Showing papers on "Globalization published in 1992"

Globalization: Social Theory and Global Culture

Abstract: Globalization as a Problem The Cultural Turn Mapping the Global Condition World-Systems Theory, Culture and Images of World Power Japanese Globality and Japanese Religion The Universalism-Particularism Issue 'Civilization,' Civility and the Civilizing Process Globalization Theory and Civilization Analysis Globality, Modernity and the Issue of Postmodernity Globalization and the Nostalgic Paradigm 'The Search for Fundamentals' in Global Perspective Concluding Reflections

The Limits to Globalization: Technology Districts and International Trade

Abstract: The proportion of traded goods in world output has been rising steadily over the past several decades. When we look at specific products exported by the advanced industrial nations, increasing export specialization is evident. Such specialization cannot be explained by conventional notions of comparative advantage, nor entirely by the new trade theory based on economies of scale. Rather, a significant proportion must be due to technological or “absolute” advantages on the part of the specialized exporter, and a significant dimension of technological advantage is product-based and renewed through learning, giving rise to dynamic economies of variety as a source of export specialization. Industries characterized by such product-based learning and absolute advantage tend to have important developmental effects on their host economies because they earn quasi-rents. Such industries also tend to be organized into production networks combining the advantages of specialization and flexibility, which are k...

Transnational Management:Text, Cases, and Readings In Cross Border Management

Abstract: Part 1 The Strategic Imperatives Chapter 1 Expanding Abroad: Motivations, Means, and Mentalities Case 1-1 Lincoln Electric Case 1-2 Jollibee Foods Corporation (A): International Expansion Case 1-3 Acer, Inc.: Taiwan's Rampaging Dragon Case 1-4 Research in Motion: Managing Explosive Growth Reading 1-1 The Tortuous Evolution of the Multinational Corporation Reading 1-2 Distance Still Matters: The Hard Reality of Global Expansion Reading 1-3 When You Shouldn't Go Global Chapter 2 Understanding the International Context: Responding to Conflicting Environmental Forces Case 2-1 Global Wine Wars 2009: New World versus Old Case 2-2 The Globalization of CEMEX Case 2-3 Mattel and the Toy Recalls (A) Reading 2-1 Culture and Organization Reading 2-2 Clusters and the New Economics of Competition Chapter 3 Developing Transnational Strategies: Building Layers of Competitive Advantage Case 3-1 Marketing the "$100 Laptop" (A) Case 3-2 Global Branding of Stella Artois Case 3-3 GE's Imagination Breakthrough: The Evo Project Reading 3-1 Managing Differences: The Central Challenge of Global Strategy Reading 3-2 How Local Companies Keep Multinationals at Bay Reading 3-3 Regional Strategies for Global Leadership Part 2: The Organizational Challenge Chapter 4 Developing a Transnational Organization: Managing Integration, Responsiveness, and Flexibility Case 4-1 Philips versus Matsushita: Competing Strategic and Organizational Choices Case 4-2 ECCO A/S - Global Value Chain Management Case 4-3 World Vision International's AIDS Initiative: Challenging a Global Partnership Reading 4-1 Managing Multicultural Teams Reading 4-2 Managing Executive Attention in the Global Company Reading 4-3 Matrix Management: Not a Structure, a Frame of Mind Chapter 5 Creating Worldwide Innovation and Learning: Exploiting Cross Border Knowledge Management Case 5-1 Siemens AG: Global Development Strategy Case 5-2 P&G Japan: The SK-II Globalization Project Case 5-3 McKinsey & Company: Managing Knowledge and Learning Reading 5-1 Building Effective R&D Capabilities Abroad Reading 5-2 Connect and Develop: Inside Procter & Gamble's New Model for Innovation Reading 5-3 Finding, Forming, and Performing: Creating Networks for Discontinuous Innovation Chapter 6 Engaging in Cross-Border Collaboration: Managing across Corporate Boundaries Case 6-1 Nora-Sakari: A Proposed JV in Malaysia (Revised) Case 6-2 Mahindra and Mahindra Ltd.--Farm Equipment Sector: Acquisition of Jiangling Tractor Company Case 6-3 Eli Lilly in India: Rethinking the Joint Venture Strategy Reading 6-1 The Design and Management of International Joint Ventures Reading 6-2 Collaborate with Your Competitors - and Win Part 3: The Managerial Implications Chapter 7 Implementing the Strategy: Building Multidimensional Capabilities Case 7-1 ING Insurance in Asia/Pacific Case 7-2 BRL Hardy: Globalizing an Australian Wine Company Case 7-3 Silvio Napoli at Schindler India (A) Reading 7-1 Local Memoirs of a Global Manager Reading 7-2 Tap Your Subsidiaries for Global Reach Chapter 8 The Future of the Transnational: An Evolving Global Role Case 8-1 Hitting the Wall: Nike and International Labor Practices Case 8-2 IKEA's Global Sourcing Challenge: Indian Rugs and Child Labor(A) Case 8-3 Killer Coke: Campaign Against Coca-Cola Case 8-4 Genzyme's CSR Dilemma: How to Play its HAND Reading 8-1 Values in Tension: Ethics Away From Home Reading 8-2 Serving the World's Poor, Profitably

Liberation Management: Necessary Disorganization for the Nanosecond Nineties

Abstract: In this radical work, brimming with illuminating examples from innovative companies around the world, Peters shows how two primary forces - globalization and information technology - are bringing about the most drastic transformation in the history of business. To meet the challenges of the future, managers must change in equally drastic ways if they are to succeed in tomorrow's world. Using extensive case studies from all corners of the world economy, Peters shows that as products multiply, speed and flexibility are becoming of paramount importance and new units will usurp traditional management structures, liberating individuals. This ground-breaking book is as important for the 1990s as In Search of Excellence and Thriving on Chaos were for the 1980s, to anyone concerned with management thinking, and is essential reading for everyone responsible for a business or for his or her own future.

Culture, Globalization and the World-System: Contemporary Conditions for the Representation of Identity

Abstract: Introduction.- A.D.King The Local and the Global: Globalization and Ethnicity.- S.Hall Old and New Identities.- S.Hall Social Theory, Cultural Relativity and the Politics of Globality.- R.Robertson The National and the Universal: Can there be such a thing as World Culture?.- I.Wallerstein Scenarios for Peripheral Cultures.- U.Hannerz Interrogating Theories of the Global.- J.AbuLughod, B.Abou-el-Haj, M.Turim, A.King & J.Tagg The Global and the Specific: Reconciling Conflicting Theories of Culture.- J.Wolff.

Managing sustainable development

Abstract: The authors of this book propose a means to organize environmental management that can best address the challenges posed by sustainable development. Industrialism has spread throughout the world resulting in considerable inequalities between high income and low income regions. Ever-growing capitalism puts tremendous global stress on the environment suggesting limits to modernity. Neither socialist centralized planning nor liberal capitalism can appropriately address regional continental and global environmental crises. The traditional analytic scientific approach of analyzing components of ecosystems does not have the answer to environmental problems. Flexible nonhierarchical partnerships between various interests called action-centered networks are an important innovation. Both developing and developed countries at all levels can implement such networks. They encourage policy integration and consensus required to achieve the structural change in industrial and industrializing societies. Examples of existing networks include local Groundwork Trusts in the UK the California Growth Management Consensus Project Innovations in Development for Environmental Action (IDEA) in 7 developing countries at the regional/fluvial level and the Netherlands National Environment Policy Plan. What is needed is a multisector action-centered network for environmental management at the international level. Networks already exist linking nongovernmental organizations from around the world. The Business Council for Sustainable Development fosters discussions in business on environmental issues. Many people favor a Marshall Plan which would transfer money and technology from market-economy countries to former communist countries and developing countries to help achieve sustainable development. It also needs a transfer of skills in environmental management and medication.

Opening up international trade with Eastern Europe

Abstract: Trade with Eastern Europe Carl B. Hamilton and L Alan Winters Previous economic policy in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe sought to restrict international trade with market economies. Hence, liberalization and reform should now lead to a huge increase in such trade. This will have a major impact both on the reforming economies and on their new trade partners. First, we develop an empirical model of trade flows between existing market economies, and use this to forecast long-run trade flows as the former Soviet Union and Eastern Europe are reabsorbed into the world economy. Second, we provide a more detailed analysis of one key sector, agricultural trade. We compare and contrast three regime changes: reform in the East, admission of the East to the EC CAP and worldwide success on agricultural liberalization in the GATT. Third, we adduce evidence of high quality human capital in Eastern Europe and argue that this will tend to confer a comparative advantage in quite sophisticated products. We conclude by stressing that since trade cannot be permanently and profoundly unbalanced, Western market economies can enjoy potential gains from trade only if they allow market access to emergent producers from the former Soviet Union and Eastern Europe.

Higher Education in a World Market: An Historical Look at the Global Context of International Study.

Abstract: Recognizing that academic, scientific and technological strengths have become increasingly important in international relations, this study hypothesizes that the flow of knowledge resources among nations is interconnected with global political, economic and cultural relationships. As a means of validating this premise, this study analyzes one component of academic interaction - international study at the level of higher education. This article outlines changes in international study patterns in the decades following World War n and explores how the postwar context affected international exchange relationships. International exchange during the 1960s and 1970s indicated strong participation by students from Third World nations and the popularity of five industrialized host nations. These relationships are explored through a statistical study of the flow of students from 18 developing nations out to the world and to the United States in particular. The findings assess the importance of key economic factors (such as involvement in global trade and concentration of trade), educational variables (including national emphasis on education and the availability of domestic opportunities) and political arenas (such as international assistance and scholarship dependency) in determining international study patterns. As current shifts in our postwar world order unfold before us, better understanding of historical factors underlying international exchange may be instrumental as we anticipate its future within the context of new geopolitical alliances.

Coming to America : a history of immigration and ethnicity in American life

Abstract: With a timely new chapter on immigration in the current age of globalization, a new Preface, and new appendixes with the most recent statistics, this revised edition is an engrossing study of immigration to the United States from the colonial era to the present.

World Bank Financing of Education: Lending, Learning and Development

Abstract: Based on detailed analysis of thousands of confidential World Bank documents, this book demonstrates that the World Bank lies at the centre of the major changes in global education of our time. It outlines the evolution of World Bank lending policies in education, and assesses the policy impact of the Bank's educational projects, looking at how it has: * shaped the economic and social policies of many governments, including policies that affect education * been an influential proponent of the rapid expansion of formal education systems around the world, financing much of that expansion * been instrumental in forging those policies that see education as a precursor to modernisation * served as a major purveyor of Western ideas about how education and the economy are, or should be, related. Following on from the success of the first edition, this revised edition covers topical issues of globalisation and looks into the political debate concerning aid to developing countries. It will be of enormous value to those studying, or working in, educational policy in developing countries, international organisations and financial institutions, and aid agencies.

The Globalization of Business Ethics: Why America Remains Distinctive

Abstract: During the last decade, highly publicized incidents of business misconduct have occurred in virtually every major industrial economy. These scandals have played a critical role in increasing public, business, and academic awareness of issues of business ethics throughout the United States, Europe, and Asia. Yet the extent of both public and academic interest in business ethics remains substantially greater in the United States than in any other capitalist nation. Moreover, the way Americans approach ethical issues remains distinctive. This article shows how the distinctive institutional, legal, social, and cultural context of American society has affected the way Americans perceive the ethical dimensions of business.

A North American Free Trade Agreement: Analytical Issues and a Computational Assessment

Abstract: The following sections are included:IntroductionIssues in Analyzing the Economic Impact of the NAFTAThe Computational ModelComputational ResultsConclusionsStudy QuestionsReferencesSuggested Further Reading

The Mythology About Globalization

Abstract: This paper challenges certain everyday, widespread assumptions about the meaning, evidence and evaluation of `globalization'. Both as a journey and a destination, of late this notion has taken on a life of its own. In this essay, seven myths about globalization— `Big Is Better', `More Is Better', `Time and Space Have Disappeared', `Global Cultural Homogeneity', `Saving Planet Earth', `Democracy for Export via American TV' and `The New World Order'—are critically explored in the context of globalization as a historical process and a normative goal. Using myth as a way of classifying sets of ideas about world history, politics, economics, culture, communication and ecology, the argument is made that they serve ideological as well as explanatory ends.

The problem of ‘globalization”: international economic relations,national ecnomic management and the formation of trading blocs

Abstract: How can we characterize the present state of the world economy? These are the questions considered in this paper. The paper attempts to define exactly what the term 'globalization of economic relations'means and then examines how far the present tendencies in the international economy meet this definition. The conclution is thatsuch a globalized economy does not yet exist. Incontrast we highlight the formation of trading blocs,and the coninued salience of 'national economic management' as structuring the international economy. As the most pertinent example of the formation of a trading bloc the paper considers the attempts to integrate the european Community into a cohesive economic management and regulatory entity. Thepolitical problems and obstacles to this are highlighted. Finally the paper looks at the impact of the present tendencies in the international economy for a range of secondry Parties in that economy, like the LDCs, the 'Cairns Group' economies, the ex-Soviet type economies, and China.

The Europeanization of manufacturing and the decentralization of bargaining: multinational management strategies in the European automobile industry

Abstract: In their search for productivity and quality improvements, multinationals increasingly make use of their integrated operations in order to win agreement in local bargaining, on issues such as machine running time, the shift system and flexible working practices. In this situation, local bargaining between the industrial relations actors takes on a strategic role. A common multinational strategy is to link success in local bargaining to investment policy. National differences in industrial relations systems only seem to affect the mode of local negotiation, rather than the trend towards decentralization. Convergent forces in the shape of the globalization of markets, European legislation and common product standards, as well as the easing of cross-border shipments of components or half-finished products, have led to the emergence of remarkably similar operational requirements in management policies in various countries. This new dimension of multinationals' corporate strategy has not yet been sufficiently ...

Saving and investment in a global economy

Abstract: The emergence of large trade imbalances among the industrial countries during the 1980s - particularly the massive deficit of the United States and the surpluses of Germany and Japan - has led to growing disenchantment with the international economic system But while many critics point to unfair trade practices as the cause of these imbalances, Barry Bosworth contends that this emphasis is misplaced Instead, he argues, the trade disparities are not the result of external infractions, but rather a reflection of domestic failures The United States, for example, with its large government budget deficit and low rate of private saving, must borrow abroad to finance its investment Similarly, trade surpluses of countries such as Japan are indicative of a surplus of national saving over investment needs, rather than restrictive trade practices Bosworth explains that the existence of large trade imbalances became possible in the 1980s because of the development of an international capital market that greatly reduced the barriers to borrowing and lending across national borders The result is an international system in which national economies are closely linked through international capital markets as well as trade in goods and services Bosworth uses data from the major industrial countries to highlight the process by which changes in domestic rates of saving and investment lead to changes in interest rates, exchange rates, and trade balances He first examines the reasons for the decline in rates of national saving and investment that have been evident throughout the industrialized world One conclusion is that large and sustained trade imbalances are likely to be a common feature of the international economy in the future He then focuses on the role of exchange rates in the process of adjusting to trade imbalances, and considers whether the wide fluctuations in exchange rates that have occurred are a cause of concern or simply an integral part of the international adjustment ot the divergent patterns of national saving and investment

A Manager's Guide to Globalization: Six Keys to Success in a Changing World

Abstract: The forces of technology, political freedom, economic competition, and entrepreneurial ingenity weave a fabric of rapid change throughout the business world. Managers must prepare their teams to tackle the new world order--or lose a competitive edge. This guide helps managers implement the six key skills that will be needed to effectively compete in an increasingly internationally challenging environment.

Multinational Enterprises and the Global Economy, Second Edition

Abstract: Since the initial publication of this book more than a decade ago, the economic, managerial and social implications of globalisation and technological advancement have become even more varied and prominent. Accompanying these developments, there has been a rise in scholarly interest in interdisciplinary research addressing the important challenges of an ever-changing physical and human environment. Drawing on articles and books from international business and economics, as well as economic geography, political economy and strategic management, a systematic overview of the developments in scholarly thinking is presented, while also highlighting the emerging topical issues and methodologies. This thoroughly updated and revised edition of a widely acclaimed, classic text will be required reading for academics, policymakers and advanced students of international business worldwide. Employing a distinctive and unified framework, this book draws together research across a range of academic fields to offer a synthesis of the determinants of MNE activity, and its effects on the economic and social well-being of developed and developing countries. Unique to the new edition is its focus on the institutional underpinnings of the resources and capabilities of MNEs, and the role of MNE activity in transmitting and facilitating institutional change.

Technology management and international business: Internationalization of R&D and technology

Abstract: List of contributors preface list of abbreviations. Part 1: Introduction and overview. Part 2: Multinational enterprises and the globalization of innovatory capacity. Part 3: Large firms in the production of the world's technology - an important case of "non-globalization". Part 4: The internationalization of technological activity and its implications for competitiveness. Part 5: Locational determinants of foreign R&D in Swedish multinationals. Part 6: Business culture and international technology - research manager's perceptions of recent changes in corporate R&D. Part 7: Internationalization of research and development among the world's leading enterprises - survey analysis of organization and motivation. Part 8: Management of international R&D operations. Part 9: Internationalization and diversification of multi-technology corporations. Part 10: International collaborative ventures and U.S. firms' R&D strategies. Part 11: Summary and implications.

The Visual Components of Print Advertising: A Five‐country Cross‐cultural Analysis

Abstract: Today, one of the most important and creative challenges in international advertising is communicating to people of diverse cultures and nations The challenge arises because of increasing globalization of economies, cultural and national differences, and advanced media technology A review of the literature suggests a need for comparative analysis of advertising practices Analyses, empirically, magazine advertisements from the US, UK, France, India and Korea to identify cross‐cultural similarities and differences in the visual appeal

Public Policy in the Learning Society

Abstract: Introduction Recently, several writers have argued that globalisation erodes national specificity and leads to long term convergence of structure, institutional set up, culture and, as a consequence, economic performance of countries. This does not correspond to observable facts nor has it been the message of this book. One of the most interesting developments of the 1980's is that despite globalisation, the distinctive features of national environments, have attracted much greater analytical attention than previously (Porter, 1990, Butry, 1991) and are seen by many authors as explaining differences among countries in competitiveness, growth and income. While the post war, ‘golden age’ growth period from the early 1950's to the early 1970's was characterised by convergence between the OECD countries (Gomulka, 1971, Cornwall, 1977, Maddison, 1982 and Abramovitz, 1989), as well as by a trend towards an increase in economic and social integration and reduction in inequalities inside nations (cf. the small but real closing of the gab between the Mezzogiornio and Northern Italy and a lowering of income distribution inequality in many OECD countries), the diverging features have been significantly more important in the two following decades. National specificity remains important and appears quite definitely to bear a relation to the capacity to produce, acquire, adopt and use technology. The erosion of the autonomy of national systems through globalisation is not synonymous with convergence and improved integration.

International Trade with Lumpy Countries

Abstract: This paper explores the implications for the pattern of international trade of differences among regions within countries--what we call "lumpiness." If factors of production are sufficiently unevenly distributed across regions, then the pattern of trade of the country as a whole may depart from what it would have been had factors been evenly distributed. Thus lumpiness in the geographical distribution of factors can be a determinant of trade. We show in particular that if other determinants of trade are absent, then a country will tend to export the good that intensively uses its lumpier (i.e., more unevenly distributed) factor.

The decaying pillars of the Westphalian temple: implications for international order and governance

Abstract: Everything in the world has changed except our thinking. Albert Einstein We playwrights who have to cram a whole human life or an entire historical era into a two-hour play, can scarcely understand this rapidity [of change] ourselves. And if it gives us trouble, think of the trouble it must give political scientists who have less experience with the realm of the improbable. President Vaclav Havel of Czechoslovakia, Address to U.S. Congress, February 1990 International relations scholars are one of the most conservative groups of social scientists in the world in the sense that we are very skeptical, if not cynical, about the possibility of fundamental change in the parameters of our area of study. In fact, we generally believe that illusions concerning the possibility of major change can wreak greater havoc in the world than a realistic acceptance of the rather nasty nature of international politics. The basic reality that we feel we must accept is a system of states that are subject to minimal international governance and that go to war regularly to realize various goals. In the present era our long-held and justifiable cynicism concerning the possibility for change in the traditional interstate system could blind us to a significant transformation in global politics. Increasingly, academic experts and policy-makers are observing explicitly or implicitly that the international system might be in the midst of some fundamental political changes.

Global Politics: Globalization and the Nation-State

Abstract: Preface. Acknowledgements. List of Contributors. 1. Conceptualizing Global Politics: Anthony G. McGrew. Part I: Superpower Rivalry and Global Political Competition. 2. Superpower Rivalry and the End of the a Cold Wara : Paul G. Lewis. 3. The Superpowers and Regional Conflict: David Potter. 4. Superpower Rivalry and US Hegemony in Central America: Anthony G. McGrew. Part II: Technology and Global Integration. 5. Military Technology and the Dynamics of Global Militarization: Anthony G. McGrew. 6. Regimes and the Global Commons: John Vogler. 7. Global Technologies and Political Change in Eastern Europe: Nigel Swain. Part III: A Global Economy?. 8. The International Economic Order between the Wars: Richard Bessel. 9. The Nature and Government of the Global Economy: Jeremy Mitchell. 10. Economic Autonomy and the Advanced Industrial State: Grahame Thompson. 11. The Autonomy of 'Third Worlda states within the Global Economy: David Potter. 12. Conceptualizing the Global Economy: Roger Tooze. Part IV: Modernity, Globalization and the Nation--State. 13. Modernization, Globalization and the Nation--State: Michael Smith. 14. Modernity and Universal Human Rights: John Vincent. 15. Islam as a Global Political Force: Brian Beeley. 16. Global Politics in a Transitional Era: Anthony G. McGrew. Index.

Beyond the city limits : urban policy and economic restructuring in comparative perspective

Abstract: Preface Part I: Introduction 1. Urban Restructuring: A Critical View - John R. Logan and Todd Swanstrom Part II. Urban Policy: National and International Comparisons 2. Political Paradoxes of Urban Restructuring: Globalization of the Economy and Localization of Politics? - Edmond Preteceille 3. Industrial Restructuring, State Intervention, and Uneven Development in the United States and Japan - Richard C. Hill 4. Political Responses to Urban Restructuring: The British Experience under Thatcherism - Michael Parkinson Part III. The Limits and Possibilities of Local Policy 5. Economics, Politics, and Development Policy: The Convergence of New York and London - Susan Fainstein 6. Postindustrialism with a Difference: Global Capitalism in World Class Cities - H. V. Savitch 7. Urban Deals in Comparative Perspective - Harvey L. Molotch 8. Space for Progressive Local Policy: Examples from the U.S. and the U.K. - Pierre Clavel and Nancy Kleniewski Part IV. Reflections 9. Beyond the City Limits: A Commentary - Saskia Sassen 10. Theoretical Methods in Comparative Urban Politics - John Walton About the Contributors Subject Index Author Index

Globalization, knowledge and society : readings from International sociology

Abstract: Foreword - Margaret S Archer Introduction - Martin Albrow TOWARDS A UNIVERSAL SOCIAL SCIENCE Resisting the Revival of Relativism - Margaret S Archer Sociology as the Defetishisation of Modernity - Agnes Heller Conceptual Frameworks in Comparative Inquiry - Divergent or Convergent? - Piotr Sztompka INTERNATIONALISING SOCIOLOGY Sociology's Great Leap Forward - Edward A Tiryakian The Challenge of Internationalisation The Application of Participatory-Action Research in Latin America - Orlando Fals Borda CREATING INDIGENOUS SOCIOLOGIES Contributions to the Sociology of Knowledge from an African Oral Poetry - Akinsola A Akiwowo Asuwada Principle - M Akin Makinde An Analysis of Akiwowo's Contributions to the Sociology of Knowledge from an African Perspective Towards an African Sociological Tradition - O B Lawuyi and Olufemi Taiwo A Rejoinder to Akiwowo and Makinde ONE WORLD SOCIETY Societal Development, or Development of the World-System? - Immanuel Wallerstein Rent-Seeking or Dependency as Explanations of Why Poor People Stay Poor - Erich Weede An Operational Analysis of the Phenomenon of the Other Underdevelopment in the Arab World and in the Third World - Mahmoud Dhaouadi Occidental Reason, Orientalism, Islamic Fundamentalism - Mona Abaza and Georg Stauth A Critique RLD MOVEMENTS The Green Movement - Johan Galtung A Socio-Historical Exploraton The Peace Movement - Artur Meier Some Questions Concerning its Social Nature and Structure Social Movements and Social Change in Self-Creative Socety - Zsuzsa Hegedus New Civil Initiatives in the International Arena