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Showing papers on "Genus published in 1991"




Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Eleven species and eight types in open nomenclature are new to science, one species is revised and new combinations are proposed for eight species, while new ranks are given to three holococcolith stages of species that may also bear heterococcoliths.

137 citations


Book ChapterDOI
01 Jan 1991
TL;DR: Stem nematodes were found in leaf galls of the false dandelion H.radicata and species of the genus in several European countries and in the western USA, where they are dispersed by seeds of the weed as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: The wide geographic distribution of species of this genus may be interpreted as evidence of an ancient origin of the genus. Stem nematode, stem and bulb nematode 1 A total of 13 nominal species have been synonymized. Most species were generally characterized and distinguished from other nominal stem nematode species by certain host preferences. Stem nematodes in, for example, flower bulbs and seeds of lucerne, field beans, onions, and other Allium species are on the list of quarantine organisms of many countries all over the world. Stem nematodes were found in leaf galls of the false dandelion H.radicata and species of the genus in several European countries and in the western USA, where they are dispersed by seeds of the weed. Leaves are often distorted, discolored and smaller, with reduced and twisted leaf stems or they may obtain a shape morphologically quite different from the normal; in many plant species galls or necrotic spots may develop.

108 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Kimor et al. as discussed by the authors found that the N2 fixation associated with Hemiaulus is 21 to 4 5 times greater than that from the Rhizosolenia-Richelia association in the southwestern Atlantic Ocean.
Abstract: Nitrogen-fixation by cyanobacterial symbionts in the oceanic diatoms Hemiaulus mernbranaceus, H. hauckii, and H. sinensis was documented in the Southwestern Atlantic Ocean. All Herniaulus cells with diatom chlorophyll autofluorescence contained fluorescent symbionts undetectable by standard light microscopy. Average cell-specific ethylene reduction rates (2.3 to 5.3 X 10-l3 M ethylene cell h-') were 2.2 to 5.2 tlmes lower than calculated rates from RhizosoleniaRichelia blooms in the central Pacific gyre and 26 times lower than results from fichelid-containing Rhizosolenia cultures. Calculations suggest that the N2 fixation associated with Herniaulus is 21 to 4 5 times greater than that from the Rhizosolenia-Richelia association in the southwestern Atlantic Ocean. Hemiaulus is a common and ubiquitous diatom genus typically dominating or CO-dominating the diatom community after seasonal stratification in warm oligotrophic seas (Guillard & Kilham 1977). A puzzling aspect of its ecology is its persistence over large areas dominated by nanoand pico-plankton despite low ambient nutrients. Periodic blooms of this genus occur in the central Pacific gyre and have been associated with the nitrogen-fixing Rhizosolenia-Richelia symbiosis (Venrick 1974). Cyanobacterial symbionts usually identified as Richelia intracellularis Schmidt are also known in Hemiaulus; however, the identity of the symbiont is uncertain (Sundstrom 1984). The presence of a heterocyst suggests N2-fixation is likely in this symbiosis (Kimor et al. 1978, Heinbokel 1986), but NZ-fixation by Hemiaulus symbionts has never been examined. Current address: Environmental Sciences Program, University of Massachusetts, Boston Harbor Campus, Boston, Massachusetts 02125-3393, USA Although the host is frequently seen, the symbiont is rarely reported. Kimor et al. (1978) noted that up to 62 % of the Hemiaulus membranaceus Cleve collected off southern California contained symbionts, although more extensive collections offshore contained only 16.1 to 18.6 % symbiotic Hemiaulus. Heinbokel (1986) noted that the Hemiaulus symbionts were frequently visible only under epifluorescent illumination, and that ca 80 % (n = 668) of the Hemiaulus hauckii and H. m e m branaceus in samples north of Hawaii contained symbionts. He suggested that symbiont abundance, and their role in oceanic nitrogen fixation, may have been underestimated due to the need to use epifluorescence to reliably identify the symbiont. In this report, I document NZ-fixation by the Hemiaulus symbioses, and present some additional observations on the cryptic nature of the symbiont. Methods and materials. Hen~iaulus cells were isolated by micropipet from surface tows (30 cm net, 20 pm mesh) north of St. Johns, U.S. Virgin Islands (13 Feb 1991; 18O36.43' N, 65O27.49' W), and north of Haiti (15 Feb 1991; 2Oo40.15'N, 72\"54.43'W). Hemiaulus cells (130 to 200 each) were placed into 2 m1 screwcap vials equipped with a Teflon lined septum and containing 1 m1 of 0.45 pm filtered seawater. Care was taken to exclude trichomes of Trichodesmium and cells of Richelia-containing Rhizosolenia from the vials. Curved chains of H. hauckii were present, but were not examined for acetylene reduction due to the difficulty in picking the chains with the micropipet. A blank of filtered seawater was run concurrently. Vials were incubated at 26°C and 306 pE m-' S-'. Two experiments were run with each net tow collection O Inter-Research/Printed in Germany 0171-8630/91/0076/0201/$ 03.00 202 Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 76: 201-204, 1991 and consisted of one vial of H. membranaceus and one vial of combined H. hauckii and H. sinensis. Acetylene was injected (0.2 ml) into the headspace and subsequent ethylene generation was measured on a Shimadzu Mini 2 gas chromatograph. Ethylene concentrations were corrected for liquid-phase solubility, and successive time series points were corrected for the sample volume withdrawn in the previous assays. The small headspace volume (1 ml) precluded replication of time series samples. Rates of ethylene evolution were determined from the slope of the time-series data. Symbiont enumeration was performed on a Zeiss Axiomat microscope equipped with epifluorescence capabilities using freshly collected samples. Approximately 10 to 100 cells of each species (depending on its abundance) were examined from the same net tow as the acetylene reduction experiments. Results and conclusions. Ethylene evolution occurred in all experimental vials containing Hemiaulus. Rates of ethylene evolution were linear for a t least 4 h (Fig. l ) . H. membranaceus-containing vials evolved ethylene at rates of 2.3 and 3.6 x 10-l3 m01 ethylene cell-' h-', and H. hauckii-H. sinensjs evolved ethylene at 3.0 and 5.3 x 10-l3 m01 ethylene cell-' h-'. No symbionts were visible under brightfield or Nomarski illumination; however, under epifluorescence, all Hemiaulus spp. except the curved morph of H. hauckii contained 1 or 2 symbionts (Fig. 2). The curved H. hauckii (n = 30) showed no host chlorophyll autofluorescence, contained no symbionts, and appeared dead. These observations are similar to Heinbokel's (1986) observations of ca 8 0 % symbiont-containing Hemiaulus cells north of Hawaii. Although H. hauckii and H. sinensis were not examined individually for acetylene reduction, it is reasonable to assume the symbionts of both species were fixing nitrogen. Average host cell-specific rates of ethylene evolution for the

107 citations



Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The interrelationships of the tribe Inuleae s.
Abstract: The interrelationships of the tribeInuleae s. str. have been analysed with a computerized parsimony program (Hennig 86), using theArctotideae as functional outgroup. The results are illustrated with a cladogram and a strict consensus tree. A detailed character discussion is presented. Descriptions of all genera are supplied with brief notes on distribution, references to chemical investigations, and chromosome numbers. Lists of recognized species are also presented in connection to each genus, respectively. 21 new combinations are made, one new genus,Xerolekia A. Anderb., is described,Mollera is reduced to a synonym ofCalostephane, and the genusDuhaldea is resuscitated.Anisopappus was found to be a paraphyletic basal group in the tribe. The paleate generaAsteriscus, Nauplius, Ighermia, Buphthalmum, andXerolekia form one monophyletic group,Inula and other, similar genera were found to constitute the ancestral complex of thePulicaria group.

99 citations




Journal ArticleDOI
01 Jan 1991
TL;DR: The hairstreak butterfly genus Rekoa is revised, many aspects of eumaeine morphology are described, and the evolutionary biology is discussed, particularly by quantitative descriptions of antennae, androconia, and genitalia.
Abstract: Robbins, Robert K. Evolution, Comparative Morphology, and Identification of the Eumaeine Butterfly Genus Rekoa Kaye (Lycaenidae: Theclinae). Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, number 498, 64 pages, 116 figures, 17 tables, 1991.—I revise the hairstreak butterfly genus Rekoa, describe and quantify many aspects of eumaeine morphology, and discuss the evolutionary biology of Rekoa. This genus contains some of the most common, widespread, and nomenclaturally confused species of eumaeine butterflies. A provisional Thereus Section of the Eumaeini consists of Rekoa, Thereus, Arawacus, Contrafacia, and an undescribed genus. Rekoa, Thereus, and Arawacus form a monophyletic lineage, and their characterization leads to the following nomenclatural changes: Arawacus Kaye, 1904 = PolyniphesK&ye, 1904; Thereus Hiibner, 1819 = Noreena Johnson, MacPherson, and Ingraham, 1986; and Rekoa Kaye, 1904 = Heterosmaitia Clench, 1964. Arawacus is accorded priority over Polyniphes, and Dolymorpha Holland, 1931 is a synonym of Arawacus, as others have proposed. Rekoa contains seven species and the following new synonyms: R. malina Hewitson, 1867 = R. phrynisca Burmeister, 1878; R. palegon Cramer, 1780 = R. cyrriana Hewitson, 1874 = R. ulia Dyar, 1913; R. zebina Hewitson, 1869 = R. orses Godman and Salvin, 1887 = R. guadala Schaus, 1902; R. bourkei Kaye, 1925 = R. abeja Johnson and Matusik, 1988; R. marius Lucas, 1857 = R. spurina Hewitson, 1867 = R. ericusa Hewitson, 1867 = R. brescia Hewitson, 1868 = R. voconia Hewitson, 1869; R. stagira Hewitson, 1867 = R. erenea Hewitson, 1867 = R. volana Hewitson, 1869 = R. lydia Kirby, 1871 = R. thoana Hewitson, 1874 = R. carioca Ebert, 1965. Lectotypes are designated for R. cyrriana, R. zebina, R. guadala, R. marius, R. spurina, R. ericusa, R. brescia, R. voconia, R. stagira, R. erenea, R. timaea Hewitson, 1869, R. volana, and R. thoana. No species was described in Rekoa, and R. melon (the type species of Rekoa) is the only one that had been transferred to it. I describe, illustrate, and code 47 characters of the head, wings, abdominal integument, and genitalia of Rekoa. Almost half of the characters are quantitative, and are coded with a modified form of gap coding. Because eumaeine morphology is so poorly known, the morphology section is hyper trophied, particularly by quantitative descriptions of antennae, androconia, and genitalia. There are two qualitatively distinct kinds of forewing androconial clusters in Rekoa: scent pads (restricted to the Eumaeini) with a chamber between the wing membranes and scent patches with the wing membranes fused except at the base of each androconium. Parsimony analysis of the character matrix yields a network of 78 steps with a consistency index of 0.885. Consistency among quantitative characters, with the exception of genital ones, is nearly as good as that for qualitative ones. The network is rooted using the outgroup parsimony criterion. The phylogeny serves as a framework for discussing Rekoa biogeography and evolution. Most Rekoa species are habitat generalists, but specialization for drier habitats evolved once as did restriction to lower elevations and specialization for higher elevations. Rekoa species are relatively dispersive and widespread, with four species occurring from northern Mexico to southern Brazil. Larvae are polyphagous on plant reproductive parts, but the majority of foodplant records for three Rekoa species are Leguminosae and Malpighiaceae whereas they are Compositae for R. palegon. There are two distinct ventral wing pattern phenotypes and two different genitalic phenotypes, but the change in wing pattern evolved at a different point than the change in genitalic phenotype. An effective "false head" wing pattern evolved once. OFFICIAL PUBLICATION DATE is handstamped in a limited number of initial copies and is recorded in the Institution's annual report, Smithsonian Year. SERIES COVER DESIGN: The coral Montastrea cavernosa (Linnaeus). Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Robbins, Robert K. Evolution, comparative morphology, and identification of the eumaeine butterfly genus Rekoa Kaye (Lycaenidae: Theclinae) / Robert K. Robbins p. cm. (Smithsonian contributions to zoology ; no, 498) Includes bibliographical references. SupL of Docs, no.: SI 1.27:498 1. Rekoa. I. Title. II. Series. QL1.S54 no. 498 [QL561.L8] 591 s-dc20 [595.78'9] 89-600292 CIP

76 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
01 Jan 1991
TL;DR: The genus Steindachnerina Fowler of the characiform family Curimatidae is defined as a monophyletic unit and shared derived features of the gill arches and possibly in dorsal-fin pigmentation diagnose the genus.
Abstract: Van, Richard P. Systematics of the Neotropical Characiform Genus Steindachnerina Fowler (Pisces: Ostariophysi). Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, number 507, 118 pages, 80 figures, 10 tables, 1991.—The genus Steindachnerina Fowler (1906) of the characiform family Curimatidae is defined as a monophyletic unit. Shared derived features of the gill arches and possibly in dorsal-fin pigmentation diagnose the genus. Derived features of the gill arches, buccopharyngeal complex, infraorbital series, palatine arch, and neurocranium, form of the prepelvic region of the body, details of pigmentation, and meristic features define monophyletic subunits of Steindachnerina or are autapomorphic for species. Steindachnerina has three junior synonyms Curimatorbis, Cruxentina, and Rivasella, all described by Fernandez-Yepez (1948). Twenty-one species are recognized in Steindachnerina: S. amazonica (Steindachner, 1911) of the Rio Tocantins; S. argentea (Gill, 1858) of Trinidad, the Rio Orinoco, and coastal rivers of northern Venezuela; S. atratoensis (Eigenmann, 1912b) of the Rio Atrato; S. bimaculata (Steindachner, 1876) of the Rio Amazonas and Rfo Orinoco; S. binotata (Pearson, 1924) of the Rio Madeira; S. biornata (Braga and Azpelicueta, 1987) of the Rio de La Plata basin and the coastal rivers of Uruguay and southern Brazil; S. brevipinna (Eigenmann and Eigenmann, 1889) of the Rfo Uruguay, Rfo Paraguay, and lower Rfo Parana", and possibly the upper Rio Xingu; S. conspersa (Holmberg, 1891) of the Rfo Paraguay and lower Rfo Parang S. dobula (Gunther, 1868a) of the western Amazon basin; 5. elegans (Steindachner, 1874) of the coastal rivers of eastern Brazil; S.fasciata (Vari and Gery, 1985) of the Rio Madeira basin; 5. gracilis Vari and Vari (1989) of the Rio Tocantins; S. guentheri (Eigenmann and Eigenmann, 1889) distributed from Guyana through the Rfo Orinoco basin, and the Andean peidmont to northern Bolivia; S. hypostoma (Boulenger, 1887a) of the Amazon basin; S. insculpta (Femindez-Yepez, 1948) of the upper Rfo Parana^ S. leucisca (Gunther, 1868) of the Amazon basin; 5. notonota (Miranda-Ribeiro, 1937) of northeastern Brazil; S. planiventris Vari and Vari (1989) of the Amazon basin; S. pupula, new species, endemic to the Rfo Orinoco; S. quasimodoi Vari and Vari (1989) from the Rfo Yavari (Rio Javarf); and S. tuna, new species, from Surinam, French Guiana, and Brazil. A key to the species of Steindachnerina is provided. Nineteen species and subspecies are placed into synonymy in this study. Curimatus leuciscus bolivae described by Eigenmann and Ogle (1908) and Allenina pectinata Fernandez-Yepez (1948) are placed into the synonymy of Steindachnerina leucisca. Curimatus trachystetus Cope (1878), C. bimaculatus sialis Eigenmann and Eigenmann (1889), Prochilodus pterostigma Fowler (1913), Curimatus semiornatus Steindachner (1914), and Curimata melaniris Fowler (1940) are all placed into the synonymy of Steindachnerina bimaculata. Curimata stigmosa Vari (1987) is a synonym of Curimata biornata. Curimatus nitens Holmberg (1891) and Curimatus nigrotaenia Boulenger (1902) are placed into the synonymy of Steindachnerina brevipinna. Curimatus nasus Steindachner (1882), Curimata hypostoma hastata Allen (in Eigenmann and Allen, 1942), Curimata niceforoi Fowler (1943a), and Prochilodus stigmaturus (Fowler, 1911), are all considered synonyms of Steindachnerina dobula. Steindachnerina guentheri has four junior synonyms: Curimatus morawhannae Eigenmann (1912a), Curimatus issororoensis Eigenmann (1912a), Curimatus metae Eigenmann (1922), and Curimata robustula Allen (in Eigenmann and Allen, 1942). Curimatus elegans bahiensis Eigenmann and Eigenmann (1889) is placed into the synonymy of Steindachnerina elegans. Thephylogenetic biogeography of Steindachnerina indicates numerous cases of large-scale, secondary dispersal during the evolution of the genus. The basal speciation events within Steindachnerina predate the final uplift of the Andes. A major part of the speciation within the genus predates the formation of the Amazon basin and apparently occurred outside of the Rio Amazonas system or in peripheral portions of the basin. The previous occurrence of a Steindachnerina species within the Rfo Magdalena system of Colombia and its subsequent extinction is hypothesized based on phylogenetic and distributional data. OFFICIAL PUBLICATION DATE is handstamped in a limited number of initial copies and is recorded in the Institution's annual report, Smithsonian Year. SERIES COVER DESIGN: The coral Montastrea cavernosa (Linnaeus). Library of Congress Calaloging-in Publication Data Vari, Richard P. Systematics of the neotropical characiform genus Steindachnerina Fowler (Pisces: Ostariophysi) / Richard P. Vari. p. cm. — (Smithsonian contributions to zoology ; no. 507) Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Steindachncrina—Classification. I. Title. II. Series, QL1.S54 no. 507 [OL638.C891 591s—dc20 [597.52] 90-26412

Journal ArticleDOI
01 Dec 1991-Bradleya
TL;DR: A comprehensive survey of seed-morphology is presented together with keys to species and infraspecific taxa, descriptions, ecological data, distribution maps, cladograms, colour and halftone illustrations, a list of new names and an index to specific epithets.
Abstract: Summary. Melocactus Link & Otto (31 spp.) is revised in Central and South America to include 24 species and 10 heterotypic subspecies, arranged in 6 species-groups primarily on the basis of fruit, seed and spination characters: M. oreas Group incl. M. oreas (2 subspp.), M. ernestii (2 subspp.), M. bahiensis (2 subspp.), M. conoideus; M. deinacanthus Group (1 sp.); M. levitestatus Group (1 sp.); M. azureus Group incl. M. azureus (2 subspp.), M. pachyacanthus (2 subspp.); M. violaceus Group incl. M. salvadorensis, M. zehntneri, M. lanssensianus, M. glaucescens, M. concinnus, M. paucispinus, M. violaceus (3 subspp.), M. neryi, M. smithii; M. curvtspinus Group incl. M. estevesii, M. mazelianus, M. schatzlii, M. andinus (sp. nov.), M. bellavistensis (2 subspp.), M. peruvianus and M. curvispinus (3 subspp.). There are 18 species in eastern and Amazonian Brazil (16 endemic), 3 in the region of the Guianas and Venezuelan/Colombian llanos, and 4 endemic to the central and northern Andes. Only one, polymorphic spec...

01 Jan 1991
TL;DR: Aromobates, new genus, new species, and Phylogenetic Position: Comparisons with "Collared Colostethus" (1871).
Abstract: ............................................ 2 Resumen ............................................. 2 Introduction ............................................. 2 Aromobates, new genus ................. ............................ 4 Aromobates nocturnus, new species .......................................... 4 Description ............................................. 5 Myology ............................................. 8 Osteology ............................................. 9 Tadpoles ............................................. 12 Biochemistry of Skin Secretions ............................................ 14 Distribution and Natural History ............................................ 14 Familial Placement and Comparisons ............................................ 16 Toward a Definition of Colostethus Cope (1866) ................ ................ 18 On the Name Hyloxalus Jimenez de la Espada (1871) ........... ................ 19 Comparisons with "Collared Colostethus"........................................ 19 Phylogenetic Position ................ ............................ 28 References.............29 References~~~~~ ...... .. .. .. ......... .. .. .. ......... 2 Appendix: Notes on Colostethus riveroi .......................................... 32 ' Curator, Department of Herpetology and Ichthyology, American Museum of Natural History. 2 Field Associate in Herpetology, American Museum ofNatural History; Director ofScientific Information, BIOMA, Fundaci6n Venezolana para la Conservaci6n de la Diversidad Biol6gica, Caracas. 3 Research Associate in Herpetology, American Museum of Natural History; Chief, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health. Copyright © American Museum of Natural History 1991 ISSN 0003-0082 / Price $3.50 AMERICAN MUSEUM NOVITATES

Book ChapterDOI
TL;DR: Current information on systematics and morphology of larvae and juveniles of Sebastes is reviewed, as are intrageneric relationships among the many species of the genus.
Abstract: Current information on systematics and morphology of larvae and juveniles ofSebastes is reviewed, as are intrageneric relationships among the many species of the genus. Although some subgenera may remain after a cladistic analysis of the genus, others are probably artificial groupings of species that have convergent morphologies because of similar ecology. The relationships ofSebastes to other scorpaeniform fishes as well as the relationships of scorpaeniforms to other fishes are not resolved. Of the 102 species ofSebastes worldwide, 69 species have been illustrated as preflexion larvae, 35 as postflexion larvae and 65 as pelagic juveniles. Morphological characters of each of these stages were used to compare species, group them by similar appearances and then compare these groupings with existing subgenera. Some pigment patterns of preflexion larvae were rather consistent among species within certain subgenera but quite variable among species in other subgenera. Postflexion larvae fell into 11 groups based on pigment, head spines and body shape. These groups were not closely aligned with the subgeneric assignments of the component species. On the basis of pigment patterns of pelagic juveniles, six groups were evident, but the specific composition of these groups bore little resemblance to either the larval or subgeneric groups.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Twenty-five species and three subspecies of the family Thyasiridae (Bivalvia: Lucinacea) are described from the deep Atlantic, with the greatest reduction in size and greatest simplification of morphology seen in species of the subgenera Thyasira and Parathyasira.
Abstract: Twenty-five species and three subspecies of the family Thyasiridae (Bivalvia: Lucinacea) are described from the deep Atlantic. They belong to two genera and five subgenera. Eleven of the species and all of the subspecies are described for the first time. The number of demibranchs in the gill and shape of the lobes of the lateral body pouches are characteristic features which are additionally used to clarify taxonomic divisions that have been previously based on shell features alone. One species, Axinus grandis Verrill & Bush (1898), is thought to be the sole living representative of the predominantly Tertiary fossil genus Axinus Sowerby (1821). This genus has been regarded by most previous authors as a synonym of Thyasira Leach (1818). Axinus grandis, as here defined, is morphologically distinct from all other thyasirids and possesses primitive characters. It shows affinities to the lucinacean family Ungulinidae, suggesting that the Thyasiridae may have an origin close to the ungulinid stem. The morphology of the species described here is extremely conservative, all sharing a number of key features. The most important of these is the form of the lateral body pouches. Shell shape and morphology relate in part to different life habits. Some species which have vertically elongate shape are probably immobile deep-burrowers, while others, principally the smallest species, which are horizontally elongate are adapted for a more active existence. All are infaunal. The deep-water species are thought to be pre-adapted to life at depth through their ability to inhabit impoverished deoxygenated habitats. Few morphological differences could be detected between the populations of species that occur in both shallow and deep waters. The small size of all but a few species may be one of their greatest adaptive features. The greatest reduction in size and greatest simplification of morphology are seen in species of the subgenera Thyasira and Parathyasira. The subgenera Axinulus and Mendicula show the greatest radiation in deep water. The latter subgenera are thought to have arisen from the larger subgenera by neoteny. The thyasirids, unlike the deep-sea protobranch and septibranch bivalves, are predominantly inhabitants of slope depths. Very few are truly abyssal. Many have very wide depth distributions extending from shelf to abyssal depths. This, together with the production of planktotrophic larvae, has ensured that most thyasirid species, unlike other deep-sea bivalves, are very widely distributed. Thus species extend into Arctic waters, including the Norwegian Basin and into the Pacific and are truly cosmopolitan.

Journal Article
TL;DR: The present study introduces the radiation of the highly diverse spider genus Tournaisia, which is well known for some of the most spectacular species radiation s from single ancestors.
Abstract: The Hawaiian archipelago is well known for some of the most spectacular species radiation s from single ancestors, although the occurrence of this phenomenon in spiders remains largely undocumented . The present study introduces the radiation of the highly diverse spider genus

Book ChapterDOI
01 Jan 1991
TL;DR: The genus Mentha belongs to the family Lamiaceae; it occurs in all five continents, although its native occurrence in the New World is restricted to a single species in the North.
Abstract: The genus Mentha belongs to the family Lamiaceae; it occurs in all five continents, although its native occurrence in the New World is restricted to a single species in the North. It is infrequent in the Tropics, and in Australia there are a number of species, with unclear relationships to the rest of the genus. Although the genus consists of approximately 25 species and rather fewer hybrids, one can find more than 900 binomials listed in the Index Kewensis.



Journal ArticleDOI
01 Apr 1991-Botany
TL;DR: Ochrolechia, a widespread genus of crustose lichens, includes 19 species growing on bark in North America and several non-North American taxa are treated in this paper.
Abstract: Ochrolechia, a widespread genus of crustose lichens, includes 19 species growing on bark in North America. These corticolous species and several non-North American taxa are treated in this paper. Six species and one variety are described as new: O. antillarum, O. gowardii, O. montana, O. juvenalis, O. pseudopallescens, O. subisidiata, and O. trochophora var. pruinirosella. Two species are reduced to synonymy (O. californica Vers, and O. sorediosa Howard); six species are excluded from the North American flora (O. alboflavescens (Wulf.) Zahlbr., O. apiculata Vers., O. pallescens (L.) Massal., O. parella (L.) Massal., O. rhamni-purshianae Senft, O. subviridis (Hoeg) Erichsen, and O. turneri (Sm.) Hasselrot). Several synonymies mentioned in the literature are confirmed (O. trochophora (Vainio) Oshio including O. rosella (Tuck.) Vers. and O. orientalis Vainio; O. androgyna (Hoffm.) Arn. including O. pergranulosa (Ras.) Vers, and O. mahluensis Ras.; and O. yasudae Vainio including O. tuckermanii Vers, and O. p...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The Coelopidae appear to be most closely related to the families Helcomyzidae and Dryomyzidae of the superfamily Sciomyzoidea, and to the species of Chaetocoelopa, Coe‐lopella, Gluma and Icaridion.
Abstract: . The morphology of the Coelopidae is considered, particularly in relation to taxonomic characters, terminology, and sexual di morphism. Taxonomic relationships and family limits are discussed; the Coelopidae appear to be most closely related to the families Helcomyzidae and Dryomyzidae of the superfamily Sciomyzoidea. The following genera are excluded from the Coelopidae: Listriomastax and Apetaenus (Tethinidae), Orygma (Sepsidae), Heterocheila (or Oedoparea, position doubtful). The position of the genera Malacomyia, Baeopterus and Icaridion in the Coelopidae is confirmed. The Coe lopidae are divided into two subfamilies, Lopinae subfam.n. and Coe-lopinae. The Coelopinae include four tribes: Glumini trib.n., Coelopini, Coelopellini trib.n., Ammini trib.n. The following genera and species are described as new: Lopa, Gluma, Rhis, This, Amma, Lopa convexa, Gluma keyzeri, G.nitida, G.musgravei, Rhis whitleyi, This canus, Coe-lopella popeae, Amma blancheae. The subgenera Fucomyia and Neo-coelopa of the genus Coelopa are rejected as invalid. Chaetocoelopa huttoni Harrison (1959) is a new synonym of Chaetocoelopa littoralis (Hutton, 1881). Coelopa palauensis Hardy (1957) is a new synonym of C.alluaudi Seguy (1941), which is recorded from Australia for the first time. Coelopa africana Malloch (1933a) is a new synonym of C.ursina (Wiedemann, 1824) from southern Africa. Keys are provided to supra-generic groupings of Coelopidae, to the Australasian genera, and to the species of Chaetocoelopa, Coelopella, Gluma and Icaridion. Information on the biology and ecology of Coelopidae is summarized, and additional data on Australian species are recorded. Coelopids are among the most significant organisms recycling stranded kelp, because of their often enormous biomass. Their activities can be detrimental to sea-side recreation. Parasitism by Stigmatomyces sp. (Ascomycetes: Laboulbeniales) is recorded for several coelopid species. The distribution patterns of coelopid taxa are discussed.

DOI
31 Jul 1991
TL;DR: A systematic list of symphyta is presented for placement of genera in the current classihcation of the suborder Symphyta (Hymenoptera) through 1990.
Abstract: All genus-group names proposed for the suborder Symphyta (Hymenoptera) through 1990 are listed alphabetically. The author, date, original reference, type species, and taxonomic placement are given for each. A systematic list of Symphyta is presented for placement of genera in the current classihcation of the suborder.


Book ChapterDOI
01 Jan 1991
TL;DR: The genus Acinetobacter originally proposed by Brisou and Prevot (1954) comprised a heterogenous collection of non-motile Gram-negative organisms which could be distinguished from other similar organisms by their lack of pigmentation, now classified in the family Neisseriaceae.
Abstract: The genus Acinetobacter originally proposed by Brisou and Prevot (1954) comprised a heterogenous collection of non-motile Gram-negative organisms which could be distinguished from other similar organisms by their lack of pigmentation (Ingram and Shewan, 1960). Now classified in the family Neisseriaceae, the present generic description (Juni, 1984) allows unambiguous identification of strains to the genus level. A difficulty arises in that many current members of the genus have been classified previously under a variety of different names (reviewed by Henriksen, 1973), and much of the early literature concerning this group of organisms is, therefore, difficult to interpret owing to confusion over nomenclature and the lack of a widely-accepted classification scheme. Delineation of species within the genus is still the subject of much research. The latest developments are described in detail elsewhere (Grimont and Bouvet, this volume), but the reader should bear in mind that many of the Acinetobacter strains described in this volume still occupy a somewhat nebulous taxonomic position within the genus.

Journal Article
TL;DR: A new species, Castillomys rivas, is proposed for Italy and Turkey, and a new subgenus Rhodomys is created within the genus Occitanomys.
Abstract: In this paper a revision of the genus Castillomys Michaux, 1969 is given. Previously described subspecies are elevated to species rank, and a new species, Castillomys rivas, is proposed. Several populations from Italy and Turkey are transferred to the genus Centralomys de Giuli, 1989. For a population from Maritsa the new subgenus Rhodomys is created within the genus Occitanomys.


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: These immunological data support both a recent classification of Eleutheroductylus based on an analysis of slow-evolving allozyme loci, and the monophyly of the 17 native Jamaican species as indicated by a more comprehensive electrophoretic study.
Abstract: Antisera to serum albumins from five West Indian species of the frog genus Eleutheroductylus were prepared, and the reciprocal immunological distances (IDs) obtained were used to provide a time frame for the evolution of this group in the West Indies. One-way IDS were obtained to 25 additional species within the genus, with emphasis on those from the West Indies. These immunological data support both a recent classification of Eleutheroductylus based on an analysis of slow-evolving allozyme loci, and the monophyly of the 17 native Jamaican species as indicated by a more comprehensive electrophoretic study. This is in contrast to the results of morphological studies supporting multiple invasions of Jamaica by Eleutherodactylus. Within the subgenus Euhyas, IDS ranged from6–27 between Jamaican species, whereas between species on different islands the range was29–67. The subgenus Syrrhophus in southern North America was found to be the sister group to the subgenus Euhyus, a western Caribbean clade. Pelorius, a subgenus restricted to Hispaniola, was found to be the sister group of the subgenus Eleutheroductylus in the West Indies. The largest IDs obtained for West Indian species were those between the two major groups, the subgenera Eleutheroductylus and Euhyas. The albumin immunological clock for Eleutheroductylus was calibrated with three events in the geologic history of the Caribbean: the breakup of the proto-Antilles (65-75 million years before present [mybp]), the emergence of Jamaica (20-30 mybp), and the uplift of the Blue Mountains in Jamaica (5-10 mybp). Immunological distances corresponding to those events yield a calibration of 1 ID=0.60 million years (my), the same as that previously obtained for other groups of amphibians and thus supports the use of albumin immunological distance as a molecular chronometer in the genus Eleutherodactylus

Journal ArticleDOI
01 Jan 1991-Geobios
TL;DR: The late Miocene (middle Baodean = middle Turolian) mammalian fauna from Lufeng, China, includes nine insectivore taxa, one new genus and three new species are described, including the scalopine mole Yunoscaptor scalprum nov. sp.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The taxonomy of subtribe Castillejinae, comprising approximately 250 hemiparasitic species principally of western North and South America, is re-evaluated on the generic and sub- generic levels and the large and expanded genus Castilleja is subdivided into three subgenera.
Abstract: The taxonomy of subtribe Castillejinae, comprising approximately 250 hemiparasitic species principally of western North and South America, is re-evaluated on the generic and sub- generic levels. Based on studies of chromosome number, seed and seed coat morphology, inter- generic hybridizations, and floral morphology, six genera are recognized. The circumscription of three genera remains the same: Clevelandia (one species); Cordylanthus (18 species); Ophiocephalus (one species). The species of Orthocarpus, a highly heterogeneous and probably polyphyletic genus as constituted, are distributed to three genera: 1) Orthocarpus (with affinities to Cordylanthus) is restricted to the type section and subgenus; 2) sects. Castillejoides and Cordylanthoides of subg. Orthocarpus (closely allied to the Castilleja pilosa group) are placed in Castilleja; 3) subg. Triphysaria is raised to generic status. The genus Gentrya is given subgeneric status in Castilleja. The large and expanded genus Castilleja is subdivided into three subgenera: Colacus (with three sections); Gentrya; and Castilleja, which includes the majority of species in the genus. A phylogenetic chart depicts our view of evolutionary relationships within the subtribe. Keys to genera of subtribe Castillejinae and keys to subgenera and sections (excluding sections of subg. Castilleja) of genus Castilleja are provided. New combinations are proposed in Castilleja (two subgenera: Colacus and Gentrya, one section: Oncorhynchus, 11 species and 8 subspecies: C. ambigua subspp. humboldtiensis and insalutata, C.

DOI
27 May 1991
TL;DR: The endemic New Zealand coccoid genera Coelostomidia, Platycoelostomas, and Ultracoelostoma are revised, and four new species are described, and six species are redescribed, with designation of lectotypes as necessary.
Abstract: The endemic New Zealand coccoid genera Coelostomidia , Platycoelostoma , and Ultracoelostoma are revised. Four new species are described, and six species are redescribed, with designation of lectotypes as necessary. The immature female life stages of all ten species and the male stages of five are described and illustrated. The adult females and first instars of two introduced species of Icerya are described. Keys are given to all life stages of the endemic genera. The life histories of Coelostomidia wairoensis (Maskell) and Ultracoelostoma brittini n. sp. are described and illustrated. Brief summaries are given of the classification of the Margarodidae, their economic importance, biology, life history, host-plant associations, and collection and mounting techniques. Work done on this group in New Zealand is reviewed Checklist of taxa Subfamily COELOSTOMIDIINAE Tribe Coelostomidiini Genus Coelostomidia Cockerell deboerae new species jenniferae new species montana (Green) pilosa (Maskell) wairoensis (Maskell) zealandica (Maskell) Genus Ultracoelostoma Cockerell assimile (Maskell) brittini new species dracophylli new species Tribe Platycoelostomini Genus Platycoelostoma Morrison and Morrison compressa (Maskell) Subfamily MONOPHLEBINAE Tribe Iceryini Genus Icerya Signoret purchasi Maskell