Topic
Genus
About: Genus is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 68921 publications have been published within this topic receiving 590966 citations. The topic is also known as: monospecies genus & genus (zoology).
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TL;DR: Twenty-eight genera and 143 species of the plant feeding mites from Mexico are recognized; many of these are found in the United States and Central and South America.
Abstract: Twenty-eight genera and 143 species of the plant feeding mites from Mexico are recognized; many of these are found in the United States and Central and South America. A new genus Sonotetranychus is described for Anatetranychus daleae Tuttle, Baker and Abbatiello, and A. albiflorae Tuttle, Baker and Abbatiello. Twenty-six new species are described: Monoceronychus erythrinae, M. littoralis, M. pachucensis, Langella ambrosiae, Eotetranychus guaymas, E. neolewisi, E. zexmlniae, E. euphorbiae, E. deleoni, E. hameliae, E. zempoalensis, E. salviae, E. typhae, Mononychellus chapalensis, M. eysenhardtiae, M. willardiae, Platytetranychus pueblensis, Schizotetranychus prosopis, Oligonychus (Wainsteiniella) pini, W. (W.) juniperi, O. (Homonychus) perseae, O. (Pritchardinychus) tlaxcensis, O. (P.) daleae, O. (P.) quercus, Tetranychus (Tetranychus) eharai and T. (Polynychus) neopolys . Keys to the genera and species are given, and all species are figured.
77 citations
TL;DR: A list of all valid 6,206 extant and 296 fossil species of Ceratopogonidae described worldwide is provided, along with all their synonyms and a commentary on the state of the systematics in the family and particularly of Culicoides Latreille is given.
Abstract: A list of all valid 6,206 extant and 296 fossil species of Ceratopogonidae described worldwide is provided, along with all their synonyms. A full citation and the country of origin of the type is given, with some larger countries also providing a more specific state or province. For the first time, worldwide, nomina dubia are identified. Numbers of species of each genus and subgenus are listed. Within subfamilies and tribes, genera are listed alphabetically. Five species have newly recognized authors, four have new names and 28 new combinations are recognized, with these listed in a table. A commentary on the state of the systematics in the family and particularly of Culicoides Latreille is given. The museums of the world are listed with the types of various authors of Ceratopogonidae species indicated. Authors providing regional catalogs, as well as summation of various collections are tabulated. The rate of description since 1758 indicates a steady progression of description, with, for example, 1,231 valid species described since the compilation of the world species by Borkent Wirth (1997), till the end of 2018. The diversity in each Region is compared and the numbers of species shared between adjacent Regions presented.
77 citations
TL;DR: Most of the taxonomically reliable internal and microstructural characters of the recent Ophiuroidea are studied using SEM on a broad comparative basis for the first time, including examination of the arm spine articulation shape in 178 species from 105 genera and 16 families encompassing all major ophiuroid generic diversity.
Abstract: Most of the taxonomically reliable internal and microstructural characters (e.g. jaws, dental plate, genital plates, vertebrae) of the recent Ophiuroidea are studied using SEM on a broad comparative basis for the first time, including examination of the arm spine articulation shape in 178 species from 105 genera and 16 families encompassing all major ophiuroid generic diversity. Numerous taxonomic contradictions caused by “over-applying” of external characters to traditional ophiuroid systematics are found and analyzed. Among newly applied microstructural characters, the shape of the arm spine articulations is found to be of great importance for ophiuroid taxonomy at all levels, from order to species. An identification key of the ophiuroid families based exclusively on the shape of the arm spine articulations is presented. Major genera of Ophiacanthidae were studied in order to delineate this family. The group of taxa, traditionally known as the ophiacanthid subfamily Ophiotominae (Paterson, 1985) that was apparently intermediate between Ophiomyxidae and Ophiacanthidae, including the genera Amphilimna Verrill, 1899, Ophiocymbium Lyman, 1880, Ophiodaces Koehler, 1922, Ophiodelos Koehler, 1930, Ophiolimna Verrill, 1899, Ophiologimus H.L. Clark, 1911, Ophiomedea Koehler, 1906, Ophiophrura H.L. Clark, 1911, Ophiopristis Verrill, 1899, Ophioprium H.L. Clark, 1915, Ophiosparte Koehler, 1922, Ophiotoma Lyman, 1883, Ophiotrema Koehler, 1896 was studied in detail using most of available type specimens. In order to study interspecific variability and usefulness as a taxonomic marker of the arm spine articulations, four new species of the apparently ophiotomin genus Ophiocymbium are described: O. antarcticus sp. nov., O. ninae sp. nov., O. tanyae sp. nov. and O. rarispinum sp. nov. A new genus and species, which has affinities to Ophiotominae, Ophioplexa condita gen. et sp. nov. is described. It is demonstrated that many of the genera traditionally included in the subfamily Ophiotominae, e.g. the genera Ophiocymbium, Ophiologimus, Ophiophrura, Ophioprium and Ophioplexa condita gen. et sp. nov., belong to the family Ophiomyxidae instead of Ophiacanthidae. Another apparently intermediate taxon, Ophiorupta discrepans (Koehler, 1922) comb. nov. is also considered as an ophiomyxid. Several further genera with disputed taxonomic placement, e.g. Amphilimna, Ophiopsila, Ophiolimna, Ophioconis, were studied especially and their revised placement is proposed. The following genera are exluded from the family Ophiacanthidae: Amphilimna, Ophiocymbium, Opiodaces, Ophiodelos, Ophiologimus, Ophiophrura, Ophioprium and Ophiosparte. The previously proposed paraphyly of the family Ophiacanthidae (Smith et al., 1995) was to a great extent caused by including a number of genera from distantly related families. The relationship between extinct Oegophiurida and recent ophiuroids was analyzed. A remarkable similarity between arm spine articulations of some Paleozoic oegophiurids and the recent ophiomyxid Ophioscolex glacialis Muller & Troschel, 1842 was discovered. Oegophiurid groove spines are suggested to be homologous with the tentacle scales of the remaining Ophiuroidea. It is suggested that the family Ophiomyxidae thus may be related to some crown Oegophiurida that had already acquired fused vertebrae. The higher ophiuroid taxonomy, based on the genital plate patterns, is critically analyzed in the light of the present data. It is suggested that instead of earlier proposed numerous ophiuroid subgroups most ophiuroid families are closely related. It is suggested, that most of the ophiuroid families (includes Ophiomyxidae, Ophiacanthidae, Ophiodermatidae, Ophiocomidae, Ophionereididae, Ophiochitonidae, Amphilepididae, Amphiuridae, Ophiactidae, Ophiolepididae, Hemieuryalidae, Ophiotrichidae) form a compact group with numerous intermediate taxa even between apparently very different families, whereas the family Ophiuridae and the traditional order Euryalida are more distantly related to the rest of Ophiuroidea. An appropriate name for this higher ophiuroid group will be suggested after a detailed analysis of other ophiuroid groups, which will be made in further publications of this series.
77 citations
TL;DR: A recently developed temporal approach that uses time-calibrated chronograms to identify temporal bands for specific ranks in Parmeliaceae and allied groups with the overarching goal of establishing a consistent, stable classification is used.
Abstract: Although classification at supra-specific ranks is inherently arbitrary, comparable taxonomic ranks within clades can facilitate more consistent classifications and objective comparisons among taxa. Different circumscriptions of the hyper-diverse lichen-forming fungal family Parmeliaceae and widely different generic circumscriptions among authors have been proposed. For this study, we use a recently developed temporal approach that uses time-calibrated chronograms to identify temporal bands for specific ranks in Parmeliaceae and allied groups with the overarching goal of establishing a consistent, stable classification. A data set of 330 species, representing 73 genera in the family and 52 species of related families was used to address the circumscription of Parmeliaceae and its genera following the proposed temporal approach. Based on the results of this study, we propose a revised, temporal-based classification for Parmeliaceae, including all clades that share a common ancestor 102.13–112.88 Ma for families and a time window of 29.45–32.55 Ma for genera. Forty-five of the currently accepted genera in Parmeliaceae were supported in their current circumscription. Two subfamilies are accepted within Parmeliaceae: Protoparmelioideae Divakar et al. subfam. nov., including Protoparmelia and the resurrected genus Maronina, and Parmelioideae, including the bulk of genera in the family. The new genus Austromelanelixia Divakar et al. is proposed to accommodate a clade of southern Hemisphere species previously included in Melanelixia. Eumitria and tentatively Dolichousnea are resurrected as genera separate from Usnea. The following genera are reduced to synonymy: Allocetraria, Cetrariella, Usnocetraria, and Vulpicida with Cetraria; Arctocetraria, Cetreliopsis, Flavocetraria, Kaernefeltia, Masonhalea, Tuckermanella, and Tuckermannopsis with Nephromopsis; and the lichenicolous genera Nesolechia and Raesaenenia with the lichen-forming genera Punctelia and Protousnea, respectively. A total of 47 new combinations and three new names at the species level are proposed.
77 citations
77 citations