Showing papers on "Globalization published in 1991"

Toward a Comprehensive Model of International Adjustment: An Integration of Multiple Theoretical Perspectives

Abstract: Primarily because of the significant rate and costs of failed international assignments, the attention paid by scholars to the topic of international adjustment has increased recently. Unfortunately, most of the work has been without substantial theoretical grounding. In an effort to move toward a theoretical framework for guiding future research, this article integrates theoretical and empirical work of both the international and the domestic adjustment literatures. This integration provides a more comprehensive framework than might be obtained from either of the literatures alone.

Economic Integration and Endogenous Growth

Abstract: In a world with two similar, developed economies, economic integration can cause a permanent increase in the worldwide rate of growth. Starting from a position of isolation, closer integration can be achieved by increasing trade in goods or by increasing flows of ideas. We consider two models with different specifications of the research and development sector that is the source of growth. Either form of integration can increase the long-run rate of growth if it encourages the worldwide exploitation of increasing returns to scale in the research and development sector. I. INTRODUCTION Many economists believe that increased economic integration between the developed economies of the world has tended to increase the long-run rate of economic growth. If they were asked to make an intuitive prediction, they would suggest that prospects for growth would be permanently diminished if a barrier were erected that impeded the flow of all goods, ideas, and people between Asia, Europe, and North America. Yet it would be difficult for any of us to offer a rigorous model that has been (or even could be) calibrated to data and that could justify this belief. We know what some of the basic elements of such a growth model would be. Historical analysis (e.g., Rosenberg [1980]) shows that the creation and transmission of ideas has been extremely important in the development of modern standards of living. Theoretical arguments dating from Adam Smith's analysis of the pin factory have emphasized the potential importance of fixed costs and the extent of the market. There is a long tradition in trade theory of using models with Marshallian external effects to approach questions about increasing returns. More recently, static models with fixed costs and international specialization have been proposed that come closer to Smith's description of the sources of the gains from trade [Dixit and Norman, 1980; Ethier, 1982; Krugman, 1979, 1981; Lancaster, 1980]. There are also dynamic models with fixed costs and differentiated products in which output

Cultural Complexity: Studies in the Social Organization of Meaning

Abstract: A rich, witty, and accessible introduction to the anthropology of contemporary cultures,Cultural Complexity emphasizes that culture is organized in terms of states, markets, and movements. Hannerz pays special attention to the interplay between the centralizing agencies of culture, such as schools and media, and the decentering diversity of subcultures, and considers the special role of cities as the centers of cultural growth. Hannerz discusses cultural process in small-scale societies, the concept of subcultures, and the economics and politics of culture. Finally, he presents the twentieth-century globalization of culture as a process of cultural diffusion, polycentralism, and local innovation, focusing on periods of intensive cultural productivity in Vienna, Calcutta, and San Francisco.

The Parochial Dinosaur: Organizational Science in a Global Context

Abstract: This article reviews academic management from three global perspectives: contextual, quantitative, and qualitative. Based on multiple methods of assessment, academic management is found to be overly parochial. Cultural values of the United States underlie and have fundamentally framed management research, thus imbuing organizational science with implicit, and yet inappropriate, universalism. Recommendations are made to develop a more globally relevant organizational science in which universal, regiocentric, intercultural, and culture-specific theories and research are clearly demarcated.

The move toward free trade zones

Abstract: From World War I1 until about 1980, regional free trade agreements and global trade negotiations under the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) could reasonably be seen as complements rather than substitutes-as two aspects of a broad march toward increasingly open international markets. Since then, however, the two have moved in opposite directions. The 1980s were marked by stunning and unexpected success for regional trading blocs. In Europe, the European Community (EC) not only enlarged itself to include the new democracies of Southern Europe, but made a lunge for an even higher degree of economic unity with the cluster of market-integrating measures referred to as "1992." In North America, Canada ended a century of ambivalence about regional integration by signing a free trade agreement (which is also to an important extent an investment agreement) with the United States; even more startlingly, the reformist Salinas government in Mexico has sought, and appears likely to get, the same thing. And in East Asia, 'while formal moves toward regional free trade are absent, there was after 1985 a noticeable increase in Japanese investment in and imports from the region's new manufacturing exporters.

Cost accounting, controlling labour and the rise of conglomerates

Abstract: Through a detailed critique of Johnson & Kaplan's Relevance Lost, (Johnson, H.T. & Kaplan, R.S., Relevance Lost: The Rise and Fall of Management Accounting (Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press, 1987)), based upon labour histories of control within North American firms, this article identifies major deficiencies in conventional historical studies of cost and management accounting and offers possibilities for their resolution. After noting the limitations of transaction cost theory for the theorisation of organisations and their history, the paper argues that accounting controls were not a consequence of economic or technological imperatives, but rather were rooted in struggles as firms attempted to control labour processes in various epochs of capitalistic development. Cost accounting developments are related to the destruction of internal subcontructing and craft control of production in early factories, the advent of “Scientific” Management and homogenised labour and, post-1930, with an accord between primary sectors of labour and corporations, which led to an increased emphasis on monopoly pricing, smoothing production and hence employment patterns, and a shift of economic pressures to secondary labour and producer markets. The paper concludes by arguing that, in the context of today's globalisation of capital, control associated with the labour and capital accord are being abandoned as corporations experiments with new methods and ideologies of control which are reflected in current fashions in accounting research.

The Political Economy of International Trade: Essays in Honour of Robert E. Baldwin.

Abstract: Part 1: Theory of trade policy with imperfect information Avinash Dixit strategic trade policy and the new international economics a critical analysis, Gottfried Haverlay the role of services in production and international trade a theoretical framework, Ronald W.Jones and Henry Kierzkowski the coefficient of trade utilization - back to the Baldwin envelope, James E Anderson and J.Peter Neary. Part 2: Trade policy issues, reflections on uniform taxation, Arnold C.Harberger intellectual property rights and north-south trade, Judith C.Chin and Gene M.Grossman optimal tariff retaliation rules, David F. Burgess international trade in capital and capital goods, Rachel McCulloch and J.David Richardson. Part 3 Political economy of trade policy asymmetries in policy between exportables and import-competing goods, Anne D.Krueger trade policy, development, and the new political economy, Gerald M.Meier does 1992 come before or after 1990? on regional versus multilateral integration, Andre Sapir. Part 4: empirical studies of trade issues the structure and effects of tariff and non-tariff barriers in 1983, Edward Leamer a computational analysis of alternative safe guards of policy scenarios in international trade, Alan V. Deardorff and Robert M. Stern direct foreign investments and trade in east and southeast Asia, Seiji Naya.

European trade patterns after the transition

Abstract: This paper concentrates on geographic direction of trade only It applies a fairly conventional gravity model technique to answer the question: What would be the geographic pattern of trade of East and Central Europe (ECE) if their trade were determined by the same factors as those that affect market economies? It consists of the following sections: (a) a general introduction to this question and the paper's objectives; (b) a presentation of the model and the estimation results for a sample of non-socialist countries; and (c) a report on the ECE simulations The paper concludes by predicting a dramatic shift in trade patterns and discusses the implications of such a shift

Global work force 2000: the new world labor market.

Abstract: Just as there are global markets for products, technology, and capital, managers must now think of one for labor. Over the next 15 years, human capital, once the most stationary factor in production, will cross national borders with greater and greater ease. Driving the globalization of labor is a growing imbalance between the world's labor supply and demand. While the developed world accounts for most of the world's gross domestic product, its share of the world work force is shrinking. Meanwhile, in the developing countries, the work force is quickly expanding as many young people approach working age and as women join the paid work force in great numbers. The quality of that work force is also rising as developing countries like Brazil and China generate growing proportions of the world's college graduates. Developing nations that combine their young, educated workers with investor-friendly policies could leapfrog into new industries. South Korea, Taiwan, Poland, and Hungary are particularly well positioned for such growth. And industrialized countries that keep barriers to immigration low will be able to tap world labor resources to sustain their economic growth. The United States and some European nations have the best chance of encouraging immigration, while Japan will have trouble overcoming its cultural and language barriers.

Sociology for one world: unity and diversity:

Abstract: In this Address I want to advocate a single Sociology, whose ultimate unity rests on acknowledging the universality of human reasoning; to endorse a single World, whose oneness is based on adopting a realist ontology; and to predicate any services the Discipline can give to this World upon accepting the fundamental unicity of Humanity. Ironically, just when globalisation has been growing in the world, so too have doubts about sociology as an international enterprise. This divergent development between the world and the discipline appears to be the direct result of the demise of positivism. Subsequent theorists have polarised into advocates of `false universalism', e.g. `modernisation theory', `dependency theory' and the post-modernist view of `modernity', all of which assume unitary processes with uniform results - to which international sociology stands opposed. Alternatively they have become celebrants of incommensurable diversity, resting on the assumptions of relativism, which would outlaw internation...

Globalization and information management strategies

Abstract: Recent globalization initiatives have encouraged firms to consider new organizational strategies and to change their coordination and control systems, management processes, and organization structu...

Globalization frustrated: The case of white goods

Abstract: This paper challenges the common view that mature industries are always ripe for global strategies. Based on data from the European Domestic Appliance industry, this paper shows how changing economic conditions can diminish the value of global strategies. Critical in these shifts were simultaneous rises in demand for variety (that eroded the benefits of scale and continental market share) and decreases in manufacturing scale (that permitted new supply options), which reduced the extent of the strategic market to national dimensions. They added complexity that decreased the profitability of the global players and increased that of national strategies. The fluctuating fortunes of leading firms are shown to have been caused primarily by choices of strategy, not by national factor costs.

A changeless land: Continuity and change in Philippine politics

Abstract: Since 1492, the distinct cultures, peoples, and languages of four continents have met in the Caribbean and intermingled in wave after wave of post-Columbian encounters, with foods and their styles of preparation being among the most consumable of the converging cultural elements. This book traces the pathways of migrants and travellers and the mixing of their cultures in the Caribbean from the Atlantic slave trade to the modern tourism economy. As an object of cultural exchange and global trade, food offers an intriguing window into this world. The many topics covered in the book include foodways, Atlantic history, the slave trade, the importance of sugar, the place of food in African-derived religion, resistance, sexuality and the Caribbean kitchen, contemporary Caribbean identity, and the politics of the new globalisation. The author draws on archival sources and European written descriptions to reconstruct African foodways in the diaspora and places them in the context of archaeology and oral traditions, performance arts, ritual, proverbs, folktales, and the children's song game "Congotay." Enriching the presentation are sixteen recipes located in special boxes throughout the book.

Social Movement Theory and the Sociology of Religion: Toward a New Synthesis*

Abstract: Despite a similar genesis in the classic nineteenth century theories of social change, scholarly analyses of religious and social movements have frequently addressed different problems and formulated separate paradigms. This divergence is discussed with reference to historical, ideological, and conceptual factors. Current religions and social movements, it is proposed, increasingly have much in common both structurally and ideologically. Three processes - contestation, globalization, and empowerment - are identified as characteristic of contemporary movements. The article concludes by advocating a fresh perspective on religion and contemporary social movements where the central thrust would be on the construction of new grievances, identities, and modes of association by collective actors. Since the founding of sociology in the nineteenth century, religious and social movements have occupied the same analytic corners of the discipline. Yet, more often than not, sociologists of religion and specialists in the study of social movements have failed to recognize the common grounds in which the two types of movements are rooted, opting instead to address different problems and formulate separate paradigms. While some individual researchers - notably John Lofland, Rodney Stark, and John Wilson - have been contributors to both sociological specialities, for the most part each has tended to be an "isolated subcultural universe" sealed off from the ideas and approaches of the other (Robbins, 1988a: 17).

Marketing strategy: a customer-driven approach

Abstract: "Marketing Strategy" has become a classic centrist marketing text. Now, Steven Schnaars has updated and revised this clearly written, classroom-tested, and essential text to accommodate rapid changes in the business world. Combining his centrist approach to basic theory with practical real-world examples, this updated edition includes new and expanded chapters on price as a competitive weapon (with a discussion on "everyday low pricing" versus hi-low promotional pricing"), speed as a strategy (including the strategic uses of computers), globalization (including the customization-standardization debate), and customer satisfaction. Throughout, Schnaars focuses on the three Cs: customers, competition, and changing market trends.

Global environmental politics

Abstract: List of Illustrations Acknowledgments List of Acronyms Chronology 1 The Emergence of Global Environmental Politics Global Macrotrends An Introduction to Global Environmental Politics International Regimes in Global Environmental Politics Paradigms in Global Environmental Politics Conclusion 2 Actors in the Environmental Arena Nation-State Actors: Roles and Interests Intergovernmental Organizations Treaty Secretariats Multilateral Financial Institutions Regional and Other Multilateral Organizations Nongovernmental Organizations Business and Industry Conclusion 3 The Development of Environmental Regimes: Chemicals, Wastes, and Climate Change Ozone Depletion Hazardous Waste Toxic Chemicals Climate Change Conclusion 4 The Development of Environmental Regimes: Natural Resources, Species, and Habitats Biodiversity Loss Whaling International Trade in Endangered Species Fisheries Depletion Desertification Forests Conclusion 5 Effective Environmental Regimes: Obstacles and Opportunities Obstacles to Creating Strong Environmental Regimes Obstacles to Effective National Implementation and Compliance with Global Environmental Regimes Opportunities to Improve Effective Implementation and Compliance Increasing Financial Resources for Implementing Global Environmental Regimes Conclusion 6 Environmental Politics and Sustainable Development North-South Relations and Sustainable Development The Social Pillar of Sustainable Development Economic Development and Trade Conclusion 7 The Future of Global Environmental Politics Sustainable Development and Globalization: Dueling Paradigms Global Environmental Governance in a Changing International System The Continuing Evolution of Global Environmental Governance From the Millennium Development Goals to Sustainable Development Goals? Conclusion: The Prospects for Global Environmental Politics Notes Index

International Management Behavior

Abstract: Introduction: management and culture the influence of culture on management behavior conducting business internationally new perspectives - globalization and the global manager ability to develop and use global strategic skills ability to manage change and transition ability to manage cultural diversity ability to design and to function in flexible organizations ability to work with others and in teams ability to communicate ability to learn and to transfer knowledge in an organization objectives of this book - orientations components of effective management action the readings and cases a note about disguised cases and terminology disguised cases terminology - gender terminology, geography and nationality. Part 1 Intercultural effectiveness in global management: intercultural communication and effectiveness the dynamics of differing world views descriptions, interpretations and evaluations a general model of interpersonal and team effectiveness cultural maps some clarifications and caveats value orientations framework - a map relation to nature time orientation basic nature of human beings activity orientation relationships among people orientation to space summary applications of the model a final caution - knowledge does not equal skill reading 1 - key concepts - underlying structures of culture, Edward Hall and Mildred Hall reading 2 - cultural constraints in management theories, Geert Hofstede reading 3 - the Japanese manager's traumatic entry into the United States, understanding the Japanese-American cultural divide, Richard Linowes reading 4 - face to face - doing business the Mexican way, Kathryn Leger READING 5 - understanding the bear - a portrait of Russian business leaders, Sheila Puffer, case 1 - David Shorter, case 2 - Bob Chen, case 3 - Japanese-American Seating Inc, case 4 - Canada China Computer Crises, a revised case 5 - Footwear International, case 6 - Provigo Distribution, case 7 - urban architecture. Part 2 Implementing strategy, structure and systems: introduction - a global balancing act strategy in global organizations - culture's influence on strategy and implementation, the optimal strategy business, risk structures - organizing for effectiveness - culture's influence on structure, the optimal structure systems - managing the global expatriates - selection training, the reality of culture shock, repatriations conclusion - reading 6 - strategic mangement thought in East Asia, Rosalie Tung, reading 7: matrix management - not a structure, a frame of mind, C. Barlett and S. Ghosal, reading 8 - cross-cultural co-operative behaviour in joint ventures in LDC's, H. Lane and P. Beamish, reading 9 - human resources systems in an international alliance - the undoing of a done deal?, Wayne F. Cascio et al, reading 10 - competitive frontiers - women managing across borders, Nancy Adler. (Part contents)

International Politics: Enduring Concepts and Contemporary Issues

Abstract: PART 1 ANARCHY AND ITS CONSEQUENCES Power and Morality in Statecraft Hans J. Morgenthau Six Principles of Political Realism J. Ann Tickner A Critique of Morgenthau's Principles of Political Realism The Consequences of Anarchy Kenneth N. Waltz The Anarchic Structure of World Politics John J. Mearsheimer Anarchy and the Struggle for Power Alexander Wendt Anarchy Is What States Make of It The Mitigation of Anarchy Kenneth A. Oye The Conditions for Cooperation in World Politics Michael W. Doyle Kant, Liberal Legacies, and Foreign Affairs Stephen M. Walt Alliances: Balancing and Bandwagoning Hans J. Morgenthau The Future of Diplomacy Stanley Hoffmann The Uses and Limits of International Law Robert O. Keohane International Institutions Adam Roberts The United Nations and International Security PART 2 THE USES OF FORCE The Political Uses of Force Robert J. Art The Four Functions of Force Thomas C. Schelling The Diplomacy of Violence Robert J. Art Coercive Diplomacy Robert Jervis Offense, Defense, and the Security Dilemma *Bruce Hoffman What Is Terrorism? The Political Utility of Force Today Robert J. Art The Fungibility of Force Robert A. Pape The Logic of Suicide Terrorism The Spread of Nuclear Weapons Scott D. Sagan Nuclear Instability in South Asia Kenneth N. Waltz Nuclear Stability in South Asia PART 3 THE INTERNATIONAL POLITICAL ECONOMY Perspectives on Political Economy Robert Gilpin The Nature of Political Economy Robert O. Keohane Hegemony in the World Political Economy Bruce R. Scott The Great Divide in the Global Village The Meaning of Globalization Jeffrey Frankel The Globalization of the International Economy *Martin Wolf Will Globalization Survive? Kenneth N. Waltz Globalization and Governance The Pros and Cons of Globalization Dani Rodrik Trading in Illusions John Micklethwait Why the Globalization Backlash is Stupid and Adrain Wooldridge PART 4 CONTEMPORARY WORLD POLITICS Conflict, War, and Terrorism Robert Jervis The Era of Leading Power Peace Samuel P. Huntington The Clash of Civilizations? *Fareed Zakaria Why Do They Hate Us? The Uses of, and Reactions to, U.S. Power Robert Jervis Explaining the Bush Doctrine *F. Gregory Gause III Can Democracy Stop Terrorism? *Stephen M. Walt Taming American Power Civil Wars, and Nation-Building Chaim Kaufmann Possible and Impossible Solutions to Ethnic Civil Wars *James Dobbins Nation-Building by the UN and the U.S. *James L. Payne Deconstructing Nation Building The Environment and Climate Change Garrett Hardin The Tragedy of the Commons *Thomas Homer-Dixon Environmental Changes as a Cause of Acute Conflict *John Browne Beyond Kyoto New Actors and New Forces Margaret E. Keck Transnational Activists Networks and Kathryn Sikkink Rhoda E. Howard Human Rights in World Politics and Jack Donnelly *Daniel W. Drezner The State and Global Governance of the Internet *Andrew Moravcsik Europe without Illusions *Richard K. Betts and The Rise of China: Getting the Questions Right Thomas J. Christensen Moses Naim The Five Wars of Globalization Stephen R. Ratner International Law: The Trials of Global Norms

From Old Boys to Men and Women of the Corporation: The Americanization and Commodification of Australian Sport

Abstract: Although there are obvious American influences on Australian popular culture, the term “Americanization” is of limited help in explaining the elaborate form and content of Australian sport. The recent transformation from amateur to corporate sport in Australia has been determined by a complex array of internal and international social forces, including Australia’s polyethnic population, its semiperipheral status in the capitalist world system, its federal polity, and its membership in the Commonwealth of Nations. Americanization is only one manifestation of the integration of amateur and professional sport into the media industries, advertising agencies, and multinational corporations of the world market. Investment in sport by American, British, New Zealand, Japanese, and Australian multinational companies is part of their strategy of promoting “good corporate citizenship,” which also is evident in art, cinema, dance, music, education, and the recent bicentennial festivities. It is suggested that the political economy of Australian sport can best be analyzed by concepts such as “post-Fordism,” the globalization of consumerism, and the cultural logic of late capitalism, all of which transcend the confines of the United States.

Mapping Meaning, Denoting Difference, Imagining Identity: Dialectical Images and Postmodern Geographies

Abstract: This paper explores some common ground between cultural studies and geographic approaches to globalization and modernity. An understanding of the revalidation of place and locality associated with ...

The reception of American law in Europe

Abstract: The internationalization of law has become a matter of great significance due to the increasing population mobility and to the growth rate of the world economy. A series of recent events evidence a new dimension of internationalization, both in their form and in their effect. One example is the standardization of law within the European Community. Whereas to a certain extent this arises automatically, owing to the close economic and political relationships between member countries of the EC, it also results from the internationalization and globalization of financial markets. A second development, less spectacular but of more far-reaching consequence, is the subject of this paper: The Reception of American Law in Europe. At the outset, some preliminary matters of terminology need clarification. This concept of reception is not a new approach to the comparison of continental European and Anglo-American law.' Rather, it focuses on the specific role played in Europe by the law of the United States of America since World War II. A number of observations contained herein relate to the European Continent as a whole, including Great Britain. The following discussion, though restricted primarily to developments in Switzerland,2 should be of general, conceptual interest given the fact that the Swiss legal system has always been especially open to foreign law. The term "reception" is intended to denote the integration of foreign ideas and ways of thinking. There exists a certain degree of consensus in favor of the conviction that all reception procedures should be seen as cultural and social procedures. This is particularly relevant to the ter-

The Internationalisation of the State

Abstract: The national state was the basis of the regulatory framework of modern corporate capitalism. International coordination of state functions is based on bureaucratic corporatist bargaining through formal and informal structures. The globalisation of social relations puts increasing pressure on both national and international state structures, and requires a popular internationalist response.

Why Is Business Talking About Ethics?: Reflections on Foreign Conversations

Abstract: History tells us that business ethics is a subject that comes and goes. So the interesting question is: Why are the ethics of business discussed in one era and not another? Based on conversations with business people and academics from Japan, Europe, and Latin America, this article looks at some of the reasons why ethics is currently on the minds of business men and women. Political conservatism, deregulation, moral pluralism, and globalization emerge as themes that underlie the recent interest in ethics.