Showing papers on "Globalization published in 1980"

The General Validity of the Law of Comparative Advantage

Abstract: It is well known that the law of comparative advantage breaks down when applied to individual commodities or pairs of commodities in a many-commodity world. This paper shows that the law is nonetheless valid if restated in terms of averages across all commodities. Specifically, a theorem and several corollaries are derived which establish correlations between vectors of trade and vectors containing relative-autarky-price measures of comparative advantage. These results are proven in a general many-commodity model that allows for tariffs, transport costs, and other impediments to trade.

The Impact of the Korean War on the Cold War

Abstract: Theories of the cold war that stress the imperatives of the American domestic politico-economic system or the requirements of bipolarity are undermined by the argument that the Korean war strongly influenced international history and indeed brought about most of the characteristics which we associate with the cold war. Without Korea, U.S. policy would have been very different, and there were no events on the horizon which could have been functional substitutes for the war. The international or the American domestic system may have "needed" high defense budgets, the globalization of American commitments, and the militarization of NATO, but these patterns arose only in the wake of Korea. To explain the cold war in terms of such requirements is therefore inadequate.

International Organizations: Principles and Issues

Abstract: Preface. 1. Introduction. 2. A Great Experiment: The League of Nations. 3. The Genesis of the United Nations. 4. Basic Principles and Organization of the United Nations. 5. Basic Structure and Operations of the United Nations. 6. Peaceful Settlement of Disputes. 7. Collective Security and Its Alternatives: Theory and Practice. 8. The Search for Justice Under Law. 9. Controlling the Instruments of War. 10. Varieties of Regionalism. 11. Globalization, Transnationalism, and International Organization. 12. Promoting Economic Welfare. 13. Managing Global Resources. 14. Promoting Social Progress. 15. Human Rights and the Struggle for Self-Government. 16. International Administration and the Search for Leadership. 17. International Organization in Retrospect and Prospect. Bibliography. Appendix I: Covenant of the League of Nations. Appendix II: Charter of the United Nations. Appendix III: Members of the United Nations. Index.

Perspectives on World Politics

Abstract: Perspectives on World Politics has been essential reading for students of international relations since the 1980s. This new edition fully updates this key text for the twenty-first century. Focusing on the main competing analytical perspectives, the first and second editions established an authoritative sense of the conceptual tools used to study world politics, as well as reflecting on the major debates and responses to changes in the world arena. This third edition builds on the success of its predecessors by presenting a fresh set of readings within this framework: power and security interdependence and globalization dominance and resistance. It also includes a much-expanded fourth section, ‘World Politics in Perspective’, which reflects the methodological and normative debates that have developed since publication of the previous edition. This is an essential text for all students and scholars of politics and international relations.

Yucatan: A World Apart

Abstract: This work describes the profound changes to Yucatan's society and economy following the 1982 debt crisis that prostrated Mexico's economy. The editors have assembled contributions from seasoned "Yucatecologists"--historians, geographers, cultural students, and an economist--to chart the accelerated change in Yucatan from a monocrop economy to a full beneficiary and victim of rampant globalization.

International Trade and Industrial Organization: Introduction

Abstract: UNITED STATES economists may deserve credit for having promoted the statistical investigation of hypotheses about industrial organization. But theyand their less numerate forebears-must shoulder blame for our habitual acceptance of 'the nation' as the presumed geographic span of the market. The power of international competition to shape market structure and performance seemed modest in the giant US economy. The analytically messy problem of drawing appropriate market boundaries has not attracted the theorists. So one can readily understand the neglect of international forces prevalent in industrial organization research until the past decade (for a literature survey, see [3]). That neglect has become an increasing embarrassment, of course, as international links among national product markets have grown and revealed their influence to the naked eye. The unholy alliance between the tariff collector and the local monopolist is a long-standing one. Since World War II tariff barriers have been reduced substantially, and international trade (especially in manufactures) has grown more rapidly than national production in the industrial countries. The European Community and lesser preferential arrangements have taken bold steps toward erasing the economic barriers of national frontiers. The pervasive expansion of intraindustry trade shows that much of the enlargement of international commerce takes the form of increasingly fine division of labor within industries, rather than the sectoral specialization assumed in classical discussions of comparative advantage-this to the discomfiture of international-trade economists weaned on models of pure competition. Perhaps knowledge of the structure of international trade can be surmounted only if an industrial-organization economist is included in the climbing party! One might hope that internationalizing the field of industrial organization would greatly simplify its conceptual structure. If buyers and sellers the world around comprise 'the market' and the individual nation's transactors are a small fraction of the total, then the national market becomes a pricetaking subsector of the world market. Measures of national seller and buyer concentration lose their economic meaning, and enthusiasts for competition policy can confine their efforts to the occasional noisy demonstration at the front door of the tariff-setting authority. Alas, theoretical and empirical research have shown that the recognition of international influences on competition in the national market makes the subject more rather than less

Corporate Integration in World Production and Trade

Abstract: It is not uncommon in the natural sciences for theory to precede the technical capacity of mankind to sense, measure and verify or refute the postulates involved. In contrast, in the social sciences, experience is often the mother of theory, which may lag several decades behind the emergence of the social phenomena it purports to explain. When theory becomes unrelated to such phenomena, not only its direct policy usefulness, but also its overall conceptual relevance are brought into question. For example, in the inter-war period, the theory of international trade (based on the Heckscher-Ohlin model and later incorporations of the Samuelson analysis) was more preoccupied with how the world should behave if certain very restrictive conditions were present, than with the way in which goods, services and factors of production were exchanged internationally.1

Trends in U.S. International Trade and Investment Since World War Ii

Abstract: This paper presents and analyzes the data on the trends in United States international trade and investment since World War II. From this data we can perceive a shrinking United States fraction of manufacturing output and exports, a return to and strengthening of lines of comparative advantage, and balanced and rapid growth in long-term investment. We can also see increasing volatility of trade and long-term investment in the 1970s, along with a real depreciation of 25 percent in the weighted United States exchange rate.

Consumption perception in turkey within the context of globalisation

Abstract: The phenomenon of consumption is located at the heart of capitalist development. The consumption’s multidimensionality and its effects on capitalism’s sustainability increase the importance of “consumption perception.” Within this context, the consumption is a phenomenon, which undergoes change historically. The projections of social structure changing throughout the development of capitalism also show themselves in the consumption arena. Nowadays, Marx’s “alienation” concept has expanded to include the consumption arena. Turkey went into an articulation effort to the globalisation process in the 1980s. The effects of change in the economic policy, which was brought to agenda together with the 24 th January Decisions, reflected on the social arena and played an important role in the development of “consumerism” as a culture. The fact that half of Turkey’s population is under the age of 28.8 is a factor that has speeded up this development. This study aims to assess the consumption perception changing in the phase of globalisation within the case of Turkey. Within this context, globalisation and consumption interactions in sustainability of capitalism are included in the first part. In the second part, approaches in regards to what phenomenon of consumption means today will be presented. In the last part, the questionnaire study carried out in order to determine the consumption perception will be assessed by evaluating Turkey’s economic and social structure having changed after 1980 will be evaluated.

Obstacles to International Trade

Abstract: International trade is a powerful engine of growth. All countries have a common interest in promoting trade as an instrument of economic progress. International trade is characterized by unequal exchange of goods and services. The share of developing countries in total international trade is small; their export products face an increasing variety of protectionist measures in developed market economies; the value of their imports is being eroded by worldwide inflation; and the possibilities of improving intraregional trade among developing countries themselves are rather remote. Developing countries are being increasingly bypassed by multilateral trade and tariff negotiations. The traditional international division of labor still applies; it leaves the developing countries the function of producing and exporting primary products and reserves for the developed nations that of industrializing those same products for international consumption and export. This chapter discusses obstacles to International trade. It presents some obstacles to commodity trade, obstacles to trade in manufactures, obstacles to trade among developing countries, and obstacles to trade between socialist countries and the third world.

World Trade Flows by Origin and Destination, 1970-90: A Functional Analysis*

Abstract: This paper looks at the changing world trade environment by origin and destination. The framework, and hence the analysis, is highly aggregate in nature. In this paper, developing countries are distinguished in functional rather than geographical categories: oil exporters and oil importers, low and middle income countries. The paper analyzes the historical years 1970 and 1977 as well as the years 1980 and 1990, as projected in the World Development Report of 1980. The emphasis is on total merchandise trade; although fuel matrices have also been developed, and hence the determination of non-fuel merchandise trade flows. The paper is primarily of a descriptive nature. It is meant as a first exploration into the dimensions and nature of recent shifts in the structure of trade, particularly of oil-importing and oil-exporting developing countries. The results are part of a wider project, aiming at a detailed assessment and analysis of trade among developing countries. These preliminary results should provide an informative framework and as such help to formulate guidelines and hypotheses for further analysis in the interdeveloping country trade context.