Showing papers on "Genus published in 1988"

Patterns of natural and manipulated hybridisation in the genus Eucalyptus L'Hérit. A review

Abstract: A database of herbarium specimens of Eucalyptus, together with published and unpublished literature, was searched for records of natural or manipulated interspecific hybrids The database was also used in conjunction with the informal classification of Pryor and Johnson to generate a list of all pairwise combinations of species within each subgenus, indexed according to tazionomic affinity and degree of coincidence of geographic distribution The frequency of recorded interspecific hybrids in relation to the total numbers of species pairs in each index category provided a basis for exploration of patterns of hybridisation within the genus The different subgenera are reproductively isolated under both natural and manipulated conditions Within subgenera, current geographic distribution is a major determinant of natural hybridisation, The frequency of natural hybridisation in general reflects the hierarchy of taxonomic affinities, although important exceptions were noted in Monomlyptus and Corymbia, and there is considerable variation in rates of inter and intrasectional hybridisation within Symphyomyrtus Tammmic revision may be indicated in such cases Across the genus, natural hybridisation is a rather restricted phenomenon Only 15% of combin- ations expected on geographic/taxonomic grounds have been recorded, and 37% of 'these are known from only a single herbarium record Most records of manipulated hybrids derive from the wmmercidy important subgenus Symphyomyrtus Combinations between geographically isolated species are Frequent and successfd crosses have been made between species in different sections, although an increased frequency of viability problems was noted in some cases Implications for tree breeding are discussed

Spiders of the genus Cupiennius Simon 1891 (Araneae, Ctenidae) : I. Range distribution, dwelling plants, and climatic characteristics of the habitats.

Abstract: Cupiennius is a genus of hunting spiders with seven established species. One of these (C. salei) has been used in laboratory research for many years. Here we report on the geographic distribution of the genus and some characteristics of its habitat. (1) The genus is Central American. Its range is from the state of Veracruz in Mexico in the north to Panama in the south. Five of the seven species are known to occur in the Canal Area, Panama. Sympatry is best documented for C. getazi and C. coccineus and is likely to occur in other species. (2) All known species of Cupiennius are closely associated with particular plants on which they hide during the day and prey, court, and moult at night. The most typical dwelling plant such as a bromeliad or a banana plant is a monocotyledon with mechanically strong and unbranched leaves that provide retreats at their bases. On plants not providing "ready-made" shelters, such as ginger or members of the Araceae, several species of Cupiennius have been observed to build retreats. (3) Average monthly rainfall and temperature data are given for six locations where we have recently observed C. coccineus, C. getazi, C. panamensis, and C. salei. According to measurements taken in the field the microclimate within a typical retreat differs considerably from the external environment: during the day the retreat space shows lower aver-age water evaporation rates and higher relative air humidity.

A classification of Abies Miller (Pinaceae)

Abstract: Previous classifications of the genus Abies are reviewed and evaluated. A number of subgeneric names are lectotypified and a list of the validly named subgeneric taxa is given. A new classification scheme is proposed in which Abies is divided into ten sections, four of which are further divided into subsections. Three new subsectional names are proposed. A key to the sections and subsections is given and their morphological characteristics and biogeography discussed.

Biosystematics of the genus Dicrotendipes Kieffer, 1913 (Diptera: Chironomidae: Chironominae) of the world

Abstract: The dallaspinballproject.com is your search engine for PDF files. Project is a high quality resource for free Books books.Give books away. Get books you want. No registration or fee is required enjoy it and don't forget to bookmark and share the love!Platform for free books dallaspinballproject.com is a great go-to if you want preview or quick download.You may reading books from dallaspinballproject.com. It is known to be world's largest free ebook site. Here you can find all types of books like-minded Fiction, Adventure, Competitive books and so many books. No registration or fee is required, and books are available in ePub, Kindle, HTML and simple text formats.

Review of the Clam Shrimp Family Lynceidae Stebbing, 1902 (Branchiopoda: Conchostraca), in the Americas

Abstract: The North, South, and Central American species of the Lynceidae Stebbing are reviewed. Morphological characters that distinguish the family, including several not previously known or not recognized as being of familial importance, are illustrated and discussed. Of the three known genera in the family, only two, Lynceus Muller and Paralimnetis Gurney, are known from North, Central, and South America; the genus Lynceiopsis Daday, known only from Africa, is described and discussed for comparative purposes. Taxonomic characters that can be reliably used to identify American species are primarily those of the male first thoracopods (claspers) and head region (rostrum). All American species are redescribed, with two exceptions. The validity of two species, Lynceus tropicus and L. rotundirostris. is questioned on the basis of the poor condition of type material and inadequate original descriptions. One new species of Paralimnetis Gurney is described from Texas. A key to the American species is included.

A review of the genus Chasmaporthetes Hay, 1921 (Carnivora, Hyaenidae)

Abstract: Fossil finds of the hyaenid genus Chasmaporthetes are reviewed. We consider the characters distinguishing this genus from Euryboas invalid and synonymize the two genera. The following species are included within the genus Chasmaporthetes: C. borissiaki (Khomenko), C. lunensis (Del Campana), with two subspecies, C. l. lunensis, from Europe, and C. l. honanensis, from China, C. nitidula (Ewer), C. ossifragus Hay, with two subspecies, C. o. ossifragus from the western United States, and C. ossifragus, an unnamed new subspecies from Florida, and C. exitelus, a new species from the Turolian of China. The presence of sexual dimorphism in C. lunensis is indicated from canine size. The stratigraphie range of the genus is early Blancan-Irvingtonian (North America), Turolian-Villa-franchian (Eurasia), Langebaanian to lower Pleistocene (Africa). The possible relationships of Chasmaporthetes are considered, and it is concluded that the genus is most closely related to the genus Thalassictis.

Encyrtidae (Insecta: Hymenoptera)

Abstract: Thirty-five genera and 67 species of Encyrtidae are recorded from New Zealand, including the adjacent subantarctic islands. Of these, four of the genera - Notodusmetia , Odiaglyptus , Zelaphycus , and Zelencyrtus - are new, as are 32 of the species. A further genus and three species are recognised but not named. The following new synonymies are proposed: Kakaoburra with Subprionomitus ; Anarhopus and Zealandencyrtus with Tetracnemoidea ; Quaylea aliena and Cerchysius whittieri with Coccidoctonus dubius ; Litomastix maculata with Copidosoma floridanum ; Eucomys proserpinensis and E. hortensis with Encyrtus infelix , Eucomys argenticoxa , E. hibisci , E aurantifasciata , and E. argentiscapus with Encyrtus lecaniorum ; and Antipodencyrtus procellosus and Zealandencyrtus yasumatsui with Tetracnemoidea bicolor . Five new combinations are proposed: Copidosoma floridanum , Subprionomitus angeliconini , Subprionomitus ferus , Tetracnemoidea sydneyensis , and Zelaphycus aspidioti . A lectotype is designated for Cheiloneurus gonatopodis , and the subtribe Mayridiina is given tribal status. The text includes a diagnosis of the Encyrtidae; a summary of the biology and life history of the family; notes on the use of encyrtids in biological control in New Zealand; methods of collecting and preserving encyrtids; a discussion of the probable origins and distribution of the New Zealand fauna; keys to the genera and species; descriptions or redescriptions of all the taxa; notes on their systematic relationship with taxa in other parts of the world; notes on the distribution of each species; and, where available, information on their hosts. Sufficient illustrations are included to facilitate recognition of taxa and discrimination of diagnostic characters. Checklist of Taxa Genus Adelencyrtoides Tachikawa & Valentine, 1969 acutus new species blastothrichus new species inconstans new species mucro new species novaezealandiae Tachikawa & Valentine, 1969 otago new species palustris new species pilosus new species proximus new species similis new species suavis new species tridens new species unicolor new species variabilis new species sp. A sp. B sp. C Genus Adelencyrtus Ashmead, 1900 aulacaspidis (Brethes, 1914) Genus Alamella Agarwal, 1966 mira new species Genus Arrhenophagoidea Girault, 1915 coloripes Girault, 1915 Genus Arrhenophagus Aurivillius, 1888 chionaspidis Aurivillius, 1888 Genus Austrochoreia Girault, 1929 antipodis new species Genus Cheiloneurus Westwood, 1833 antipodis new species gonatopodis Perkins, 1906 Genus Coccidoctonus Crawford, 1912 dubius (Girault, 1915) whittieri Girault, 1918 new synonymy aliena Timberlake, 1919 new synonymy Genus Coelopencyrtus Timberlake, 1919 australis new species maori new species Genus Copidosoma Ratzeburg, 1844 desantisi Annecke & Mynhardt, 1974 exvallis new species floridanum Ashmead, 1900 stat. rev., n. comb maculata Ishii, 1928 new synonymy koehleri Blanchard, 1940 Genus Encyrtus Latreille, 1809 infelix Embleton, 1902 proserpinensis Girault, 1915 new synonymy hortensis Girault, 1915 new synonymy lecaniorum (Mayr, 1876) argenticoxa Girault, 1915 new synonymy hibisci Girault, 1915 new synonymy aurantifasciata Girault, 1915 new synonymy argentiscapus Girault, 1915 new sywonymy Genus Epiblatticida Girault, 1915 minutissima (Girault, 1923) Genus Epitetracnemus Girault, 1915 zetterstedtii (Westwood, 1837) Genus Eusemion Dahlbom, 1857 cornigerum (Walker, 1838) Genus Gyranusoidea Compere, 1947 advena Beardsley, 1969 Genus Habrolepis Foerster, 1856 dalmanni (Westwood, 1837) Genus Lamennaisia Girault, 1922 ambigua (Nees, 1834) Genus Leptomastidea Mercet, 1916 abnormis (Girault, 1915) Genus Metanotalia Mercet, 1921 maderensis (Walker, 1872) Genus Metaphycus Mercet, 1917 aurantiacus Annecke & Mynhardt, 1981 claviger (Timberlake, 1916) lounsburyi (Howard, 1898) reductor new species timberlakei (Ishii, 1923) Genus Microterys Thomson, 1876 flavus (Howard, 1881) Notodusmetia new genus coroneti new species Odiaglyptus new genus biformis new species Genus Parectromoides Girault, 1915 varipes (Girault, 1915) Genus Protyndarichoides Noyes, 1980 cinctiventris (Girault, 1934) Genus Pseudococcobius Timberlake, 1916 annulipes new species Genus Psyllaephagus Ashmead, 1900 acaciae new species pilosus new species sp. A Genus Rhopus Foerster, 1856 anceps new species garibaldius (Girault, 1933) sp. A Genus Subprionomitus Mercet, 1921 Kakaoburra Girault, 1922 new synonymy ferus (Girault, 1922) new combination Genus Tachinaephagus Ashmead, 1904 zealandicus Ashmead, 1904 Genus Tetracnemoidea Howard, 1898 Anarhopus Timberlake, 1929 new synonymy Zealandencyrtus Tachikawa & Valentine, 1971 new synonymy bicolor (Girault, 1915) procellosus Kerrich, 1964 new synonymy yasumatsui Tachikawa & Valentine, 1971 new synonymy brevicornis (Girault, 1915) brounii (Timberlake, 1929) peregrina (Compere, 1939) sydneyensis (Timberlake, 1929) new combination zelandica new species Genus Tongyus Noyes Sc Hayat, 1984 costalis new species cyrenis new species regis new species Genus Zaomma Ashmead, 1900 lambinus (Walker, 1838) Zelaphycus new genus aspidioti (Tachikawa & Valentine, 1969) new combination Zelencyrtus new genus latifrons new species Genus A

The Archaeolaginae (Mammalia, Lagomorpha) of North America, excluding Archaeolagus and Panolax

Abstract: The Archaeolaginae of North America, excluding Archaeolagus and Panolax, include the following genera and species: Hypolagus vetus, H. parviplicatus, H. gidleyi n. sp., H. fontinalis, H. tedfordi n. sp., H. furlongi, H. edensis, H. oregonensis, H. ringoldensis, H. regalis, H. voorhiesi n. sp., H. arizonensis, Lepoides lepoides n. gen. and sp., Pewelagus dawsonae, and ?Pewelagus mexicanus. ?Hypolagus apachensis is referred to the Leporinae. The genus Notolagus is referred to the Leporinae and Paranotolagus is tentatively referred to the Leporinae. Lepoides lepoides n. gen. and sp. is tentatively thought to be a jack rabbit ecomorph, while some species of Hypolagus possibly cottontail ecomorphs. The Archaeolaginae of North America became extinct by the end of the Blancan land mammal age (Pliocene).

Phylogeny and classification of the Signiphoridae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea).

Abstract: A data set consisting of twenty-eight anatomical characters scored for twenty-eight terminal taxa representing the world fauna of Signiphoridae was analysed using parsimony and compatibility methods. The Coccophaginae (Aphelinidae) and the Azotinae (Aphelinidae) were used as outgroups to establish polarity of character state changes. Relationships of Signiphoridae to other Chalcidoidea are discussed. Several multistate characters were treated in the parsimony analyses either as unordered or as ordered into transformation series using additive binary coding, which in some cases drastically reduced the number of equally parsimonious solutions. Monophyly of Signiphoridae is supported by seven synapomorphies. Four genera, Chartocerus, Thysanus, Clytina and Signiphora, are recognized within Signiphoridae based on synapomorphies. Rozanoviella syn.n. and Kerrichiella syn.n. are synonymized under Signiphora. Species of Signiphora are further assigned to four species groups, three of which are demonstrably monophyletic. Nine species or subspecies are transferred to Chartocerus from Signiphora (australicus comb.n., australiensis comb.n., australiensis orbiculatus comb.n., beethoveni comb.n., corvinus comb.n., funeralis comb.n., reticulata comb.n., ruskini comb.n., thusanoides comb.n.), one species to Thysanus from Signiphora (melancholicus comb.n.), and one species to Signiphora from Kerrichiella (coleoptratus comb.n.). A key to genera of Signiphoridae and species groups of Signiphora is presented. A diagnosis, relevant nomenclatural history, and a list of included species are given for each genus and species group, and the biology and distribution of each is summarized.

Revision of the labrid fish genus Pseudolabrus and allied genera

Abstract: Six labrid genera, Austrolabrus Steindachner, Dotalabrus Whitley, Eupetrichthys Ramsay & Ogilby, Notolabrus new genus, Pictilabrus Gill, and Pseudolabrus Bleeker, are recognised as forming a monophyletic assemblage, here referred to collectively as pseudolabrines. This group comprises 23 species, including two new species described herein: Dotalabrus alleni n.sp. and Pictilabrus viridis n.sp., both from south-western Australia. The genus Suezichthys (= Suezia) Smith, previously considered closely related to Pseudolabrus, is excluded. Keys, diagnoses and descriptions of the genera and species are given. The pseudolabrines are provisionally placed in the tribe lulidini, and appear to be the plesiomorphic sister group of all other julidines. Within the pseudolabrine group, cladistic analysis supports the separation of Notolabrus n.gen., previously included with Pseudolabrus, and the inclusion of Lunolabrus Whitley as a sub genus of Pseudolabrus.

Revision and redescription of the genus Astephus (Siluriformes: Ictaluridae) with a discussion of its phylogenetic relationships

Abstract: †Astephus antiquus from Eocene Green Formation of Wyoming and Utah is redescribed in detail based on newly obtained material, and the position of †Astephus among Siluriformes is reconsidered. Phylogenetic evaluation of the genus is based on descriptive information from †Astephus antiquus, the only species known by nearly complete specimens and a species that contains the type species for the genus. It was determined that Lundberg's (1970, 1975a) assessment of †Astephus as an ictalurid is the most probable interpretation of available information. Assuming that †Astephus is an ictalurid, there is strong evidence indicating that it is the sister group to a group containing all other members of the family. †Astephus calvus (Cope), the type for the genus (designated by Jordan, 1919), is considered here to be a subjective junior synonym of †Astephus antiquus (Leidy). The only other valid species recognized here as probably belonging in the genus (and probably distinct from †A. antiquus) is †A. resimus ...

The Indo-Pacific blenniid fish genus Ecsenius

Abstract: Springer, Victor G. The Indo-Pacific Blenniid Fish Genus Ecsenius. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, number 465, 134 pages, 68 figures, 14 color plates, 30 tables, 1988.—Ecsenius McCulloch is defined and its major specializations illustrated. It is not possible to propose its sister group unequivocally within the tribe Salariini. Ecsenius comprises 12 species groups, most hypothesized to be monophyletic based on a few heavily weighted characters; a few groups are possibly paraphyletic. The groups contain from one to nine species. Interrelationships of some groups, and some species within some groups, are hypothesized based on heavily weighted characters and/or distribution patterns. Ecsenius comprises 46 species, 20 here described as new. The new species are: E. aequalis (Great Barrier Reef; Trobriand Islands), E. alleni (Rowley Shoals and Scott Reef, Western Australia), E. australianus (Great Barrier Reef), E. axelrodi (Hermit Islands; New Britain; Solomon Islands), E. bathi (Java; Komodo), E. dentex (Gulf of Aqaba), E. dilemma (Philippines), E. fijiensis (Fiji: Viti Levu south to Vatoa, Lau Islands), E. kurti (Philippines), E. lubbocki (Phuket, Thailand, Indian Ocean), E. monoculus, (Philippines; Dot du Sud, Viet Nam; Moluccas), E. oculatus (Christmas Island, Indian Ocean; Western Australia), E. pardus (Fiji), E. paroculus (Phuket, Thailand; Malacca, Malaysia; Mentawei, Bawean, Seribu islands, Indonesia), E. portenoyi (Rotuma; American Samoa), E. sellifer (Umboi Island and Trobriand Islands, Papua New Guinea; Solomon Islands; Palau Islands), E. stictus (Great Barrier Reef), E. taeniatus (Basilaki and Goodenough islands, western Papua New Guinea), E. tessera (New Caledonia; New Hebrides), and E. tigris (Osprey and Bougainville reefs, Coral Sea). Ecsenius minutus Klausewitz, formerly synonymized with E. nalolo Smith, is resurrected. Several of the species have two or three strikingly different color-pattern forms, which are not associated with size or sex. A key is given to all species, all are illustrated in black-and-white halftones, and most are illustrated live in color photographs. Distribution maps are provided for all the species groups and species. Of the 12 species groups, all the species within each of five groups, containing from three to nine species, are allopatric. Two of these five groups, one with five and one with eight species, are hypothesized to form a clade. Of the 13 species in this clade, 12 are allopatric. One of the five species in one group is broadly sympatric with six of the eight species in the other group. The overall distribution of the two groups, and the distributions of the species in each of them, are used as the basis for a speculative vicariance biogeographic discussion, in which the tectonic history of India is proposed as the primary physical barrier that isolated biotas in the western Indian Ocean and allowed them to diverge. Species within a group usually exhibit sharply delimited distributions with respect to each other. For instance, one species of a group may have an extremely broad distribution with islandless voids of hundreds of kilometers separating its populations. Populations of the same species, however, may be separated from populations of another species in the same group at other islands by distances of only a few tens of kilometers. Such distribution patterns appear to be better explained by the tectonic history of the pertinent areas than by dispersal. OFFICIAL PUBLICATION DATE is handstamped in a limited number of initial copies and is recorded in the Institution's annual report, Smithsonian Year. SERIES COVER DESIGN: The coral Montastrea cavarnosa (Linnaeus). Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Springer, Victor Gruschka, 1928The Indo-Pacific blenniid fish genus Ecsenius. (Smithsonian contributions to zoology ; no. 465) Bibliography: p. Supt of Docs, no.: SI 1.27:465 1. Blenniidae—Classification. 2. Blenniidae—Geographical distribution. 3. Fishes—Classification. 4. Fishes— Geographical distribution. I. Title. II. Series. QL1.S54 no.465 [QL638.B6] 591 s 88-600023 [597'.58]

Chloroplast DNA Evolution and Systematics of Phanerophlebia (Dryopteridaceae) and Related Fern Genera

Abstract: Restriction site variation in chloroplast DNA was examined in the neotropical fern genus Phanerophlebia and in selected species of the related Asiatic genus Cyrtomium and the cosmopolitan progenitor of these two, Polystichum. A total of 103 restriction site mutations was identified; these were used to construct phylogenetic networks and trees based on Wagner and Dollo parsimony and Fitch-Margoliash distance algorithms. The analyses provided evidence that Phanerophlebia did not arise from Cyrtomium. Both genera are convergent descendants from different progenitor groups in Polystichum, and Asiatic Cyrtomium is more closely related to temperate New World Polystichum than it is to neotropical Phanerophlebia. Reticulate venation, previously considered an important taxonomic character for infrageneric classification in Phanerophlebia, most likely evolved independently twice within the genus. Diploid maternal progenitors are suggested for two of four tetraploid species analyzed, and species-level distinctions for two closely related taxa of Phanerophlebia are questioned.

Genus Flexamia : new species, phylogeny, and ecology

Abstract: Eight new species of Flexamia DeLong are described, and two Mexican species previously synonymized are reinstated. Species are assigned to 13 species groups; keys are presented for the groups and for the 44 recognized species. Host data, in many cases with oligophagy coefficients, are presented for 37 of the species. Many species specialize on native, dominant, perennial, choridoid or panicoid grasses; some are monophagous. Seven sister species pairs specialize on the same (or a closely related) grass species; in addition, four closely related species appear to be restricted to Bouteloua curtipendula . Few if any specialists colonize their host throughout its entire range. Ecological factors such as phenology and/or host patchiness strongly influence geographic distribution. An intuitive phylogeny is proposed and is used as a basis for constructing 18 character transformations. The genus Flexamia probably originated in Mexico by division of an ancestral lineage from which the modern genus Spartopyge also diverged.

Phylogeny and distribution of Luffa (Cucurbitaceae).

Abstract: The genus Luffa comprises five species of tropical vines, four native to the Old World and one, L. operculata, to the New World. Two species, L. aegyptiaca and L. acutangula, include domesticated plants that are now widespread in the tropics. Interspecific hybrids are sterile or nearly so. Intraspecific hybrids within L. acutanglda and L. aegyptiaca are fertile, but the hybrid within L. operculata is sterile. Phenetic and cladistic analyses indicate that the species are well differentiated with L. echinata the most distinct. The cladistic analyses further reveal two phyletic lines, one comprised of L. aegyptiaca and L. acutangula and the other of L. echinata, L. graveolens, and L. operculata. It is concluded that L. graveolens, or more likely a species ancestral to it and L. operculata, gave rise to L. operculata. Luffa presents several disjunct distributions, and various possibilities are explored to account for them. Humans may be responsible for the disjunct distribution of feral varieties of L. acutanglda. Long-distance transport by water may account for the others. Two new varietal combinations are made, L. acutanglda var. forskalii and L. aegyptiaca var. leiocarpa. THE GENUS LUFFA INCLUDES two domesticates, L. aegyptiaca and L. acutangula, whose young fruits are widely used for food, particularly in southeastern Asia. The fibrous interior of the fruit of the former species also has a number of uses, most commonly as a cosmetic sponge (Porterfield 1955, Heiser 1979). Fruits of various wild species have been used in folk medicine in both Asia and South America (Sastri 1962, Morton 1981). Little is known of the origin of the two domesticates, although both probably arose in Southeast Asia. To attempt to trace their origins, a better understanding of the relationship of the species was needed. The genus also poses an interesting phytogeographical problem, in that one species is indigenous to the New World and the remaining species are native to the Old World. In the most comprehensive taxonomic treatment of the genus presently available, Cogniaux and Harms (1924) accepted eight species. Since that time two new species have been proposed and two have been transferred to other genera. Chakravarty (1959) has provided a detailed treatment of the species of India. The most recent work is the nomenclatural note of Jeffrey (1980a), who erected a monotypic subtribe Luffinae for Luffa within the Benincaseae and recognized five species in the genus, a view that has been adopted here. Cytogenetic studies have provided some evidence on species relationships in Luffa. All species of Luffa are diploid (N = 13), and a number of hybrids has been secured between species. Hybrids between the domesticated varieties of L. aegyptiaca and L. acutangula have been made several times, the most detailed study being that of Pathak and Singh (1949). These hybrids show highly reduced fertility. Dutt and Roy (1969, 1971) have produced hybrids between L. graveolens, L. aegyptiaca, L. acutangula, and L. echinata. All three combinations gave sterile hybrids. Other evidence on species relationships in Luffa, based on flavonoid chemistry, has been obtained by Schilling and Heiser (1981). Each species was found to have a distinct flavonoid pattern. Furthermore, the species of Luffa can be divided into two groups based on leaf flavonoids: L. acutangula, L. aegyptiaca, and L. echinata contain only flavones; L. graveolens and L. operculata contain only flavonols. This paper presents evidence on species relationships within Luffa from artificial hybrids and morphological data that has been analyzed by phenetic and cladistic methods. Geographical distributions are considered in light of the evidence resulting from the species relationships. MATERIALS AND METHODS Plants analyzed in this study were grown in the greenhouse from seed (Table 1), and herbarium vouchers are deposited at Indiana University. For each L. echinata and L. graveolens only one accession was available. For the remaining species other accessions were grown in addition to those reported in the numerical analyses. Although it would have been desirable to have included more accessions in the analysis, it probably would not have changed the results greatly, for the species of Luffa appear to be well differentiated from each other. Each accession was measured for 43 characters (Table I Received 20 August 1986, revision accepted 18 December 1986. BIOTROPICA 20(3): 185-191 1988 185 This content downloaded from 207.46.13.169 on Mon, 04 Jul 2016 04:49:33 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms TABLE 1. Materials of Luffa. Species and varieties Distribution Symbol Source: country Collector L. aegyptiaca Mill. var. aegyptiaca a widely cultivated LC United States C. Heiser L. aegyptiaca var leiocarpa (Naud.) Burma, Australia, LCL Australia C. R. Dunlop Heiser & Schillingb Oceania L. acutangula (L.) Roxb. var. widely cultivated LA-I United States J. and H. Ritz acutangula L. acutangula (L.) Roxb. var. LA-2 India R. Maxwell acutangula L. acutangula var. amara (Roxb.) India, Java LAA India M. M. Bhandari C. B. Cl. L. acutangula var. forskalii Yemen LAF Yemen Arab Republic S. A. Chaudary (Harms) Heiser & Schillingc L. echinata Roxb. India, Africa LE India B. Dutt L. graveolens Roxb. India, Oceania, LG Australia C. R. Dunlop Australia L. operculata (L.) Cogn. tropical America LO1 Ecuador I. Padilla L. operculata (L.) Cogn. LO-2 Brazil J. Coleman a The name of L. cylindrica (L.) M. J. Roem. has been widely used for this species, and Jeffrey (1980a) maintains that it is the correct one. However, we prefer to follow Schubert (1975) and use L. aegyptiaca. b This is the feral form of the species. The varietal name under L. aegyptiaca becomes L. aegyptiaca var. leiocarpa (Naud.) Heiser & Schilling, comb. nov. (L. cylindrica var. leiocarpa Naud., Ann. Sci. Nat. 4. ser. XII. 121. 1859). This variety includes L. aegyptiaca var. peramora F. M. Bailey, Queensland Flora 2: 694. 1900 and L. cylindrica var. minor Chakravarty, Rec. Bot. Survey India 17: 77. 1939. For other synonyms see Cogniaux & Harms (1924) under L. cylindrica var. insularum (A. Gray) Cogn. c L. forskalii was treated as a species by Cogniaux & Harms (1924), but Jeffrey (1980a) has reduced it to synonymy under L. acutangula. For reasons developed in this paper, we feel that it is best treated as a variety of L. acutangula, where it becomes L. acutangula var. forskalii (Harms) Heiser & Schilling comb. nov. (L. Forskalii Schweinfurth ex Harms in Fedde, Repert. 19: 232. 1923). It differs from the other varieties in having bifid rather than 3to 5-fid tendrils, usually unridged fruits, a denser pubescence, and smaller size of nearly all parts. 2). Because both quantitative and qualitative characters were included, Gower's coefficient (1971) was used as the coefficient of resemblance in the phenetic analysis. The resulting matrix of coefficients was analyzed for evidence of taxonomic structure by unweighted pair-group cluster analysis using arithmetic means (UPGMA). Computations utilized the NUMTAX program implemented on a VAX computer system at the University of Tennessee Computing Center. For cladistic analyses, 21 characters (Table 3) were employed; 17 characters were selected from those used in the phenetic analysis, and four flavonoid characters were added. Only characters for which different evolutionary states could be assigned were selected for use. Characters were coded into binary-ordered or multistate-ordered form, with the putatively primitive state scored as 0. Determination of primitive character states was based where possible on outgroup comparison using other members of the tribe Benincaseae (Jeffrey 1980b) as the outgroup. From these data, a Wagner (1980) ground plan diagram was constructed. Because Benincaseae exhibit variability for some characters, designation of character states as primitive or derived in Luffa seems open to controversy. Hence, a Wagner network was also constructed using parsimony analysis; this method does not require designation of primitive or derived character states. Version 2.3 of PAUP program written by D. W. Swofford, Illinois Natural History Survey, was used for parsimony analysis.

Digenetic trematodes of marine fishes of Okinawa, Japan.

Abstract: Between May and September 1985, 348 fishes representing 50 families, 107 genera, and 152 species from the coastal waters of Okinawa were examined for digenetic flukes. Ten families (Lepocreadiidae, Opistholebetidae, Gyliauchenidae, Fellodistomidae, Acanthocolpidae, Opecoelidae, Bucephalidae, Cryptogonimidae, Syncoeliidae, and Hemiuridae), representing 29 genera and 34 species of digenetic flukes were recorded. Seven new geographic locality records and 25 new host records were established. Possibly 2 new species, one being a species of the genus Metadena from Meiacanthus grammistes and the other a species of the genus Mesolecitha from Plectorhynchus chaetodontoides, were detected. Most infections were of a single species, and although prevalence and intensity were low, host specificity was high. Only 3 of the 34 species identified transgressed family bounds in their definitive hosts.

Diversity, distribution and ecology of gonatid squids in the subarctic Pacific: A review

Abstract: Current knowledge on biology of the squid family Gonatidae in the subarctic Pacific is reviewed. Up to this date, 10 species of the genus Gonatus (of which two are unnamed yet), a single species of the genus Eogonatus, six species of the genus Gonatopsis and two species of the genus Berryteuthis are known from the subarctic Pacific. Their distribution patterns can be classified into three major types: (1) trans-Pacific species (with two subtypes), (2) Northwest Pacific species, and (3) Northeast Pacific species. The family Gonatidae is divisible into two broad ecological types: (1) muscular, epi- to mesopelagic and eurybathic forms, and (2) lessmuscular, stenobathic and nektobenthic forms. Little is known about the prey of gonatids. However, their predators are diverse, including fishes, sea-birds and mammals, thus gonatids play an important role for the food-chain in the subarctic Pacific. Structures of the tentacular club, particularly metamorphose into hooks are important characters for tracing morphological changes in growth. Allametrie growth of some species has been clarified. The spawning biology of two commercially fished species (Gonatopsis boreaUs and Berryteuthis magister) is described, but spawning adults of non-commercial species have seldom been observed. The seasonal occurrence of planktonic juveniles of gonatids may be related to spring phytoplankton blooms.

The genus Pterocorys (Radiolaria) from the tropical late Neogene of the Indian and Pacific oceans

Abstract: An extensive study has been made of the radiolarian genus Pterocorys Haeckel in Neogene (< 8 Ma) sediments from the tropical Indian and Pacific Oceans. The detailed morphologies of eight species are described along with their geographic and stratigraphic ranges. Morphometric analysis has suggested certain phylogenetic lineages which are described in detail. Since th merous transitional forms, and since several species are apparently delicate and, therefore, rare, only 2 stratigraphically useful and easily recognizable Neogene datum levels (F.A.D. of P. hertwigii and L.A.D. of P. campanula, both between 0.6 and 1.1 Ma) based on Pterocorys can be identified and paleomagnetically dated. Stratigraphic events associated with the genus Pterocorys and their absolute ages are presented in tabular form.