Showing papers on "Genus published in 2004"

Listado sistemático, sinonímico y biogeográfico de los ácaros oribátidos (Acariformes, Oribatida) del mundo (1758-2002)

Abstract: This is the first check-list of the world’s oribatid mites in which the approximately 9,000 currently valid, described species (and subspecies) are systematically recorded. In addition, the list contains over a thousand corresponding synonomies, grouped into 1.204 genera (and subgenera) along with their recognized synonomies, belonging to 169 families. The currently known geographic distribution is given for each species (approximately 3,200 palaearctic species, 1,500 ethiopic, 1,500 neotropical, 1,400 oriental, 1,200 neoarctic, 1,000 australian and 100 antarctic) as well as for each family and genus. Numerous systematic and nomenclatorial modifications have been made. Particularly noteworthy is the creation of the new families Cerocepheidae and Ametroproctidae, the new genera Multimaudheimia and Perezinigokalumma, and the new subgenera Malaconothrus (Cristonothrus) and Oribatella (Multoribatella). A new name, Paschoalia, is given to the genus Hammeriella Paschoal, 1898 (a name already used by Balogh, 1983) along with 83 new specific and subspecific names for other homonimies that appeared during the making of this check-list. The subgenus category is re-established as a very useful category and used widely in this revision; however, the subfamily category has only been used within the extensive Oppiidae family, which includes 13 valid subfamilies, 166 genera (and subgenera), and some 1,000 described species, only the subfamily category is used. The geographic distribution of some known species is notably enlarged.

Revision of the genus Glyphithyreus Reuss, 1859 (Crustacea, Decapoda, Brachyura, Xanthoidea) and recognition of a new genus

Abstract: The definition of the brachyuran genus Glyphithyreus Reuss, 1859 (= Plagiolophus Bell, 1858non Pomel, 1857) is herein restricted such that the genus now embraces four species ranging from Paleocene to Oligocene in age. Other species previously referred to the genus have been placed in other genera, resulting in one new genus, Chirinocarcinus, and four new combinations, Chirinocarcinus wichmanni ( Feldmannet al., 1995), Lobonotus sturgeoni ( Feldmannet al., 1995), Stintonius markgrafi ( Lőrenthey, 1907 [1909]), and Titanocarcinus bituberculatus ( Collins and Jakobsen, 2003). The referral of Glyphithyreus to the Panopeidae Ortmann, 1893, extends the range of that family into the Paleocene. The geographic range of Stintonius Collins, 2002, is extended from England to include Egypt as well.

Molecular Phylogeny of the Plant Pathogenic Genus Botrytis and the Evolution of Host Specificity

Abstract: The cosmopolitan genus Botrytis contains 22 recognized species and one hybrid. The current classification is largely based on morphological characters and, to a minor extent, on physiology and host range. In this study, a classification of the genus was constructed based on DNA sequence data of three nuclear protein-coding genes (RPB2, G3PDH, and HSP60) and compared with the traditional classification. Sexual reproduction and the host range, important fitness traits, were traced in the tree and used for the identification of major evolutionary events during speciation. The phylogenetic analysis corroborated the classical species delineation. In addition, the hybrid status of B. allii (B. byssoidea x B. aclada) was confirmed. Both individual gene trees and combined trees show that the genus Botrytis can be divided into two clades, radiating after the separation of Botrytis from other Sclerotiniaceae genera. Clade 1 contains four species that all colonize exclusively eudicot hosts, whereas clade 2 contains 18 species that are pathogenic on either eudicot (3) or monocot (15) hosts. A comparison of Botrytis and angiosperm phylogenies shows that cospeciation of pathogens and their hosts have not occurred during their respective evolution. Rather, we propose that host shifts have occurred during Botrytis speciation, possibly by the acquisition of novel pathogenicity factors. Loss of sexual reproduction has occurred at least three times and is supposed to be a consequence of negative selection

Species Origin and Economic Importance of Brassica

Abstract: The genus Brassica is one of 51 genera in the tribe Brassiceae belonging to the crucifer family, and is the economically most important genus within this tribe, containing 37 different species (Gomez-Campo 1980). Many crop species are included in the Brassica genus, which provide edible roots, leaves, stems, buds, flowers and seed. Next in agronomic importance are the genera Raphanus, cultivated for its edible roots and Sinapis as a source of condiments. There are many wild relatives that have potential as sources for oil, condiments and other products. Wild relatives could serve as sources for cytoplasmic male sterility (androsterility) for the development of hybrid seed production systems in Brassica crop plants and provide nuclear genes for resistance to different diseases and pests. Certain visible characters are informative in the Brassiceae. Mucilage is a very common phenomenon in seed of plants of the tribe Brassiceae, and is therefore of taxonomic value. For instance, seeds of the 9 chromosome species of the genus Sinapis such as S. arvensis contain no mucilage, while the 12 chromosome species such as S. alba contain mucilage. Some species of Sinapis and Crambe have hairy cotyledons, which is an exception. Drought-adapted genera such as Moricandia tend to be glabrous, but they are more sensitive to aphids than hairy species. There is a wide variation in flower shape and colour from yellow to white to violet (Moricandia), and the colour of mature seeds varies from yellow to black.

Nominal species of the genus Gyrodactylus von Nordmann 1832 (Monogenea: Gyrodactylidae), with a list of principal host species

Abstract: The total diversity of the monogenean genus Gyrodactylus is evaluated. There are 409 potentially valid species names within the genus, recorded from c.400 host species. Five species have been placed within Fundulotremaand an additional 51 Gyrodactylus species names represent synonyms, nomina nuda or have been reassigned to other non-viviparous monogenean genera. While the majority of Gyrodactylus species (59%) are recorded from single hosts, some have a much broader broad range.

A revised classification scheme for living haptophytes

Abstract: A comprehensive classification of extant haptophytes is presented, with full citations of all taxa from species to class level within the division Haptophyta. Almost 100 notes discuss aspects of classification and nomenclature, with particular attention being paid to problems related to recognition of life-cycle associations. One new genus Holococcolithophora is described and six species are recombined in it. Appendices list conserved and rejected names, the type species of genera, and basionyms of recombined species.

The effects of macroinvertebrate taxonomic resolution in large landscape bioassessments: an example from the Mid-Atlantic Highlands, U.S.A.

Abstract: Summary 1. During late spring 1993–1995, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program (EMAP) sampled 490 wadeable streams in the mid-Atlantic Highlands (MAH) of the U.S. for a variety of physical, chemical and biological indicators of environmental condition. We used the resulting data set to evaluate the importance of differing levels of macroinvertebrate taxonomic resolution in bioassessments by comparing the ability of family versus genus to detect differences among sites classified by type and magnitude of human impact and by stream size. We divided the MAH into two physiographic regions: the Appalachian Plateau where mine drainage (MD) and acidic deposition are major stressors, and the Ridge and Valley where nutrient enrichment is a major stressor. Stream sites were classified into three or four impact classes based on water chemistry and habitat. We used stream order (first to third Strahler order) in each region as a measure of stream size. Ordination, 2 × 2 chi-square and biotic metrics were used to compare the ability of family and genus to detect differences among both stressor and size classes. 2. With one notable exception, there were only a small number of different genera per family (interquartile range = 1–4). Family Chironomidae, however, contained 123 different genera. As a result, significant information loss occurred when this group was only classified to family. The family Chironomidae did not discriminate among the predefined classes but many chironomid genera did: by chi-square analysis, 10 and 28 chironomid genera were significant in discriminating MD and nutrient impacts, respectively. 3. Family and genus data were similar in their ability to distinguish among the coarse impacts (e.g. most severe versus least severe impact classes) for all cases. Though genus data in many cases distinguished the subtler differences (e.g. mixed/moderate impacts versus high or low impacts) better than family, differences in significance levels between family and genus analyses were relatively minor. However, genus data detected differences among stream orders in ordination analyses that were not revealed at the family level. In the ordinations, both family and genus levels of analysis responded to similar suites of environmental variables. 4. Our results suggest that identification to the family level is sufficient for many bioassessment purposes. However, identifications to genus do provide more information in genera-rich families like Chironomidae. Genus or finer levels of identification are important for investigating natural history, stream ecology, biodiversity and indicator species. Decisions about the taxonomic level of identification need to be study specific and depend on available resources (cost) and study objectives.

Evolution of coral reef fish Thalassoma spp. (Labridae). 1. Molecular phylogeny and biogeography

Abstract: Wrasses in the genus Thalassoma comprise 27 recognized species that occur predominantly on coral reefs and subtropical rocky reefs worldwide. The phylogenetic relationships for 26 species were examined based on two mitochondrial genes (cytochrome b and 16S rRNA) and one nuclear intron (the first intron of the ribosomal protein S7). Two closely related species, the bird-wrasses (Gomphosus varius Lacepede, 1801 and G. caerulaeus Lacepede, 1801), were also included in the analysis. These species grouped within the genus Thalassoma. Thalassoma newtoni (Osorio, 1891) from Sao Tome, which is generally synonymized with the Atlantic/Mediterranean Thalassoma pavo (Linnaeus, 1758) appears to be a valid species. Using a molecular clock, the genus was estimated to have originally diverged 8–13 million years ago, with Thalassoma ballieui (Vaillant and Sauvage, 1875) from Hawaii and Thalassoma septemfasciata Scott, 1959 from Western Australia as the ancestral species. Approximately 5–10 million years ago, a sudden burst of speciation resulted in seven clades, which were resolved with the sequence data. The terminal Tethyan event and the closing of the Isthmus of Panama were probably the major historical factors shaping the evolution of species in the genus Thalassoma. These data on the spatio-temporal pattern of speciation in the Indo-Pacific indicate that peripheral species have been generated at various times throughout the history of the genus, and that none of the widespread species are relatively young. Thus, there is no clear support for centrifugal (youngest at the periphery) versus centripetal (oldest at the periphery) modes of generation of species, two theories which have been used to account for geographic gradients in species diversity.

Molecular diversification of salamanders of the tropical American genus Bolitoglossa (Caudata : Plethodontidae) and its evolutionary and biogeographical implications

Abstract: The largest genus of salamanders, Bolitoglossa (Plethodontidae), is widespread in tropical America, where it occurs in diverse habitats and elevations, from high elevation grasslands to lowland rain forest. It has the most extensive geographical range of any salamander genus. While most species occur in Middle America, it ranges throughout most of tropical South America as well. Phylogenetic analysis of 1196 bp of two mitochondrial genes (cytochrome b, 16S RNA) from 55 species offers strong support for the monophyly of the genus and sorts the species into a number of clades. Taking into account morphology, distribution, general ecology, and prior systematic and taxonomic studies, we recognize seven subgenera, four of them new: Bolitoglossa Dumeril, Bibron et Dumeril, 1854, Eladinea Miranda Ribeiro, 1937, Magnadigita Taylor, 1944, Mayamandra, Nanotriton, Oaxakia and Pachymandra. All South American and some lower Middle American species are included in a single well supported clade, Eladinea. At the species level our analyses uncover the existence of large genetic diversity within morphologically homogeneous taxa. We propose the new combination: B. (Eladinea) paraensis (Unterstein, 1930) stat. nov., for Brazilian salamanders previously included under B. altamazonica. We evaluate evidence for the multiple colonization of the tropical lowlands by morphologically derived species groups. South America was invaded by members of one clade, Eladinea, which we infer to have dispersed to South America prior to closure of the Panamanian Portal. Despite the relatively long history of salamanders in South America, that continent now accounts for a relatively small proportion of the lineages and species of neotropical salamanders. (C) 2004 The Linnean Society of London,

De macrocarpaeae grisebach (ex gentianaceis) speciebus novis v: twenty-three new species largely from peru, and typification of all species in the genus

Abstract: In preparation for a monograph of Macrocarpaea (Gentianaceae: Helieae), 23 new species are here described and illustrated: 1 from Colombia (M. biremis), 3 from Ecuador (M. elix, M. gattaca, and M. pringleana), and 19 from Peru (M. canoëfolia, M. dillonii, M. ericii, M. fortisiana, M. innarrabilis, M. jalca, M. kayakifolia, M. kuelap, M. kuepferiana, M. luya, M. normae, M. obnubilata, M. ostentans, M. pajonalis, M. robin-fosteri, M. tabula-fluctivagifolia, M. tahuantinsuyuana, M. wallnoeferi, and M. weigendiorum). A list of all names originally described in, or transferred to, Macrocarpaea as of year 2002 is presented. Lectotypes are selected for 12 taxa as follows: Lisianthus obtusifolius var. constrictus Griseb., Macrocarpaea bangiana Gilg, M. bogotana Gilg, M. calophylla Gilg, M. chlorantha Gilg, M. cochabambensis Gilg-Ben., M. glaziovii Gilg, M. hartii Krug & Urb., M. micrantha Gilg, M. pachyphylla Gilg, M. polyantha Gilg, and M. rubra Malme. A neotype is selected for M. duquei Gilg-Ben., and M. weberbaueri Gilg is excluded from use.

Analysis of the taxonomy and nomenclature of the Procellariiformes based on complete nucleotide sequences of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene

Abstract: We used complete mitochondrial cytochrome b sequences, largely obtained from sequences deposited with GenBank, supplemented by published sequences, from most genera and most species among the Procellariiformes to infer their phylogeny and molecular taxonomy. We analysed both issues of higher-level relationships within the order, and questions of the correct classification of taxa at the levels of genus, subgenus, species and subspecies. Nucleotide sequence data of cytochrome b are insufficient to resolve all higher-relationship issues, which must await the analysis of additional mtDNA and nuclear sequence data, but they do suggest some striking new findings. Sequence and distance data allow us to make judgments about the boundaries between taxa at various levels that are less arbitrary in these matters than those based on morphological or phylogenetic data alone. Working within the multidimensional Biological Species Concept, we reject the recently proposed splits among albatross species, and lump D. amsterdamensis as a subspecies of Diomedea exulans. A strong relationship of the storm-petrels to the albatrosses is apparent. We subdivide the storm-petrels into two subfamilies, Hydrobatinae and Oceanitinae. Presently, Oceanodroma is paraphyletic, and is regrouped into four genera: Hydrobates (of which Oceanodroma becomes a junior synonym), Cymochorea, Halocyptena, and Thalobata. In the fulmar clade, Macronectes halli should be merged with M. giganteus. The shearwaters formerly assigned to Puffinus apparently cluster into two major clades at the generic level: Puffinus and Ardenna. Puffinus creatopus should become a subspecies of P. carneipes. Lugensa is a distinct genus, with its closest affinities to Pachyptila; and the evidence suggests reducing the prions to two species: P. turtur and P. vittata. However, the prion–Lugensa group remains incertae sedis. Bulweria groups with Pseudobulweria and Procellaria. Our data reveal that Pterodroma has internal structure at the subgeneric level; they establish the subgenera Pterodroma, Hallstroma and probably Cookilaria, but final analysis will require data from nearly all gadfly-petrel species. Amino acid distances are used to estimate times of divergence for the various branchings.

Molecular phylogeny, biogeography and speciation of the mushroom species Pleurotus cystidiosus and allied taxa.

Abstract: Members of the mushroom genus Pleurotus form a heterogeneous group of edible species of high commercial importance. Subgenus Coremiopleurotus includes taxa that produce synnematoid fructifications (anamorphic state). Several species, subspecies and varieties have been described in Coremiopleurotus. These taxa are discriminated by minute morphological differences and correspond to Pleurotus cystidiosus sensu lato. A worldwide geographical sampling of Coremiopleurotus taxa and nucleotide sequence data from the internal transcribed spacer of the nuclear rRNA genes (ITS) were used to produce a molecular phylogeny for the group. Also conducted were new interfertility studies, and a summary of the mating data currently available in the literature is provided. Both ITS phylogeny and mating data supported the distinction between Pleurotus australis (a species apparently endemic to New Zealand and Australia) and P. cystidiosus sensu lato. Within P. cystidiosus sensu lato, ITS phylogeny showed a deep split between Old and New World isolates and clearly distinguished four distinct clades that strongly corresponded to the geographical origin of the strains. In the Old World, one clade is composed of isolates from Europe and Africa, and one clade is composed of isolates from Asia (including collections from Hawaii). In the New World, one clade is restricted to isolates from Mexico, and one clade includes all the authors' North America isolates, one collection from Japan and one collection from South Africa. Mating data revealed a high level of interfertility among strains of P. cystidiosus sensu lato, except that isolates from Mexico were nearly fully intersterile with the other collections. Nucleotide sequence divergence in the ITS1–5·8S rDNA–ITS2 regions among intercompatible P. cystidiosus collections was very high (0–6·9 %) in comparison to that reported in other biological species of basidiomycetes (0–3 %), indicating significant genetic divergence between geographically isolated populations of the P. cystidiosus group. The phylogenetic species concept, as well as molecular, mating and geographical evidence, was used to recognize five species in the subgenus Coremiopleurotus: P. australis (in New Zealand and Australia), Pleurotus abalonus (in Asia and Hawaii), Pleurotus fuscosquamulosus (in Africa and Europe), Pleurotus smithii (in Mexico) and Pleurotus cystidiosus sensu stricto (in North America). However, geographical boundaries between these species are not strict, as rare events of long distance dispersal have occurred.

Identification of species of the genus Candida by analysis of the 5.8S rRNA gene and the two ribosomal internal transcribed spacers

Abstract: The PCR amplification and subsequent restriction analysis of the ribosomal region spanning the internal transcribed spacers (ITS1 and ITS2) and the 5.8S rRNA gene is applied to the identification of yeasts belonging to the genus Candida. This methodology has previously been used for the identification of some species of this genus, but in the present work this application has been applied to the identification and characterisation of a greater number of species of the genus Candida, with a special survey of species of clinical and biotechnological interest. Among the species of the genus Candida, the high variability observed, both in the length of the amplified region (ranging between 390 and 900 bp) and in their restriction patterns, allows the unequivocal identification to the species level, with the exception of the group of species that comprises C. membranifaciens, C. conglobata, C. atlantica, C. atmosphaerica, and C. oleophila, that required the sequencing of the D1/D2 domain of the 26S rRNA gene or the 5.8S-ITS region for their proper differentiation. The 5.8S-ITS restriction analysis also failed in the differentiation of species within the pairs C.aaseri/C.butyri,C.fructus/C.musae,C.santamariae var. santamariae / C. beechii and C. zeylanoides / C. krissii. In this case, the high sequence similarities obtained for their 26S D1/D2 domain and the 5.8S-ITS region indicate that each pair of species should be considered as a single species. The main purpose of this work is to generate a database for a high number of yeast species, of both biotechnological and clinical interest, and to facilitate their easy, fast, and reliable identification. The present work improves the database available online at the IATA web page (http://motor.edinfo.es/iata/) with the patterns of 75 species belonging to the genus Candida.

Pacispora, a new vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal genus in the Glomeromycetes

Abstract: A new genus in the fungal family Glomeraceae, order Glomerales of the Glomeromycetes class is described, named Pacispora. The type species is P. scintillans which, as P. dominikii and P. chimonobambusae, was formerly placed in the genus Glomus of the Glomeraceae. Two of the already known species are re-described in this paper, and four new species of the new genus are published herein: Pacispora franciscana, P. robigina, P coralloidea and P boliviana. Spores of the new genus are formed terminally on hyphae, a feature they share only with Glomus and Paraglomus. An inner, usually three-layered wall is present inside the spores, from which the spores germinate directly through the outer spore wall, which usually is also three-layered. This germination characteristic is shared with Scutellospora, Acaulospora and Entrophospora but not with Glomus and Paraglomus. The formation of vesicular arbuscular mycorrhiza - so far confirmed for two of the seven Pacispora spp. -, the staining characteristics of the root internal fungal structures and the features of the subtending hyphae of the spores are most similar to species of the genus Glomus. For these reasons, we currently suggest to include Pacispora into the Glomeraceae. The seven Pacispora spp. can morphologically be differentiated by the spore surface structure, the characteristics of the spore wall ornamentation, and by the spore color and spore size. An identification key is presented. Three of the Pacispora spp. were abundantly detected in the high altitudes of the Swiss Alps. However, the occurrence of this genus in temperate, mediterranean and tropical regions suggests that Pacispora is ubiquitous and adapted to many terrestrial environments.

New species of Pythium and Phytophthora

Abstract: In a phylogenetic study of the genera Pythium and Phytophthora we found isolates with unique ITS sequences, different enough from those of any described species to justify new species status. This paper describes and illustrates the morphology of two new species of Pythium and one new species of Phytophthora. Their taxonomic position and relationships with other related species in the same genus are presented and discussed.

The invasive genus Asparagopsis (Bonnemaisoniaceae, Rhodophyta): Molecular systematics, morphology, and ecophysiology of Falkenbergia isolates

Abstract: The genus Asparagopsis was studied using 25 Falkenbergia tetrasporophyte strains collected worldwide. Plastid (cp) DNA RFLP revealed three groups of isolates, which differed in their small subunit rRNA gene sequences, temperature responses, and tetrasporophytic morphology (cell sizes). Strains from Australia, Chile, San Diego, and Atlantic and Mediterranean Europe were identifiable as A. armata Harvey, the gametophyte of which has distinctive barbed spines. This species is believed to be endemic to cold-temperate waters of Australia and New Zealand and was introduced into Europe in the 1920s. All isolates showed identical cpDNA RFLPs, consistent with a recent introduction from Australia. Asparagopsis taxiformis (Delile) Trevisan, the type and only other recognized species, which lacks spines, is cosmopolitan in warm-temperate to tropical waters. Two clades differed morphologically and ecophysiologically and in the future could be recognized as sibling species or subspecies. A Pacific/Italian clade had 4‐81C lower survival minima and included a genetically distinct apomictic isolate from Western Australia that corresponded to the form of A. taxiformis originally described as A. sanfordiana Harvey. The second clade, from the Caribbean and the Canaries, is stenothermal (subtropical to tropical) with some ecotypic variation. The genus Asparagopsis consists of two or possibly three species, but a definitive taxonomic treatment of the two A. taxiformis clades requires study of field-collected gametophytes.

The stelligeroid taxa of the genus cyclotella (kützing) brébisson (bacillariophyceae) and their transfer into the new genus discostella gen. nov.

Abstract: The valve morphology and ultrastructure of the the so-called “stelligeroid” taxa of the genus Cyclotella (Kutzing) Brebisson (Bacillariophyceae) are discussed. These taxa have marginal mltoportulae and the rimoportula(e) positioned between costae. As this and other discussed characters do not fit the current description of the genus Cyclotella (Kutzing) Brebisson nom. cons., the formal transfer of these taxa into a new genus, Discostella gen. nov., is proposed.

Veronica: Parallel morphological evolution and phylogeography in the Mediterranean

Abstract: The genus Veronica s. lat. comprises about 450 species (including about 180 species from the southern hemisphere Hebe-complex), many of which grow in the Mediterranean area. Their extreme variability in morphology, life form and habitats has led to many suggestions regarding evolution and biogeography. Difficulties arise from parallel syndromes, widespread among alpine spe- cies and lowland perennials, and particularly among annual species of the genus. We have used sequences of the plastid trnL-F region and nuclear ribosomal ITS sequences to differentiate between different clades of Veronica and reveal cases of parallel evolution. Based on this data, cases of parallel evolution have been found in biogeograph- ical patterns among the alpine species of Veroni- ceae, in which species from European mountains have affinities to those in the Central Asian/ Himalayan region whereas alpine species from Turkey are probably more recently derived from lowland southwestern Asian taxa. Different sub- species of Veronica bombycina gained their charac- teristic morphology independently and parallel in adaptation to their alpine environment. Pinnatifid leaves have been gained parallel in perennial grassland species of Veronica. Finally, parallel evolutionary trends in many characters, not only morphological but also molecular characters, are common among annual species of Veronica.

Pollination in the Genus Arum - a review

Abstract: The 28 species of the genus Arum (Araceae) attract and temporarily trap insects (mainly flies, and beetles in a few cases) during a complex pollination process. At anthesis, the appendix of the inflorescence produces heat and emits a specific odour which attracts insects. The lured insects are trapped within the floral chamber when stigmas are receptive. They will be released about 24h later after pollen emission, ensuring pollen dissemination. Studies on the reproductive biology of the genus have shown some degree of variability in the pollination strategies: morphological variations, flowering and heating periods, odour types and the type of pollinating insects. Most of Arum species have never been studied in depth but data available from the literature indicate quite a high diversity of pollination strategy within this genus. Consequently, a general pollination model is not valid at the level of the whole genus. The origin of this diversity certainly results from the biogeographic history of the genus. The plants (i.e. species) have developed adaptations in response to different climatic, ecological and biotic (i.e. entomofauna) constraints (i.e. selective pressures) according to the various habitats occupied in the different regions of Europe and the Middle East. However, in the absence of phylogenetic data, it is actually impossible to determine how these different reproductive strategies have developed and evolved during the history of this genus.

Synonymy of the Genus Marimbonda Richards, 1978, with Leipomeles Mobius, 1856 (Hymenoptera: Vespidae; Polistinae), and a New Key to the Genera of Paper Wasps of the New World

Abstract: The paper wasp genus Marimbonda Richards, 1978, is synonymized with Leipomeles Mobius, 1856, n.syn. A key to all the currently recognized paper wasp genera in the Western Hemisphere is provided.