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Showing papers on "Gibberellic acid published in 1991"


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Three distinct types of cDNA clones encoding three species of cysteine proteinases (oryzains alpha, beta, and gamma) are obtained and amino acid sequences are deduced.

209 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
Su-May Yu1, Yen-Hong Kuo1, G. Sheu1, Yi-Jun Sheu1, Li-Fei Liu1 
TL;DR: Evidence is presented that the alpha-amylase gene family in rice is under two different modes of regulation: 1) hormonal regulation in germinating seeds, and 2) metabolic repression in cultured cells by available carbohydrate nutrients.

137 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Following treatment of developmentally arrested buds with gibberellic acid, premeiotic DNA synthesis and callose accumulation in pollen mother cells are evident by 48 hours posttreatment, and within 66 hours, prophase I of meiosis- and meiotic-related changes in tapetum development are observable.
Abstract: The role of gibberellins in flower bud development was investigated by studying the gib-1 mutant of tomato, Lycopersicon esculentum. This gibberellin-deficient mutant initiates flower buds, but floral development is not completed unless the mutant is treated with gibberellin. Treatment with other plant growth regulators does not induce normal flower development. Development of gib-1 flower buds, as measured by progress toward anthesis, ceases at a bud length of 2.5 millimeters; however, increase in size of the bud continues. Buds between 2.5 and 3.7 millimeters are developmentally arrested but still are capable of developing normally after treatment with gibberellic acid. Anthers of these developmentally arrested buds contain pollen mother cells that are in the G1 phase of premeiotic interphase. Following treatment of developmentally arrested buds with gibberellic acid, premeiotic DNA synthesis and callose accumulation in pollen mother cells are evident by 48 hours posttreatment, and within 66 hours, prophase I of meiosis- and meiosis-related changes in tapetum development are observable.

91 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Germination and dormancy of seeds of a range of native forbs vary with temperature and light regime; they provide an initial basis on which to test and interpret the effects of seasonal factors on germination and field establishment.
Abstract: Seeds of seven native herbaceous species common in natural grasslands and woodlands of south-eastern Australia were tested for germination over a range of alternating temperatures (15/5-35/25°C) with and without light. Seeds were also exposed to low (4°C) and high (50/40°C) temperatures and the addition of gibberellic acid. Tests were conducted on seeds stored for 0-15 months at room temperature. The optimum temperature for germination differed among species, with only Helipterum albicans germinating maximally over all temperatures. Germination of Bulbine bulbosa seed was the most strongly temperature-dependent. Light and cold treatments promoted germination in Helipterum albicans and Vittadinia muelleri only. Short-term dormancy (3-4 months) was shown to occur in fresh seeds of Stylidium graminifolium, Helichrysum apiculatum and Wahlenbergia stricta, but not in seeds of the other species; addition of gibberellic acid to seeds of the two last-named species did not overcome that dormancy. Seeds of all species remained germinable after 15 months of storage. Seeds of most species germinated maximally at 20/10°C. Storage at high alternating temperatures for 1 month inhibited subsequent germination at 30/20° in Leptorhynchos squamatus and S. graminifolium but increased it in V. muelleri, H. albicans and H. apiculatum. In the last species, exposure of 1-month-old seeds to high temperature broke dormancy. These results show that germination and dormancy of seeds of a range of native forbs vary with temperature and light regime; they provide an initial basis on which to test and interpret the effects of seasonal factors on germination and field establishment.

62 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
01 Aug 1991-Planta
TL;DR: Shoot apices of Lolium temulentum excised after exposure of the plants to one long day (LD) undergo floral development in vitro, whereas those excised from plants in short days (SD) remain vegetative.
Abstract: Shoot apices of Lolium temulentum excised after exposure of the plants to one long day (LD) undergo floral development in vitro, whereas those excised from plants in short days (SD) remain vegetative. Floral differentiation in vitro is reasonably normal and responds quantitatively to the preceding LD induction when three conditions are met. First, excision must not precede the arrival at the apex of the LD stimulus from the leaves. This appears to begin about 22 h after the start of the LD and is completed after a further 14 h, by which time all isolated apices have become capable of initiating inflorescence differentiation, i.e. florally determined. Second, for apices excised on the day after the LD (Day II) or early on Day III, the presence of gibberellic acid in the medium is required for floral differentiation to occur in most explants. By contrast, neither kinetin (N6-furfurylaminopurine) nor indole-3-acetic acid is required or beneficial, while abscisic acid in the medium is inhibitory to both survival and floral differentiation in excised apices. The third requirement is for an adequate supply of sugar, particularly after floral differentiation begins. Sucrose is taken up rapidly to reach high levels in the excised apices, but high sugar concentration in the medium, either alone or with gibberellic acid, does not suffice for floral differentiation to begin, and there is an absolute requirement for receipt of the LD stimulus.

59 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The growth of coleoptiles in nitrogen was not enhanced in the presence of these growth promoters, and was inhibited by treatment with abscisic acid or kinetin, while the role of endogenous regulators in cellular elongation under anoxia is discussed.

47 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
A. H. McKently1
TL;DR: Plant regeneration via somatic embryogenesis was obtained in peanut from axes of mature zygotic embryos through somatic embryo germination and early plantlet growth using Murashige and Skoog media supplemented with a variety of auxin treatments.
Abstract: Plant regeneration via somatic embryogenesis was obtained in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) from axes of mature zygotic embryos. The area of greatest embryogenic activity was a 2-mm region adjacent to and encircling the epicotyl. Somatic embryogenesis was evaluated on Murashige and Skoog media supplemented with a variety of auxin treatments. Maximum production occurred on medium supplemented with 3 mg · liter−1 4-amino-3,5,6-trichloropicolinic acid. Explant cultures were transferred to half-strength medium supplemented with 1 mg · liter−1 gibberellic acid for somatic embryo germination and early plantlet growth. Plantlets, transferred to soil, were placed in a greenhouse and grown to maturity.

47 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Application of silver nitrate (AgNO3), at a concentration of 300–600 mg l−1, to the female plant was effective in inducing bisexual flowers, and pollen viability of bisexual flowers was as high as that of normal male flowers.

44 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The innate dormancy exhibited by seed of non-radiate Mediterranean S. vulgaris, enables the species to adopt a winter annual life cycle which is typical of Mediterranean ephemerals.
Abstract: summary Fresh seed derived from a Mediterranean population of non-radiate Senecio vulgaris L. showed strong innate dormancy over a wide temperature range. In contrast, fresh seed of British S. vulgaris exhibited < 80% germination at 20 °C. Dormancy in Mediterranean seed was overcome by: prolonged storage at 15 °C and above; a short stratification treatment (2 wk at 4 °C); prolonged leaching with water; treatment with gibberellic acid (GA3) alone (and with kinetin); and to a lesser extent, by wounding (i.e. removal of a small portion of the fruit and seed coat). A petroleum ether extract from fresh Mediterranean seed strongly inhibited the germination of previously non-dormant seed (of British origin). This implies that dormancy may be caused by an inhibitor present in the embryo or seed coat which might act by preventing the synthesis or liberation of gibberellins required for germination. The innate dormancy exhibited by seed of non-radiate Mediterranean S. vulgaris, enables the species to adopt a winter annual life cycle which is typical of Mediterranean ephemerals.

43 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Structural changes of tissues in unpollinated ovaries of Pisum sativum L. cv.
Abstract: Structural changes of tissues in unpollinated ovaries of Pisum sativum L. cv. Alaska after treatment with different plant growth substances (gibberellic acid, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, and 6-benzyladenine) or decapitation of the plant were studied. All the treatments resulted in the prevention of cellular disorganization associated with ovary senescence. They effected the enlargement of mesocarp cells and the differentiation of endocarp cells in very similar patterns, suggesting a similar induction of the structural processes involved in fruit development. Ultrastructural changes in mesocarp cells after treatment with gibberellic acid showed that rapid enlargement of mesocarp cells was sustained mainly by a reorganization of the membrane systems directed to the sysnthesis of primary cell wall. Early changes in the subcellular components in mesocarp cells were observed as the first symptoms in ovary senescence.

42 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The onset of gibberellin biosynthesis in media with high (38 mm) and low (19 mm) concentrations of (NH4)2SO4 was studied by addition of cycloheximide to batch cultures of various ages and it was found that NH4+ depressed synthesis of the gibb Berellin-synthesizing enzymes.
Abstract: In Gibberella fujikuroi, ammonium (NH4+) interfered with the production of gibberellic acid (GA3). Optimal production occurred at 19 mm (NH4)2SO4 and the synthesis of GA3 was reduced threefold in a medium with 38 mm (NH4)2SO4. Using a resting cell system with mycelia previously grown on two concentrations (19 mm and 38 mm) of (NH4)2SO4, it was found that NH4+ depressed synthesis of the gibberellin-synthesizing enzymes. Furthermore, addition of NH4+ to a producing system shut off gibberellin formation, indicating that the negative effect of NH4+ ions is also due to inhibition of one or more enzymes in the gibberellin biosynthesis pathway. The onset of gibberellin biosynthesis in media with high (38 mm) and low (19 mm) concentrations of (NH4)2SO4 was studied by addition of cycloheximide to batch cultures of various ages.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Endoplasmic reticulum isolated from aleurone layers treated with gibberellic acid contain much higher levels of the BiP cognate than do membranes isolated from layers treating with abscisic acid.
Abstract: The isolation of a 70-kilodalton protein from barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) aleurone layers that cross-reacts with an antibody against yeast binding protein (BiP) is reported. Endoplasmic reticulum isolated from aleurone layers treated with gibberellic acid contain much higher levels of the BiP cognate than do membranes isolated from layers treated with abscisic acid.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The extent of dormancy in seeds of 27 wild populations of Penstemon representing 16 Intermountain species was investigated by subjecting seeds to stratification (moist prechilling) and varying concentrations of gibberellic acid (GA3).
Abstract: Propagation of the genus Penstemon for use in landscape horticulture has been handicapped by a lack of understanding of seed dormancy and a practical method for breaking dormancy for numerous species. The extent of dormancy in seeds of 27 wild populations of Penstemon representing 16 Intermountain species was investigated by subjecting seeds to stratification (moist prechilling) of 2 to 16 weeks at 2°C (36°F) and varying concentrations of gibberellic acid (GA3). Germination varied from 0 to 88% for non-treated seeds and from 13 to 100% for seeds treated with 250 ppm GA3. Collections from 10 species required 12 or more weeks of stratification for complete germination. Three species exhibited reduced germination after stratification when compared to the non-chilled control. Gibberellic acid significantly reduced the stratification requirement of seeds for the more dormant species. Concentrations of 150, 250, and 500 ppm GA3 were equally effective in breaking dormancy for most species. The considera...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The results suggest that the early GA response may be mediated through a promotion of processes of protein secretion, and changes in time course of invertase activities have been correlated with the growth rate of fruits induced to develop either by fertilization or by exogenous application.
Abstract: Developing pods of pea (Pisum sativum L. cv. Alaska no 7) were used to study the enzymes of sucrose metabolism. Acid and neutral invertase (EC 3.2.1.26). sucrose synthase (SS, EC 2.4.1.13) and sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS, EC 2.4.1.14) have been localized in the soluble fraction. Acid invertase activity was also present in the insoluble fraction and in pea ovary apoplast. In pea pods, sucrose breakdown was dominated by the invertase pathway. SS specific activity only increased at late stages of parthenocarpic pod development, while SPS did so in pods obtained by pollination. Changes in time course of invertase activities have been correlated with the growth rate of fruits induced to develop either by fertilization or by exogenous application of giberellic acid (GA), 2,4-dichloro-phenoxy acetic acid (2,4-D) or 6-benzylaminopurine (6-BAP). The soluble neutral activities might be associated with pod elongation, while the acid ones were rather related to assimilate import by the induced fruits. Application of gibberellic acid to non-pollinated ovaries significantly enhanced the soluble neutral invertase activity before any ovary outgrowth was detected (up to 2 h after treatment). Within the same period of time. GA-treated ovaries showed a decrease in the acid invertase activity of the soluble fraction and an increase of the acid invertase activity in the apopiast. preceding in time the increment of the acid invertase activity associated with the insoluble fraction. Our results suggest that the early GA response may be mediated through a promotion of processes of protein secretion.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The dramatic increase in VSP-30 elicited by JA appears to be a specific response to the phytohormone.
Abstract: Adding jasmonic acid (JA) to autotrophic, photomixotrophic, or heterotrophic suspension cultures of soybean specifically increased the level of the Mr 30,000 subunit of soybean vegetative storage protein (VSP-30) and a polypeptide at Mr 18,000 that interacted with antibody raised against VSP. Using photomixotrophic cells, the increase was observed at concentrations as low as 10 nM JA and the increase was evident within 2 h following treatment. Below 10 μM, JA did not inhibit growth of the cells but did cause browning at higher concentrations. Other plant growth regulators, including abscisic acid (ABA), gibberellic acid, and benzyl adenine, did not alter the level of VSP-30 either in the presence or absence of JA. Methyl jasmonate (JA-Me), 3-oxo-2-butyl-cyclopentane-1-acetate, and 3-oxo-2-pentyl-cyclopentane-1-acetate also increased VSP-30 but at higher concentrations than JA. Altering the level of reduced nitrogen or sucrose in the medium did not alter VSP-30 levels in the cells, but at higher sucrose concentrations, sensitivity to JA was reduced. The dramatic increase in VSP-30 elicited by JA appears to be a specific response to the phytohormone.


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Regenerated plants were cytologically and phenotypically stable and rapid multiplication of embryos was secured on transfer to a medium containing a different source of nitrogen and a low level of gibberellic acid.
Abstract: Somatic embryogenesis and plantlet formation were obtained from callus derived from the subapical region of spears of Asparagus cooperi Baker. Callus was obtained in Murashige and Skoog's medium supplemented with 1-naphthaleneacetic acid and kinetin. Increase in the concentration of potassium nitrate in subsequent subcultures resulted in the formation of embryos. Rapid multiplication of embryos was secured on transfer to a medium containing a different source of nitrogen and a low level (0.01 mg/1) of gibberellic acid. Media containing zeatin or gibberellic acid led to the formation of complete plantlets from embryos. Regenerated plants were cytologically and phenotypically stable.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The results suggest that all of the hormones tested have receptors present on the plasma membrane of etiolated wheat protoplasts, which can activate a G-protein.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The inhibitory effects of abscisic acid on in vitro growth and development of axillary buds from nodal segments of sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L.) was investigated and the efficacy of ABA as a suppressant of shoot growth varied with genotype.
Abstract: The inhibitory effects of abscisic acid (ABA) on in vitro growth and development of axillary buds from nodal segments of sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L.) was investigated. ABA at concentrations of 0.01, 0.1, 1.0 or 10.0 mg 1-1 inhibited axillary bud and root development and subsequent plantlet growth. ABA at 10 mg 1-1 completely inhibited axillary shoot development but did not affect the viability of cv. Jewel explants over a culture period of 365 days. Transfer of nodal segments cultured for 90, 180 or 365 days from basal medium containing 10 mg 1-1 ABA to growth regulator-free media resulted in rapid and normal plantlet development. Gibberellic acid at 0.1, 1.0 or 10.0 mg 1-1 in the presence of ABA at 0.1, 1.0 or 10.0 mg 1-1 did not counteract the ABA-induced growth inhibition. Although ABA totally inhibited the growth of 6 sweet potato plant introductions at a concentration of 10.0 mg 1-1, the efficacy of ABA as a suppressant of shoot growth varied with genotype.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, it was shown that the radial expansion of Ranunculus sceleratus petioles can be regulated by IAA, but not specifically by ABA, aminoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG), abscisic acid, or methyl jasmonate.
Abstract: Submergence induces elongation in the petioles of Ranunculus sceleratus L., after a rise in endogenous ethylene levels in the tissue. Petioles of isolated leaves also elongate 100% in 24 hours when treated with ethylene gas, without a change in the radius. Application of silver thiosulfate, aminoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG), abscisic acid (ABA), or methyl jasmonate inhibits this elongation response. Gibberellic acid treatment promotes ethylene-induced elongation, without an effect on the radius. Indoelastic acid (IAA) induces radial growth in the petioles, irrespective of the presence or absence of added ethylene. High concentrations of IAA will also induce elongation growth, but this is largely due to auxin-induced ethylene synthesis; treatment with silver thiosulfate, AVG, ABA, or methyl jasmonate inhibit this auxin-promoted elongation growth. However, the radial growth induced by IAA is not affected by gibberellic acid, and not specifically inhibited by ABA, methyl jasmonate, silver thiosulfate, or AVG. These results support the idea that petiole cell elongation during “accommodation growth” can be separated from radial expansion. The radial expansion may well be regulated by IAA. However, effects of high levels of IAA are probably anomalous, since they do not mimic normal developmental patterns.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors induced callus from leaf explants of four spinach (spinacia oleracea L.) cultivars on Murashige-Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 2 mg 1 −1 6-(furfurylamino)purine (kinetin) and 0.1, 0.5 or 1 mg 1−1 2,4dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) either in darkness or exposed to light.

01 Jan 1991
TL;DR: In this article, the seed is light sensitive, and in a range of 1 to 12 hours of light, Red, far red and blue light are able to promote germination, red light being the most effective.
Abstract: Germination is higher in larger and heavier seeds. The seed is light sensitive, and in a range of 1 to 12 hours of light. The germination is strongly related to the increasing light period Red, far red and blue light are able to promote germination, red light being the most effective. In a range of temperatures between 15°C and 35°C, germination is higher at 25° C and 30°C, being completly inhibited at 15°C and 35°C. Germination at alternating temperatures of 25°C-15°C, 25°C-30°C and 25°C-35°C is similar to germination occured at constant temperature of l5°C, 20°C, 30°C and 35°C. Application of gibberellic acid (GA3) lO-3M, indolacetic acid (IAA) lO-3M and indolbutiryc acid (IAB) lO-3M inhibit germination. 240ppm ethylene, kinetin lO-3M and 1% potassium nitrate don't affect ermination.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: To test the hypothesis that gibberellic acid (GA) sensitivity affects the length of the extension zone (LEZ) of leaf No.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Flower stimulation treatments, including gibberellin A 4/7 (GA4/7) application, root-pruning, and greenhouse environment during the latter part of shoot elongation, were applied to grafted, clonal bordered poppy seeds.
Abstract: Flower stimulation treatments, including gibberellin A4/7 (GA4/7) application, root-pruning, and greenhouse environment during the latter part of shoot elongation, were applied to grafted, clonal b...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The in vitro procedure was accomplished with a yield of 10 to 15 new shoots per explant and the possible inhibition of proliferation and plantlet regener- ation by GA3 and IBA is discussed.
Abstract: Proliferation of Pyrus communis L. CV. Abate Fetel, Precoce Morettini, and Guyot was accomplished with a yield of 10 to 15 new shoots per explant. The in vitro procedure is based on the use of 6.7 µM BAP as an overlay on a modified MS medium. Rooting without callus formation was achieved by immersing the basal end in 5 µ M IBA solution for 1 min. The possible inhibition of proliferation and plantlet regener- ation by GA3 and IBA is discussed. Chemical names used: 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP); indole-3-butyric acid (IBA); gibberellic acid (GA 3).


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The data suggest that bud culture can be used to monitor and detect physiological and hormonal processes that control forest tree growth, and that direct supply of growth regulators can induce growth in otherwise quiescent buds.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The most seedless berries developed when pre- and postanthesis applications were used, indicating many seedless fruit developed from flowers that would have abscised.
Abstract: We evaluated the extent to which 'Swenson Red' seeded grape (Vitis × spp.) responded to single and repeated GA3 applications to induce seedless fruit development. Field studies were conducted to test the time of pre-anthesis GA 3 application (18, or 24 May or 3 June), the usefulness of postanthesis application, the optimum GA 3 concen- tration (0, 0.075, 0.15, or 0.3 m M), and the method of application. The treatment dates that gave a high percentage of seedless berries with an acceptable berry count per cluster were 24 May with postanthesis application and 3 June pre-anthesis only. The optimum GA3 concentration was 0.15 mM applied both before and after anthesis. The most seedless berries developed when pre- and postanthesis applications were used, indicating many seedless fruit developed from flowers that would have abscised. There was no difference in percent heedlessness, number of berries per cluster, or number of seeds per berry between clusters dipped or sprayed with 0.3 m M GA3. Chemical uame used: gibberellic acid (GA3).

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The results suggest that in Lygodium, red light induces the biosynthesis of gibberellin via phytochromesystem, and further, that gibb Berellin induces spore germination.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Embryos excised from non-stratified cultivar ‘Golden Delicious’ apple seeds germinated soon after soaking in a solution of 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) and gibberellic acid (GA3) did not consistently stimulate the germination of dormant embryos.