Showing papers on "Gibberellic acid published in 2012"
TL;DR: Results showed that GA-alleviated Cd toxicity is mediated through the reduction of the Cd-dependent NO accumulation and expression of Cd2+ uptake related gene-IRT1 in Arabidopsis.
181 citations
TL;DR: The possible role of plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB) in alleviating soil salinity stress during plant growth under greenhouse conditions was investigated and increased phytohormones contents but decreased ABA contents and Na+ and Cl− content which may contribute in part to activation of processes involved in the alleviation of the effect of salt.
Abstract: Soil salinity is one of the most severe factors limiting growth and physiological response in Raphanus sativus. In this study, the possible role of plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB) in alleviating soil salinity stress during plant growth under greenhouse conditions was investigated. Increasing salinity in the soil decreased plant growth, photosynthetic pigments content, phytohormones contents (indole-3-acetic acid, IAA and gibberellic acid, GA3) and mineral uptake compared to soil without salinity. Seeds inoculated with Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas fluorescens caused significantly increase in fresh and dry masses of roots and leaves, photosynthetic pigments, proline, total free amino acids and crude protein contents compared to noninoculated ones under salinity. The bacteria also increased phytohormones contents (IAA and GA3) and the contents of N, P, K+, Ca2+, and Mg2+ but decreased ABA contents and Na+ and Cl− content which may contribute in part to activation of processes involved in the alleviation of the effect of salt.
130 citations
TL;DR: It is shown that the histone arginine demethylases, JMJ20 and JMJ22, act redundantly as positive regulators of seed germination when PHYB is inactive, resulting in increased gibberellic acid levels through the removal of repressive histoneArginine methylations at GA3ox1/GA3ox2, which in turn promotes Seed germination.
120 citations
TL;DR: Transcriptional analysis of transgenic plants revealed that overexpression of SlDREB caused the dwarf phenotype by downregulating key genes involved in GA biosynthesis such as ent-copalyl diphosphate synthase (SlCPS) and GA 20-oxidases (SlGA20ox1, -2, and -4), thereby decreasing endogenous GA levels in transgenic Plants.
Abstract: Plants have evolved and adapted to different environments. Dwarfism is an adaptive trait of plants that helps them avoid high-energy costs under unfavourable conditions. The role of gibberellin (GA) in plant development has been well established. Several plant dehydration-responsive element-binding proteins (DREBs) have been identified and reported to be induced under abiotic and biotic stress conditions. A tomato DREB gene named SlDREB, which is a transcription factor and was cloned from cultivated tomato M82, was found to play a negative role in tomato plant architecture and enhances drought tolerance. Tissue expression profiles indicated that SlDREB was expressed mainly in the stem and leaf and could be induced by abscisic acid (ABA) but suppressed by GA and ethylene. SlDREB altered plant morphology by restricting leaf expansion and internode elongation when overexpressed, and the resulting dwarfism of tomato plants could be recovered by application of exogenous gibberellic acid (GA(3)). Transcriptional analysis of transgenic plants revealed that overexpression of SlDREB caused the dwarf phenotype by downregulating key genes involved in GA biosynthesis such as ent-copalyl diphosphate synthase (SlCPS) and GA 20-oxidases (SlGA20ox1, -2, and -4), thereby decreasing endogenous GA levels in transgenic plants. A yeast activity assay demonstrated that SlDREB specifically bound to dehydration-responsive element/C-repeat (DRE/CRT) elements of the SlCPS promoter region. Taken together, these data demonstrated that SlDREB can downregulate the expression of key genes required for GA biosynthesis and that it acts as a positive regulator in drought stress responses by restricting leaf expansion and internode elongation.
111 citations
TL;DR: The gibberellins (GAs) are an important group of hormones which exert various effects on promoter and regulator of plant growth, its production by fermentation and new advances that are being carried out with special interest on the SSF technique are described.
Abstract: The gibberellins (GAs) are an important group of hormones which exert various effects on promoter and regulator of plant growth. Gibberellic acid (GA(3)) is a natural plant hormone, with great economical and industrial importance. It affects stem elongation, germination, elimination of dormancy, flowering, sex expression, enzyme induction and leaf and fruit senescence. Despite its diverse applications, the use of GA(3) is limited due to its high production costs. The industrial process currently used for the production of GA(3) is based on submerged fermentation (SmF) techniques. As an alternative for its production, solid state fermentation (SSF) has also been investigated for its ability to increase the yields of GA(3) with the use of agro-industrial wastes as support/substrate, which contributes to the decreased production costs. This review describes GA(3)'s physical, chemical and biological properties, its production by fermentation and new advances that are being carried out with special interest on the SSF technique.
91 citations
TL;DR: Comparison of the molecular changes at the transcript and metabolite levels demonstrated that a low GA level mainly affects growth by uncoupling growth from carbon availability, revealing an interaction between energy metabolism and GA-mediated control of growth to coordinate cell wall extension, secondary metabolism, and lipid metabolism.
Abstract: Although gibberellins (GAs) are well known for their growth control function, little is known about their effects on primary metabolism. Here the modulation of gene expression and metabolic adjustment in response to changes in plant (Arabidopsis thaliana) growth imposed on varying the gibberellin regime were evaluated. Polysomal mRNA populations were profiled following treatment of plants with paclobutrazol (PAC), an inhibitor of GA biosynthesis, and gibberellic acid (GA3) to monitor translational regulation of mRNAs globally. Gibberellin levels did not affect levels of carbohydrates in plants treated with PAC and/or GA3. However, the tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates malate and fumarate, two alternative carbon storage molecules, accumulated upon PAC treatment. Moreover, an increase in nitrate and in the levels of the amino acids was observed in plants grown under a low GA regime. Only minor changes in amino acid levels were detected in plants treated with GA3 alone, or PAC plus GA3. Comparison of the molecular changes at the transcript and metabolite levels demonstrated that a low GA level mainly affects growth by uncoupling growth from carbon availability. These observations, together with the translatome changes, reveal an interaction between energy metabolism and GA-mediated control of growth to coordinate cell wall extension, secondary metabolism, and lipid metabolism.
90 citations
TL;DR: It is suggested that GA3 inhibits flowering in Citrus by repressing CiFT expression in leaves and increasing flowering by boosting its expression with PBZ.
Abstract: In Citrus, gibberellic acid (GA3) applied at the floral bud inductive period significantly reduces flowering intensity. This effect is being used to improve the fruit set of parthenocarpic cultivars that tend to flower profusely. However, the molecular mechanisms involved in the process remain unclear. To contribute to the knowledge of this phenomenon, adult trees of ‘Salustiana’ sweet orange were sprayed at the floral bud inductive period with 40 mg L−1 of GA3 and the expression pattern of flowering genes was examined up to the onset of bud sprouting. Trees sprayed with paclobutrazol (PBZ, 2,000 mg L−1), a gibberellin biosynthesis inhibitor, were used to confirm the effects, and untreated trees served as control. Bud sprouting, flowering intensity, and developed shoots were evaluated in the spring. GA3 significantly reduced the number of flowers per 100 nodes by 72% compared to the control, whereas PBZ increased the number by 123%. Data of the expression pattern of flowering genes in leaves of GA3-treated trees revealed that this plant growth regulator inhibited flowering by repressing relative expression of the homolog of FLOWERING LOCUS T, CiFT, whereas PBZ increased flowering by boosting its expression. The activity of the homologs TERMINAL FLOWER 1, FLOWERING LOCUS C, SUPPRESSOR OF OVEREXPRESSION OF CONSTANS 1, and APETALA1 was not affected by the treatments. The number of flowers per inflorescence, in both leafy and leafless inflorescences, was not altered by GA3 but increased with PBZ; the latter paralleled LEAFY relative expression. These results suggest that GA3 inhibits flowering in Citrus by repressing CiFT expression in leaves.
72 citations
TL;DR: Phytohormone abscisic acid and gibberellic acid may play roles in regulating the expression and function of At MT4a and AtMT4b during seed development; and this may influence Zn accumulation in seeds and Zn ion nutrient supplementation in the early seedling growth after germination.
Abstract: Type 4 metallothionein (MT) genes are recognized for their specific expression in higher plant seeds, but their functions are still unclear. In this study, the functions of two Arabidopsis metallothionein genes, AtMT4a and AtMT4b, are investigated in seed development, germination and early seedling growth. Transcriptional analysis showed that these two genes are specifically expressed in late embryos. Subcellular localization displayed that both AtMT4a and AtMT4b are widespread distributed in cytoplasm, nucleus and membrane. Co-silencing RNAi of AtMT4a and AtMT4b reduced seed weight and influenced the early seedling growth after germination, whereas overexpression of these two genes caused the opposite results. Detailed analysis showed clearly the correlation of AtMT4a and AtMT4b to the accumulation of some important metal ions in late embryos, especially to Zn ion storing in seeds, which then serves as part of early Zn ion resources for post-germinated seedling growth. Furthermore, phytohormone abscisic acid (ABA) and gibberellic acid (GA) may play roles in regulating the expression and function of AtMT4a and AtMT4b during seed development; and this may influence Zn accumulation in seeds and Zn ion nutrient supplementation in the early seedling growth after germination.
63 citations
TL;DR: It is demonstrated that supplementation with GA3 may be an excellent strategy to optimize the production of secondary metabolites from E. purpurea hairy root cultures; however, the GA3 concentration is a critical factor.
Abstract: Gibberellic acid (GA3) is reported to have diverse effects on hairy root cultures of many plant species; therefore, the effects of GA3 on the growth, secondary metabolite production (caffeic acid derivatives and lignin), phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) activity, and free radical scavenging activity of light-grown Echinacea purpurea L. hairy roots were investigated. Eight concentrations of GA3, ranging from 0.005 to 1.0 μM, were added to shake flask cultures. The moderate GA3 concentration, 0.025 μM, resulted in the highest concentrations of cichoric acid, caftaric acid, and chlorogenic acid, as well as increased PAL activity, cell viability, and free radical scavenging activity, while higher and lower GA3 concentrations resulted in reduced levels compared to the control (lacking GA3). The moderate GA3 concentration also affected root morphogenesis; supplementation with 0.025 μM GA3 resulted in the development of thick, dense, purple-colored roots, while roots exposed to the higher and lower concentrations of GA3 were thin and off-white. This study demonstrates that supplementation with GA3 may be an excellent strategy to optimize the production of secondary metabolites from E. purpurea hairy root cultures; however, the GA3 concentration is a critical factor.
60 citations
Patent•
01 Aug 2012
TL;DR: In this paper, a plant growth regulating composition and its application is described, which comprises the following components: A) natural abscisic acid, B) gibberellic acid (GA3, or of GA4 +7), and C) an existing plant growth regulator.
Abstract: The invention discloses a plant growth regulating composition and its application. The composition comprises the following components: A) natural abscisic acid, B) gibberellic acid (GA3, or of GA4 +7), and C) an existing plant growth regulator. The existing plant growth regulator is selected from one or more than two of 6-BA (6-benzylaminopurine), thidiazuron, brassinolide, sodium nitrophenolate, potassium nitrophenolate, chlormequat chloride, triacontanol, naphthlcetic acid and its salt, indolebutyric acid and its salt, indoleacetic acid and its salt, ethephon, diethyl aminoethyl hexanoate, paclobutrazol, uniconazole, fulvic acid, Mepiquat chloride, nitrohumic acid, jasmonic acid and triapenthenol. Specifically, the components A), B) and C) are in a weight ratio of 1:0.001-500:0.001-500. The S-ABA (S-abscisic acid) added in the invention can expand the prevention and treatment objects, reduce or prevent phytotoxicity, reduce dosage, and lower the use cost.
56 citations
TL;DR: The experiment suggested that CCC or PBZ treatment is an effective method to promote carbohydrate accumulation in lily bulbs.
Abstract: The present study was to test the hypothesis that the plant growth retardants chlorocholine chloride (CCC) and paclobutrazol (PBZ) could improve the carbohydrate accumulation in lily bulbs by enhancing photosynthetic capacity and changing endogenous hormones. Plants of Lilium Oriental hybrids ‘Sorbonne’ were treated with a foliar spray of CCC or PBZ (both at 300 mg/L) solution, at six weeks after planting (6 WAP). The morphological parameters, endogenous hormone contents (gibberellic acid (GA), abscisic acid (ABA), and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA)), and carbohydrate contents were measured from 6 to 18 WAP, at 2-week intervals. The results showed that CCC increased the biomass of leaves and stems which might produce more photoassimilates available for transportation and utilization. However, PBZ treatment suppressed vegetative growth and favored photoassimilate transportation into bulbs. A slight delay of bud and anthesis formation was observed in both treated plants. CCC and PBZ treatments substantially enhanced the sucrose contents in leaves probably due to the increase of chlorophyll contents. Treatment with CCC or PBZ decreased GA but increased IAA contents in lily bulbs which might stimulate starch accumulation and formation of new scales. Our experiment suggested that CCC or PBZ treatment is an effective method to promote carbohydrate accumulation in lily bulbs.
TL;DR: The transcriptional regulator MYB44 has a role in the control of seed germination in Arabidopsis thaliana and is phosphorylated by both recombinant and native forms of MPK3 and MPK6 at Ser(53) and Ser(145).
TL;DR: The GA3 and KNO3 treatments of Ramondas seeds are suitable for the higher percentage of germinations and the highest FGP, GRI and CGRI of R. serbica and R. nathaliae were recorded.
Abstract: Ramonda serbica and Ramonda nathaliae are rare resurrection plants, endemic and relict species from Balkan Peninsula. The effect of gibberellic acid (GA3) and potassium nitrate (KNO3) were conducted to determine the seed germination response for these two species. An experiment was conducted with four replications and three treatments including: different concentrations of GA3 (0, 250, 500 and 1000 part per million (ppm)) and KNO3 (0, 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3% v/v) and their combination. Final germination percentage (FGP), mean germination time (MGT), germination rate index (GRI) and corrected germination rate index (CGRI) were measured. The highest FGP, GRI and CGRI of R. serbica were recorded in seeds treated with 1000 ppm GA3 + 0.3% KNO3, while MGT in seeds control. The highest FGP and GRI of R. nathaliae were recorded in the seeds treated with 500 ppm GA3, while CGRI in seeds treated with 500 ppm GA3 + 0.2% KNO3. The seeds of R. nathaliae treated with different concentration of KNO3 had significantly higher germination compared to the control seeds, while the seeds of R. serbica did not have an effect on seed germination. The GA3 and KNO3 treatments of Ramondas seeds are suitable for the higher percentage of germinations.
01 Jan 2012
TL;DR: It was found that GA 3 had a significant effect on germination rate as compared to control, IAA, IBA and NAA during light and dark period.
Abstract: Asparagus sprengeri Regelin is a rounded, herbaceous perennial and used in landscape for its attractive, fine textured foliage. Asparagus sprengeri Regelin commonly known as Asparagus fern, which is not a true fern. It reproduces by seed. The active ingredients are present in roots of the plant. Seed germination is slow. Hence, the present investigation was carried out to study the influence of different growth regulators on seed germination, root, shoot and leaf length, weight and vigour index. The seeds were soaked in different growth regulators like Indole-3-Acetic Acid, Indol-3-Butyric Acid, � naphthalene Acetic Acid and various concentrations of gibberellic acid to evaluate their effect on germination. It was found that GA 3 had a significant effect on germination rate as compared to control, IAA, IBA and NAA during light and dark period. The result indicates that GA 3 at 50 ppm gave best response but as the concentration increased above 60 ppm the germination decreased rapidly and vigour index also decreased during light and dark period.
TL;DR: This is the first study reporting such high yield of gibberellic acid and presenting a commercially viable production process using cheap substrates and optimization of physiological parameters in submerged fermentation.
Abstract: Optimization studies for improvement in the yield of gibberellic acid production by Fusarium moniliforme in submerged and solid-state fermentation is the focus of this paper. In the current study, use of jatropha seed cake as substrate for solid-state fermentation resulted in an unprecedented gibberellic acid yield of 105 mg/g of moldy bran. A 2.5 fold in- creased in the titre resulting in 15 g gibberellic acid /L could also be obtained by optimization of physiological parameters in submerged fermentation. This is the first study reporting such high yield of gibberellic acid and presenting a commercially viable production process using cheap substrates.
01 Jan 2012
TL;DR: Increasing salinity would decrease the components of germination including germination percentage, germination rate, root and shoot length and fresh and dry weight of seedling and in some concentrations GA 3 increased shoot length, root length, dry weight, fresh weight and tissue water content.
Abstract: In order to study the effect of priming with Gibberellic acid (GA 3) on germination and growth of corn under saline conditions, an experiment was conducted as factorial with completely randomized design with three replications. The factors of the experiment are different levels of Gibberellic acid concentration (0, 1.5, 2.5 and 5 mgL -1 ) and salinity (0, 5, 10, 12 and 15 dsm -1 ). The results showed that increasing salinity would decrease the components of germination including germination percentage, germination rate, root and shoot length and fresh and dry weight of seedling. Priming with GA 3 had no effect on seed germination however in some concentrations GA 3 increased shoot length, root length, dry weight, fresh weight and tissue water content.
TL;DR: The descriptions of inflorescence and floral morphology are in agreement with the prior taxonomic descriptions but a more detailed description and illustrations are presented in this communication.
Abstract: 2 Abstract: Successful propagation from seeds of Dendrocalamus giganteus Munro was achieved by in vitro methods. Incidence of sporadic flowering was recorded. The descriptions of inflorescence and floral morphology are in agreement with the prior taxonomic descriptions but a more detailed description and illustrations are presented in this communication. In vitro seed germination was enhanced in gibberellic acid (GA ) supplemented liquid Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium in the presence of light. Shoots multiplication 3 was obtained directly from seeds inoculated on MS medium containing benzylaminopurine (BAP). In another method, callus was induced and proliferated on MS medium supplemented with 3 mg L 2,4-dichlorophenoxy 1
TL;DR: The response of Rosea toward exogenous PGRs application was better than Alba in terms of crop productivity, physiological and biochemical parameters, and alkaloid production.
Abstract: Exogenous application of plant growth regulators (PGRs) has vital impact on the growth and productivity of plants. Foliar application of selected PGRs, viz. indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), indole-3-butyric acid (IBA), naphthalene acetic acid (NAA), 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP), kinetin (KIN), thidiazuron (TDZ), gibberellic acid (GA3), salicylic acid (SA), homobrassinosteroids (HBR), and triacontanol (TRIA), were carried out in order to assess the effects on growth of two cultivars (Rosea and Alba) of Catharanthus roseus L. G. Don. The Rosea and Alba plants were sprayed with PGRs (10−7 M) at 60 days after planting (DAP). Shoot and root lengths, plant fresh and dry weights, leaf-area index, total chlorophyll and carotenoids content, net photosynthetic rate, nitrate reductase and carbonic anhydrase activities, and leaf essential nutrients (N, P, and K) were analyzed at 150 DAP while yield attributes and total alkaloids of leaves and roots, contents of vincristine and vinblastine alkaloids were measured at 210 DAP. The results showed that HBR significantly improved most of the growth attributes. Application of HBR, KIN, and GA3 resulted in the ameliorative effects on plant productivity, physiological and biochemical parameters as compared to the unsprayed (control) plants. The effect of TDZ was not significantly different than the control plants. GA3 application significantly increased the vincristine content (7.3%) while TDZ exhibited reduced vincristine content. The effect of other PGR was insignificant towards vincristine and vinblastine contents. The response of Rosea toward exogenous PGRs application was better than Alba in terms of crop productivity, physiological and biochemical parameters, and alkaloid production.
TL;DR: Increased in peroxidase and superoxide dismutase activity and proline content decreased the adverse effects of salinity stress on studied cultivar, and Zagros cultivar showed more tolerance to salinity Stress than the other two cultivars.
Abstract: Salinity stress is one of the important agricultural problems in the world. A factorial experiment based on completely randomized design with four replications was conducted to evaluate the effects of phytohormones (gibberellic acid and abscisic acid) on the activity of antioxidant enzymes (peroxidase, superoxide dismutase and catalase), rubisco activity and content, and proline in three wheat cultivars (Gascogen, Zagros, and Kuhdasht) under control and salinity stress (3.5 and 7 dS m−1). The results showed that salinity stress (3.5 and 7 dS m−1) decreased the activity of catalase, rubisco, carboxylase, but increased peroxidase, superoxide dismutase activity and proline content. Gibberellic acid caused 58.03% increased in rubisco carboxylase activity in Zagros at 7 dS m−1 in comparison with abscisic acid under salinity stress compared with the control plants in Kuhdasht. Activity of superoxide dismutase in Kuhdasht cultivar at 7 dS m−1 salinity level showed 76.43% increased in Gascogen under salinity stre...
TL;DR: Microspore embryogenesis and plant regeneration could be improved by both bleomycin and PCIB when the appropriate MDE length and phytohormone level were selected.
Abstract: The effects of three periods of incubation (10, 20 and 30 min) at different levels of bleomycin (0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4 and 0.5 μg ml−1), as well as three periods of exposure (12, 24 and 48 h) to different levels of the anti-auxin p-chlorophenoxyisobutyric acid (PCIB), including 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 mg l−1, on microspore embryogenesis of rapeseed cv. ‘Amica’ were investigated. Microspore embryogenesis was significantly enhanced following 20 min treatment with 0.2 μg ml−1 bleomycin compared with untreated cultures. Highest embryo yield (163 embryos Petri dish−1) was observed with 24 h treatment of 4 mg l−1 PCIB. The highest percentage of secondary embryogenesis was observed on B5 medium containing 0.15 mg l−1 of gibberellic acid (GA3) and 0.2 mg l−1 6-benzyladenine (BA) in 4–6 mm microspore-derived embryos (MDEs). Most callus formed on B5 medium containing 0.15 mg l−1 GA3, 0.1 mg l−1 BA and 0.1 mg l−1 indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) when 4–6 mm embryos were used. Regeneration was highest on B5 medium containing 0.05 mg l−1 GA3 or 0.1 mg l−1 BA and 0.2 mg l−1 IAA with 2–4 mm embryos. Microspore embryogenesis and plant regeneration could be improved by both bleomycin and PCIB when the appropriate MDE length and phytohormone level were selected.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: The decrease in POD activity under stress suggests that other mechanisms might be involved for ROS scavenging in petals of pot marigold.
Abstract: Drought is an important abiotic stress limiting plant performance. Generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is enhanced under stresses. Two greenhouse experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of phytohormones on the changes of antioxidant enzymes and carotenoids in petals of pot marigold (Calendula officinalis L.) under drought stress. Results showed that the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD, EC 1.15.1.1) and catalase (CAT, EC 1.11.1.6) increased 47 and 73%, respectively, in petals under water deficit conditions compared with the control plants. Spraying with gibberellic acid (GA 3) and benzyl amino purine (BAP) alleviated drought effects, but application of abscisic acid (ABA), jasmonic acid (JA), salicylic acid (SA) and brassinolid (BR) induced the activity of these enzymes. In the case of peroxidase (POD, EC 1.11.1.7), GA 3 enhanced the enzyme activity unlike the other enzymes and the rest of the phytohormones had no significant effect on POD activity under either stressed or nonstressed condition. Concentration of carotenoids was affected by drought and hormone treatments. Concentration of carotenoids increased under water deficit but, GA 3, BAP and JA had inhibitory effects on lycopene and carotene synthesis, while the rest of the hormones increased them. Spraying with GA 3 increased luteoxanthin concentration in petals by 35 and 20% in comparison with the non-stressed and stressed environments, respectively. The decrease in POD activity under stress suggests that other mechanisms might be involved for ROS scavenging in petals of pot marigold.
TL;DR: Abnormal female gametophyte development, high sterility and segregation of tall and gibberellic acid sensitive plants without selectable marker Hpt in the selfed progeny of OsAPC6 mutant plants indicate that the mutant could be maintained in heterozygous condition.
TL;DR: Results showed that for hormonal priming, maximum shoot androot length, shoot and root dry weight and germination rate were observed at GA 50 ppm and 24 h treatmeant in Cross-Alborz and Sardari cultivars.
Abstract: In order to evaluate the effect of different seed priming techniques on germination and early growth of two wheat cultivars (Cross Alborz and Sardari) tow experiments carried out at the Razi University Laboratory of Physiology, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Kermanshah, Iran. This study was in two separate experiments. The experiments were factorial arranged in a completely randomized design with four replications. The first factor was seed primed for 12, 18, 24 and 30hours, the second was four concentrations of gibberellic acid (50, 100, 150and 200 ppm), PEG-6000 (-0.3 MPa) and the third was two wheat cultivars. Seeds were primed for 12, 18, 24 and 30 hours at temperature 25°C in different solutions. Results showed that for hormonal priming, maximum shoot and root length, shoot and root dry weight and germination rate were observed at GA 50 ppm and 24 h treatmeant in Cross-Alborz and Sardari cultivars. For osmmopriming maximum shoot and root length, shoot and root dry weight and germination rate were abserved at 12 h treatment.
TL;DR: Application of growth regulators resulted in improved fruit retention and fruit quality on a popular mango cultivar ‘Dusehri’ growing in the subtropical region of Faisalabad in Pakistan.
Abstract: Fruit drop is a major problem resulting in low production and reduction in the income of mango growers in tropical and subtropical regions. Growth regulators, naphthalene acetic acid, gibberellic acid, and 2, 4-dichloro phenoxy acetic acid at the rates of (15, 25, and 35 ppm) were sprayed at full bloom stage on a popular mango cultivar ‘Dusehri’ growing in the subtropical region of Faisalabad in Pakistan. All of the treatments significantly influenced the number of fruits retained at pea, marble, and at harvest stages of fruit growth as compared to the control. Among the treatments, gibberellic acid sprayed at 35 ppm proved to be very effective with 31% more fruit retention than the control. In regard to fruit quality, gibberellic acid (35 ppm) and 2, 4-dichloro phenoxy acetic acid (15 ppm) resulted in a significant enhancement of fruit size in terms of fruit weight (140.8 and 130.1 g), which was 17.6 and 8.7% that of the control (119.8 g), respectively. The treatment 2, 4-D (35 ppm) recorded significantl...
TL;DR: Hairy root regenerants showed higher rooting ability and exhibited morphological aberrations such as shortened stem, etiolated, wrinkled and clustered leaves than those of control.
Abstract: Malus baccata is widely used as a rootstock in cold regions of the world because of its cold hardiness. In this study, a highly efficient Agrobacterium rhizogenes strain 8196 transformation system was developed using in vitro-derived stem segments of M. baccata. Approximately 37 % agro-infected explants produced hairy roots when they were incubated on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium without plant growth regulators. A total of 95 % of hairy roots exhibited glucuronidase activity. Calli were induced from putatively-transformed hairy roots, and subsequently shoots were observed within 4 weeks of culture. The influence of 6-benzyladenine (BA), indole-3-butyric acid (IBA), thidiazuron (TDZ), and gibberellic acid 3 (GA3) on regeneration were investigated using an L9 (34) orthogonal experiment. About 73 % of shoots were regenerated when callus was incubated on MS medium along with 2.0 mg L−1 BA, 0.5 mg L−1 IBA, 0.3 mg L−1 GA3, and 0.5 mg L−1 TDZ. Moreover, hairy root regenerants showed higher rooting ability and exhibited morphological aberrations such as shortened stem, etiolated, wrinkled and clustered leaves than those of control.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: The isolated bacterial strains have technological implications for inoculants formulation and improved growth of cereal crops and the ability of bacteria to produce plant growth promoting hormones like Indole Acetic Acid, gibberellic acid, and trans zeatin riboside is evaluated.
Abstract: This study was designed to isolate and characterize Azospirillum strains from maize (Zea mays L.) grown under wellwatered and water stressed conditions and to evaluate the ability of bacteria to produce plant growth promoting hormones like Indole Acetic Acid (IAA), Gibberellic Acid (GA), trans-Zeatin riboside (tzr) and abscisic acid (ABA). A total of eight strains of Azospirillum were isolated from rhizosphere and roots of maize plants grown in pots and it was observed that survival efficiency of Azospirillum from well watered plants was higher as compared to that of Azospirillum strains isolated from roots and rhizosphere samples of water stressed plants (having 8-12% soil moisture). Preliminary identification of isolates was made on the basis of morphological characteristics and carbon/nitrogen source utilization patterns using QTS24 kits. The genetic diversity among the isolates was evaluated by Randomly Amplified Polymorphic DNA finger printing and similarity matrix. Inoculation of wheat with isolates from water-stressed plants induced tolerance to water stress in inoculated plants. Isolates from water-stressed conditions produced low concentration of indole acetic acid, gibberellic acid, and trans zeatin riboside but higher concentration of abscisic acid. The isolated bacterial strains have technological implications for inoculants formulation and improved growth of cereal crops.
TL;DR: This study reports on the endogenous transport of Gibberellic acid insensitive (GAI) across graft union of a traditional local Chinese pear cultivar, Pyrus bretschneideri, and a wild Pyrus betulaefolia, and investigates the transport capacity of Pyrus-GAI transcript.
Abstract: Grafting is a common method for clonal propagation of fruit trees. Moreover, it serves as a mean to deal with abiotic stress, adjust tree growth vigor, increase yield, and improve other fruit quality traits. Investigations of rootstock and scion graft relationships have originally focused on anatomical and cellular development, nutrient transport, and hormonal movement across graft union. Discovery of long distance transport of mRNA and small RNAs in phloem tissues of rootstock and scion has provided new opportunities for investigation. In this study, we report on the endogenous transport of Gibberellic acid insensitive (GAI) across graft union of a traditional local Chinese pear cultivar, Pyrus bretschneideri cv. Yali (scion), and a wild Pyrus betulaefolia cv. Bunge (rootstock). Cleaved amplified polymorphic sequence analysis RT-PCR indicated that Pyrus-GAI can be transported within 4 and 10 days after micro-grafting, and it can also be transported to a 10–50-cm tall scion of a 2-year-old grafting tree. To further investigate the transport capacity of Pyrus-GAI transcript, a 35S:pear (P. betulaefolia)-GAI transgenic tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L. cv. Samson.) was prepared and grafted to wild-type tobacco. RT-PCR indicated that sustained transmission of GAI mRNA through the graft union occurred from the 15th day after grafting. The results have laid a foundation for improving rootstock and regulating the properties of scion in fruit trees by transgenic technology.
01 Jan 2012
TL;DR: In this paper, the influence of cane girdling on fruit quality and productivity of cane pruned Black Magic grape cultivar 3 as well as cane Girdling practice were evaluated.
Abstract: 2 Abstract: Small fruit sizing from the Black Magic grapevine were produced during the last several years, even though different cultural practices have been developed to optimize the quality of the table grapes. The influence of GA application on fruit quality and productivity of cane pruned Black Magic grape cultivar 3 as well as cane Girdling practice were evaluated. Berries treated with GA or with GA + Girdle developed heavier 33 berries, increased berry diameter, produced heavier bunches and increased number of berries per bunch in compares to the control grapevine trees. Percentages of berry shattering was increased in all grapevine treatments, otherwise, berry quality was improved by GA ; since soluble solids was increased and titratable 3 acidity was decreased, but also GA reduced berry color. GA is an effective method in improving Black Magic 33 grape cultivar berries, which could be used in wide range orchards, since; in most cases, it produced better results than girdle treated bunches and do not show any significant results than the GA + Girdle treated 3
TL;DR: It was interesting to record that the expression of CsTUA was up-regulated in response to sodium chloride, polyethylene glycol, and hydrogen peroxide, so that the tea does not exhibit deciduous nature during winters.
Abstract: The present manuscript describes cloning and expression characterization of alpha-tubulin (CsTUA) gene in an evergreen tree tea [Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze] in response to winter dormancy (WD), abiotic stresses (sodium chloride, polyethylene glycol, and hydrogen peroxide) and plant growth regulators [abscisic acid (ABA), gibberellic acid (GA3), indole-3-butyric acid (IBA), and 6-benzylaminopurine (BA)]. CsTUA encoded a putative protein of 449 amino acids with a calculated molecular weight of 49.6 kDa and an isoelectric point (pI) of 5.09. CsTUA shared 76–84 and 90–95% identity at nucleotide and amino acid level, respectively with TUA genes from other plant species. During the period of active growth (PAG), CsTUA showed maximum expression in floral buds as compared to leaf, stem, fruit and root. Though the transcript was not detectable in the younger leaf tissue during the PAG, the expression was induced within 24 h of the low temperature (LT) treatment. The expression was not modulated by the plant growth regulators either in the tissue harvested during PAG or during WD. It was interesting to record that the expression of CsTUA was up-regulated in response to sodium chloride, polyethylene glycol, and hydrogen peroxide. Data has been discussed on the possible role of CsTUA in imparting tolerance to stresses including to LT so that the tea does not exhibit deciduous nature during winters.
01 Jan 2012
TL;DR: Germination percentage and germination rate was significantly increased by SA andGA under salinity conditions compared to non treatment of SA and GA, and dry weight of seedlings raised from seeds primed with SA improved dry weightof seedlings as compared toNon treatment ofSA under non salinity andSalinity conditions.
Abstract: Seedlings establishment at early growth stages of crop plants is severely affected by soil salinity. Therefore, high germination rate and vigorous early growth under salty soils is preferred. In this study germination and seedling growth of a wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivar was assessed using three replicates of 50 seeds in a factorial laid out in two separate experiments as Completely Randomized Design (CRD) testing combinations of three levels of salinity (0, 50, 100 and 200 mMol NaCl) and four levels of salicylic acid (0, 1.5, 3 and 4.5 m gr Lit) in the first experiment and the same salinity levels with three levels of gibberellic acid (0, 0.5 and 1 m Mol) in the second experiment. SA increased germination percentage and germination rate to 3 m gr Lit, but applying more decrease it. However, GA decreased germination percentage and germination rate to about 38 and 41% in 1 m Mol than control, respectively. Germination percentage and germination rate was significantly increased by SA and GA under salinity conditions compared to non treatment of SA and GA. Priming with 1.5 m gr Lit SA showed maximum radicle and hypocotyl length and higher amount decreased both traits. Priming with SA could not improve radicle length and radicle dry weight in all salinity levels. However, treated seeds with SA produced the higher hypocotyl length in all salinity levels than untreated seeds. GA decreased radicle length, while increased hypocotyl length relatively. Application of GA enhanced radicle and hypocotyl length in all salinity levels compared to untreated seeds with treatment. Dry weight of hypocotyl was decreased due to salinity stress but seedlings raised from seeds primed with SA improved dry weight of seedlings as compared to non treatment of SA under non salinity and salinity conditions. Application of GA decreased both radicle and hypocotyls dry weight. GA decreased seedling fresh and dry weight to about 20 and 35% in 1 m Mol than control.