerted efforts in the genera Bidens (Gillett and Lim, 1970), Pipterus (Nicharat and Gillett, 1970), and Wikstroemia (Gupta and Gillett, 1969). Supplementary stray reports have been made mostly by mainland botanists interested in the Hawaiian representatives of their chosen taxonomic specialties. The most significant recent contribution is Gardner's study of Lipochaeta (1977). The purpose of this paper is to present new data thus far accumulated in an ongoing cytological survey of the flowering plants of Hawaii. Intentional emphasis has been given to the Hawaiian tarweed genera Dubautia and Railliardia. The possible significance of chromosome numbers in these and certain other taxa is discussed below. Chromosome numbers of 160 collections representing 128 species, 80 genera, and 50 families are presented herein. These include first reports for 82 species and 13 genera. This brings the total number of Hawaiian species cytologically determined to about 247 (17.1%). All chromosome numbers reported here are gametic numbers determined by observation of meiotic configurations of microsporocytes. ' Received for publication 6 June 1977; revision accepted 17 August 1977. This study was supported by a Faculty Research Grant from the University of Hawaii. I am very grateful to the many individuals who contributed directly or indirectly to the accumulation of cytological materials for this study, especially Lani Stemmermann. Floral buds for study were preserved and stored in modified Carnoy's fixative (6 chloroform:3 absolute ethanol: I glacial acetic acid; v:v). Anthers were squashed in acetocarmine and slides were made permanent by addition of Hoyer's solution (cf. Beeks, 1955). Voucher specimens of taxa reported on here are deposited at HAW. DISCUSSION-The counts of some of the species reported here (Table 1) are unique or otherwise distinctive enough to warrant their discussion in relation to other reports for the same or related taxa. For example, the counts for Ilex anomala (n = 40), Tribulus cistoides (n = 18), and Keysseria maviensis (n = 27) represent the highest polyploid levels known in these species. Likewise, the first count for Pisonia (n = 68, possibly an octoploid on base 17) reported here is the highest number recorded in the Nyctaginaceae. The second highest number in this family, 2n = 116 (Thombre, 1959), reported for Boerhavia diffusa probably represents a nonaploid since 2n = 26 has also been recorded for the species (Srivistava & Misra, 1966). The Hawaiian representatives of Ilex and Boerha via diffusa (n = 26) are the only tetraploids known in these taxa. Likewise, Hawaiian material of Tribulus cistoides represents the only hexaploids known in that species. The only previous number recorded for T. cistoides is n = 6 (diploid) based on material from Mexico, Colombia and Jamaica (Porter, 1964, 1967). The only previous report for the genus Keysseria is based on K. radicans (n = 18) from New Guinea (Borgmann, 1964). The related genus Lagenophora has been reported to have n = 9 (Arano, 1965). Thus, it appears that Keysseria maviensis is a hexaploid and in this regard it is interesting to note that the Hawaiian material
Journal Article•
TL;DR: The monotypic genus Helminthophora Bon.
Abstract: Cladobotryum Nees ex Steud. is redefined and two new species are added to this genus. The uredinicolous genus Colletoconis gen. nov. is segregated from Gloeosporium Desm. & Mont, to accommodate G. aecidiophilum Speg. Engyodontium gen. nov. is erected for Rhinotrichum parvisporum Petch and a similar fungus. The monotypic genus Helminthophora Bon. is redescribed. Sympodiophora G. Arnold is combined with the earlier described genus Pseudohansfordia G. Arnold; eight new combinations are proposed. One new species is added to Denticularia Deighton and two to Sporothrix Hektoen & Perkins; in addition, two new combinations are proposed in the latter genus. A list of doubtful and excluded species formerly classified in the treated genera is given.
TL;DR: The social wasps of Australia are described, together with a few from New Guinea which are allied to the Australian ones and contribute to the understanding of their taxonomic position.
Abstract: The social wasps of Australia are described, together with a few from New Guinea which are allied to the Australian ones and contribute to the understanding of their taxonomic position. The larvae and the nesting habits of the wasps are described so far as they are known. Three genera occur in Australia. Vespula with two introduced European species is locally established. Polistes has three subgenera, twelve species (one new) and five subspecies (two new). P. bader from Cocos Keeling and Christmas Is and P. barnbusae, sp. nov., with two subspecies from New Guinea are also dealt with, the latter in an appendix. The genus Ropalidia has been discussed at greater length because its whole classification required revision; six subgenera are now recognized though none requires a new name. The known nesting habits of the genus are briefly reviewed. There are 22 Australian species (14 new) with eight subspecies (two new). Two appendices deal with a key to the species of Ropalidia subgenus Icarelia, including non-Australian ones, and a key to most of the species of subgenus Polistratus.
01 Jan 1978
TL;DR: A new genus of the family Trichomycteridae, Bullockia, and a new species of Trichomecterus are described, both of which are freshwater relict species from Argentina.
Abstract: Summary A new genus of the family Trichomycteridae, Bullockia, and a new species of Trichomycterus are described. Bullockia gen. nov. is a monospecific and relict genus in the freshwaters of Chile. Trichomycterus mendozensis n. sp. is a freshwater relict from Argentina. Preliminary diagnoses of the subfamilies Pygidiinae and Nematogenyinae and the genera Trichomycterus, Hatcheria and Nematogenys are given.
TL;DR: Morphology of the genus matches that of Alpinia in the Zingiberaceae except for greater irregularity of the parallel vein set at and near their origin on the costa and the lack of any evidence of a ligule on the petiole as in Alpinsia.
Abstract: Zingiberopsis attenuata Hickey and Peterson is a new species of monocotyledon from the Paleocene Paskapoo Formation of Alberta. Leaves of this species with their parallel veins grouped into three s...
TL;DR: Various Lower Tertiary epiphyllous microfungi are described from southern Australia, including the monotypic new genus Cribrites aurea and the new species Callimothallus australis.
Abstract: Various Lower Tertiary epiphyllous microfungi are described from southern Australia, including the monotypic new genus Cribrites aurea and the new species Callimothallus australis. Modern equivalents were searched for in 72 leaf-litter samples from Australasia. The habitat indicator value of the fossils is assessed by comparison with the geographic, climatic, and vegetational relationships of the modern forms.
TL;DR: A taxonomic revision of the genus Ornithogalum L. (Liliaceae) in southern Africa is presented and reference is made to poisonous and cultivated species.
Abstract: A taxonomic revision of the genus Ornithogalum L (Liliaceae) in southern Africa is presented Three subgenera and 54 species are recognized; 8 of these species are new to science; there is one new subspecies, 3 taxa are accorded subspecific rank, one variety has been raised to specific rank, 4 were taken out of other genera and placed in Ornithogalum and one was placed under Albuca (see p 372 for enumeration) Characters separating Ornithogalum from Albuca are defined Historical notes on the genus are given and reference is made to poisonous and cultivated species
01 Jan 1978
TL;DR: A revised diagnosis of the genus Stygobromus is given and a tentative division into three subgeneric groups is proposed and the possibility that several species are glacial relicts of the Pleistocene is raised.
Abstract: Holsinger, John R. Systematics of the Subterranean Amphipod Genus Stygobromus (Crangonyctidae), Part II: Species of the Eastern United States. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, number 266, 144 pages, 77 figures, 1978.—The amphipod genus Stygobromus is widespread in the subterranean waters of the United States and is recorded from a variety of groundwater habitats. A revised diagnosis of the genus is given and a tentative division into three subgeneric groups is proposed. The recently proposed synonymy of Stygonectes and Apocrangonyx with Stygobromus is reaffirmed. Forty-eight described species are herein recognized from the Appalachian and Coastal Plain regions of the eastern United States, of which 30 are newly described, three are completely redescribed, and new systematic data are given for the remainder. In addition, six populations are provisionally recognized as distinct species but are not described because of lack of adequate material. On the basis of morphology and geographic distribution, 12 species groups are recognized in the eastern United States, eight of these being newly established herein. Ancestral stygobromids are now believed to have occurred earlier in the freshwater environment than originally suggested. Species of Stygobromus occupy a diversity of groundwater and groundwater-related habitats in the eastern United States, including primarily cave pools and streams, phreatic reservoirs and the hypotelminorheic media of seeps and small springs. Habitat selection is based on niche breadth and movement through shallow groundwater, both of which are believed to be significant factors in dispersal and geographic distribution. A number of species occur syntopically and/or sympatrically but most closely allied species have allopatric ranges. The possibility that several species are glacial relicts of the Pleistocene is raised. OFFICIAL PUBLICATION DATE is handstamped in a limited number of initial copies and is recorded in the Institution's annual report, Smithsonian Year. SERIES COVER DESIGN: The coral Montastrea cavernosa (Linnaeus). Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Holsinger, John R. Systematics of the subterranean amphipod genus Stygobromus (Gammaridae). (Smithsonian contributions to zoology, no. 160, 266) Vol. 2 has title: Systematics of the Subterranean amphipod genus Stygobromus (Crangonyctidae) Bibliography: v. 1, p. 62-63; v. 2, p.
TL;DR: The present study deals with systematic and taxonomic problems in the acrostichoid fern genus Bolbitis, which includes the genera Egenolfia and Edanyoa and indicates that the retention of juvenile characters may have played an important role during the diversification within the genus.
TL;DR: Many members of the Polypodiaceae sensu lato show a conspicuous, yellow or white deposit on the lower surface of their fronds, therefore, they are often called gold f Ferns, gold-back ferns, silver fernS, or silver-backferns.
Abstract: Many members of the Polypodiaceae sensu lato show a conspicuous, yellow or white deposit on the lower surface of their fronds. Therefore, they are often called gold ferns, gold-back ferns, silver ferns, or silver-back ferns. This is especially true for members of the genus Pityrogramma Link. Such deposits also occur in Cheilanthes Swartz and Notholaena R. Br., although they are less known because species of these genera are not easily cultivated in greenhouses. The culture of the decorative species of Pityrogramma was especially in fashion at the beginning of the 19th century. Both P. calomelanos (L.) Link and P. chrysophylla (Swartz) Link were grown at Kew beginning in 1790. Fanciers were attracted by the great variability of species and strains and by the formation of various forms and hybrids that occurred during the culture of" Gymnogramma." However, the proliferation of hybrids and horticultural forms led to serious taxonomic confusion. Domin's (1929) statement is still valid: one can easily find completely different species or hybrids grown in greenhouses under the same name. Even recently in botanical gardens the name P. sulphurea (Swartz) Maxon has been applied to varieties of P. chrysophylla and P. austroamericana Domin.
TL;DR: It is proposed that the unexplained variance in species density over the generic range reflects the long period of time available for evolution of new species in the various centres of diversity.
Abstract: The genus Aloe (Liliaceae) ranges from the southern tip of Africa to the Arabian Peninsula, and is also found on Malagasy and Socotra, in the Guinea savannas of West Africa and widely, now, in the Old and the New Worlds where it was introduced at various times over the past four thousand or so years. In so far as its native range is concerned, it is suggested that the centre of origin for the genus is in the highlands of SE Africa whence the ancestral aloes spread during the Tertiary era. Eleven secondary centres of speciation are recognized in the 'High Africa' physiographic province of the continent which, between them, contain 82% of the recognized species. Over the generic range, species density increases directly with terrain diversity, and approximately 50% of the variance in the former is 'explained' by the latter variable. Contemporary conditions of climate, soils and vegetation cover do not increase the level of explanation of geographic variations in species density over the generic range, and it is proposed that the unexplained variance reflects the long period of time available for evolution of new species in the various centres of diversity.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: The original circumscription of Cyclococcolithus included the type species of a prior genus and was therefore a superfluous name, according to the provisions of the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature.
Abstract: THE coccolithophorid genus Cyclococcolithus was described by Kamptner (1954, p. 23, 74, 75) with two included species, Coccosphaera leptopora Murray & Blackman, 1898, and Umbilicosphaera mirabilis Lohmann, 1902, neither of which was designated as type species. Subsequently C. leptopora was designated as the type species (Hay & Towe, 1963, p. 502). However, because Umbilicosphaera mirabilis was the type species of Umbilicosphaera by monotypy, the original circumscription of Cyclococcolithus included the type species of a prior genus and was therefore a superfluous name, according to the provisions of the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature