Showing papers on "Globalization published in 1985"

Humanity, Globalization, and Worldwide Religious Resurgence: A Theoretical Exploration

Abstract: In recent years we have witnessed a remarkableoccurrence of religion-connected sociocultural phenomenaacross the globe; notably, a resurgence of religious "fundamentalisms," many of them emphasizing the intimacy ofreligious and political issues; a large number of cases of church-state tension; and the rise of many newreligious movements. It is argued that the globality of theresur­ gence of religious and quasi-religious concerns can only beunderstood in sociological terms by estab­ lishing an analytical schema whichgrasps the globalcircumstances as such and whichconceptual­ izes the processes yielding the evolutionary-historical thernatization of humanity. Presentation of that agrument is followed by a briefdiscussion of relevant classical and contemporary sociological perspectives. The paperconcludes with an analytical explication of the global-human condition in terms of majordimensions of the process of globalization and in reference to the significance of reli­ gious and sacred implications of that process. We claim that serious social-scientific discussion of religious belief and practice in a global perspective must involve a basic concern with the crystallization of the modern global circumstances. More specifically, if the Problemstellung consists in accounting for the near-worldwide resurgence of religious fundamentalism, the extensive development of new religious movements (including liberarional-theological movements within con­ ventional churches and denominations), and the proliferation and sharpening of church-state tensions across much of the modern world, we must at least produce a the­ ory sketch of the contours of and processes at work in respect of the globe as a sociocul­ tural phenomenon. Initially shortcircuiting the argument somewhat, we need to tackle the question: how is Uthe globe" possible? That is asked in the same general spirit as Sirnrnel's posing of the question: how is society possible? Regardless of the minutiaeof differences between them, a similar question was asked, inter alia, by Toennies, Durkheim and Max Weber in the classical period of sociology (but in those cases with more attention than Simmel gave to variation in societal form). Indeed, the question of "the possibility" of sociocultural phenomena has, we claim, been at the heart of the sociological-theoretical enterprise (Robertson, 1980). Most frequently the phenomena being analyzed have, indeed, been societal in nature. In other words, the question concerning "possibility" has been most frequently addressed in relation to the territorial, national society (often in terms of the ways in which individuals are related to society). It will be seen later, however, that some major theorists did not or have not confined themselves to the societal level, while in any case the issue of global order is increasingly visible in a number of disciplinary and interdisciplinary contexts.

Political Change and Underdevelopment: A Critical Introduction to Third World Politics

Abstract: In this completely revised second edition, Vicky Randall and Robin Theobald review the principal theoretical approaches to the postwar study of Third World politics. Instead of undergoing Western-model modernization as predicted, developing countries have seen the proliferation of one-party states, military coups, communal violence, corruption, and economic dependence. Randall and Theobald survey and analyze the varied theories born of these developments, with examples from such nations as Chile, Indonesia, Pakistan, Syria, Ghana, Nigeria, and Tanzania.This second edition has been expanded to include discussions of the international debt crisis, the impact of globalization on the postcolonial world, the rise of newly industrialized countries, and the upsurge in religion-based conflict in the post-Cold War era. Describing the strengths and weaknesses of the existing interpretive approaches to these issues, the authors explore the often difficult relationship between political change and economic development. At the same time they provide a comprehensive view into the turbulent politics of the Third World and suggest how future analysis can build on present approaches to reflect political reality more fully.An essential text for students of political science and Third World societies, this volume will also interest anyone seeking a clearer understanding of the current issues underlying the politics of these countries.

The Political Economy of Regionalism in Southern Africa

Abstract: Africa & the political economy of regionalism New regionalism Globalisation & regionalisation From co-ordination conference to development community Overview of southern African trade relations Free trade agreement Investment Further marginalisation or integration? The European Union & southern Africa The way forward.

International Trade Theories and the Evolving International Economy

Abstract: List of Tables List of Figures Acknowledgements Preface Part I: Trade and the International Economy 1. Boundary-transcending Technologies, Trade Development and the Micro-structural Activities of Firms 2. Borders, National Industrial Structures and International Trade Relations 3. The Changing Parameters of External Trade: The Integration and Growth of the International Economy in Historical Perspective Part II: General Theoretical Approaches to the Explanation of Trade Flows 4. Methodological Aspects of Conventional Explanations of International Trade Flows 5. The Classical Concept of Comarative Advantage: The Cosmopolitan Model of National Industrial Specialisation and International Exchange 6. The Neo-classical Heckscher-Ohlin Theory 7. Post-Leontief Orthodox Trade Explanations and Models Part III: The Structural Transformation of the International Trading System and Analyses of Specific Economic Relationships 8. International 'Competitiveness' and 'Revealed' Comparative Advantage 9. Modern Industrial Trade Structures and their New Orientations for Trade Theory 10. The Analysis of Dependent Trade Relationships as an Outcome of International Exchange Appendix: The Fragmentation of Sovereignty: Countries of the World by Region, Year of Independence, and Size of Population Bibliography Index

The structure of Third World economic interdependence

Abstract: Empirical studies of interdependence have mainly focused on whether interdependence has been increasing or declining on a world scale In this research note I examine the nature of economic interdependence in the less developed countries (LDCs) The main question that I address is whether LDCs are more economically dependent, in the sense of being more deeply involved in economic interdependence relationships, than developed countries (DCs) Richard Cooper and Edward Morse have argued that economic interdependence is associated with increased industrialization and modernization—implying that LDCs are less involved than DCs in interdependence relationships Empirical evidence presented here suggests that LDCs are, in fact, more dependent than DCs

Nationality Bias and Performance Evaluation in Multinational Corporations.

Abstract: There is no prior research on the impact of nationality on performance appraisals in multinational corporations. The current study provides evidence regarding nationality bias utilizing supervisory ratings in a sample of Japanese-owned firms in the United States. The results indicate that Japanese supervisors are biased favoring their Japanese subordinates over Americans.

Trade liberalization experience in the Philippines, 1960-84

Abstract: The study traces the evolution of policies and/or factors that influenced the process of implementing a trade liberalization policy in the Philippines for the period of 1960-1984. Starting with a description of the Philippine economy’s attributes, in terms of population and labor force, investment, capital and industry characteristics, the study goes on to describe observable long-term policy patterns, using several commercial and financial indicators to discern the degree of restriction or liberalization pursued by the country.

Breaking Trade Dependency: A Global Simulation of Third World Proposals for Alternative Trade Regimes

Abstract: Calls for a New International Economic Order included proposals for revision of the Liberal trade system in ways which would facilitate Third World development. To assess possible costs and consequences of these proposals a simulation model of the international trade system is employed here to explore changes in trade patterns which could result from alternative trade orders. Specifically, two proposed alternatives are compared to the existing order: one relatively moderate strategy which calls for concessionary tariffs to be granted to developing countries by advanced nations, and a second, more radical strategy which counsels economic disengagement of the South from the North in favor of Collective Self-reliance for the developing nations. The simulation exercise reveals potential difficulties associated with these strategies, including highly unequal distribution of benefits and costs, and the internal incompatibility of the multiple development objectives which these proposals contain. Should global trade relations be governed by the classic liberal norms of openness, non-discrimination and reciprocity, or should the world trade system be structured to facilitate progress in developing areas? For four decades now, trade relations between the industrialized North and the developing South have been deeply politicized because antagonisms go well beyond the individual commercial policies of particular countries and revolve around the trade regime itself. The industrialized countries were largely successful in establishing a liberal world trade order shortly after World War II. Developing nations questioned the underlying norms of this order from the outset and developed proposed regime alternatives over the ensuing years. As scholars, our understanding of the postwar liberal order and proposed alternatives-and thus our understanding of the North-South debate-has been limited by the fact that our observations are quite naturally restricted to outcomes produced by that existing Author's note: The research reported in this paper was conducted while the author was a research scientist in the Global Modeling Group of the International Institute of Comparative Social Research, Science Center Berlin. The extensive support of that institution is gratefully acknowledged. The author would also like to thank the editors of ISQ and three anonymous reviewers for several constructive criticisms and suggestions, and wishes it were possible to have been more responsive to these. An earlier version of this paper was delivered at the 22nd Annual Convention of the International Studies Association, March 1981.

Some aspects of population growth, trade, and factor mobility

Abstract: This paper examines whether and how international economic relations between the industrialized and the developing countries might accommodate the growing North-South demographic and income gaps. Three channels of international relations are analyzed: trade, capital movements, and international migration. The trade-offs, if any, between trade and factor movements, and between capital movements and international migration, are also investigated. The study combines economic theory and historical evidence on trade and factor movements.

World Trade and Payments

Abstract: The advantages of trade between vastly different economies are self-evident. It appears to help both countries that Britain should import, say, Ghanaian cocoa in exchange for machinery and equipment. The advantages of large-scale trade between economies at a similar stage of development, with similar cost structures, are not so readily apparent. Yet in recent years trade has grown fastest in manufactured products between industrial countries.

International Trade and the Evolution of the American Capital Market, 1888–1911

Abstract: We examine the relationship between international trade and regional American credit markets. The evidence presented suggests that foreign payment flows had a significant effect on the level of interest rates in the East North Central, West North Central, Pacific, and Southern regions of the United States.

World Trade Trends

Abstract: T has been a near continuous and extraordinarily rapid growth in world trade since the end of the World War-II. The value of world exports increased from $61 billion in 1950 to Sl28 billion in 1960, to S315 billion in 1970 and to S2,013 billion in 1980. World exports increased by 3,195 per cent over a period of 30 years, showing a compound growth rate of 12.36 per cent. The growth rate was the highest at 20.4 per cent during 1970-1979. as against 6.4 per cent in 1950-1960 and 9.3 per cent in 1960-1970.