Showing papers on "Globalization published in 1975"

The economics of industrial innovation

Abstract: Part 1 Rise of science-related technology: introduction evolutionary theory in economics and technical change process innovations materials innovations product and system innovation paradigm change. Part 2 Innovations and the firms: the microeconomics of innovation success and failure, the role of marketing and user-producer networks innovation, size of firm, economies of scale and scope uncertainty, project evaluation and finance of innovation, management strategy and theory of the firm. Part 3 Macroeconomics of innovation - science, technology and economic growth globalization and multinational corporations underdevelopment and catching up. Part 4 Innovation and public policies: market failure and aspects of public support for innovation technical change, employment and skills environmental issues technological assessment. Appendix: measurement and definitions.

International Trade and Foreign Investment : Substitutes or Complements

Abstract: Recently, there has been some discussion on whether foreign investment "substitutes" for or "complements" mternatronal trade First as will be briefly reviewed in Section II, Robert Mundelll showed that both are complete substitutes for each other under the assumption of identical production functions for two countries within the framework of ordinary Heckscher-Ohlin-Samuelson theory of trade. Second, Andrew Schmitz and Peter Helmberger2 and especially Douglas D. Purvis3 demonstrated that foreign investment may work complementarily to international trade if production functions vary in the two countries (Section 111). However, these people seem not to be able to show definite conditions for substitute or complementary cases. Mundell and Purvis dealt with international movements of capital as one of the homogeneous factors of production, referring to it as a real, or physical capital.4 1 would like in this paper to call it "money capital" for it is to be a general, homogeneous factor of production which is allocable and reallocable to any sector of the economy. It is money capital before allocated while it becomes real capital after allocated.5 Schmitz and Helmberger had in mind foreign direct investment but dealt with it as if there were no difference from money capital movement. But, there is a critical difference, among others, in the sense that the foreign direct investment affects the activities of specific sectors of investing and host economies, whereas international money capital movement is absorbed by and results in the reallocation of factors of production (capital and labor) so as to attain a general equilibrium of both countries. Keeping in mind this characteristic of foreign direct investment, we may be able to differentiate succinctly two cases in which foreign direct investment works as a complement to international trade (trade-creating type) or as a substitute for it (trade-destroying type). This is the main purpose of the present paper (Section IV).

India : Government and Politics in a Developing Nation

Abstract: 1. The Globalization of the Development Challenge. 2. The Legacies of National History. 3. The Framework: Institutions of Governance. 4. The Challenge of Federalism. 5. Interest Politics in India. 6. Parties and Politics: The Congress System and Its Decline. 7. Political Parties: The Emergence of Coalition Politics and the Rise of the BJP. 8. Elections and Political Behavior. 9. Policy and Performance: The Politics of Development. 10. Policy and Performance: National Security and Foreign Policy. Index.

Cultural Anthropology: The Human Challenge

Abstract: Part I. CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY: THE CHALLENGE OF KNOWING HUMANITY. 1. The Essence of Anthropology. 2. The Characteristics of Culture. 3. Ethnographic Research: Its History, Methods, and Theories. 4. Becoming Human: The Origin and Diversity of Our Species. Part II. CULTURE AND SURVIVAL: THE CHALLENGE OF COMMUNICATING, RAISING CHILDREN, AND STAYING ALIVE. 5. Language and Communication. 6. Social Identity, Personality, and Gender. 7. Patterns of Subsistence. 8. Economic Systems. Part III. FORMATION OF GROUPS: THE CHALLENGE OF COOPERATION. 9. Sex, Marriage, and Family. 10. Kinship and Descent. 11. Grouping by Gender, Age, Common Interest and Class. Part IV. SEARCH FOR ORDER: THE CHALLENGE OF DISORDER. 12. Politics, Power, and Violence. 13. Spirituality, Religion, and the Supernatural. 14. The Arts. Part V. CHANGE AND THE FUTURE: THE CHALLENGE OF GLOBALIZATION. 15. Processes of Change. 16. Global Challenges, Local Responses, and the Role of Anthropology. Glossary. Bibliography. Photo Credits. Index.

Restructuring the World Economy

Abstract: The future consequences of the present disequilibrium in the world economy and adjustment processes through which equilibruim can be restored are discussed. There are a few commodities whose high prices or short supplies are likely to have an important effect on the economic welfare of large numbers of people: petroleum, major foodstuffs, and fertilizer. The rise in oil prices is the most dramatic of a series of events that have been operating to change the distribution of world income through the system of international trade and capital flows. In order to analyze the possible adjustments to the oil problem, the varying positions of the principal oil exporters must be understood. Nonetheless, the type of adjustments that are likely to be required involve reducing nonessential energy needs, developing new energy sources, and persuading producers to reduce prices. Lesser developed countries have more limited adjustment mechanisms than those that can be employed by developed nations. Through cooperative efforts the resumption of satisfactory rates of development throughout the world should be possible.

Self-Reliance, Internal Trade and China's Economic Structure

Abstract: Scholarly interest in a cellular model for sectors of the Chinese economy dates at least to G. William Skinner's “Marketing and social structure in rural China,” published in 1964–65, but based on his field work from 1949 to 1950 and on a theoretical foundation developed by Christaller and Loch in the 1930s and 40s. New interest was sparked by Audrey Donnithorne's 1972 article in this journal, in which she attempted to demonstrate that China had recently “experienced an intensification of the tendencies towards a cellular economy,” which she claimed had been strong even before the Cultural Revolution.

India and the World Trade

Abstract: N the conflicting economic forces of inflation and simultaneous existence of recessionary conditions, the world trade is in a state of buoyancy. During 1973, world trade increased by 38 per cent, a rate three times higher than the historic growth achieved during the 1960s. Despite fears to the contrary, this tempo continued in the following year and indeed, world exports in 1974 rose to S774 billion, reflecting an increase of 49 per cent over the preceding year.