Showing papers on "Globalization published in 1998"

Globalization: The Human Consequences

Abstract: Introduction. 1. Time and Class. 2. Space Wars: a Career Report. 3. After the Nation--state -- What?. 4. Tourists and Vagabonds. 5. Global Law, Local Orders. Notes. Index.

The Age of Migration International Population Movements in the Modern World

Abstract: Introduction -- The Migratory Process and the Formation of Ethnic Minorities -- International Migration before 1945 -- Migration to Highly-Developed Countries since 1945 -- The Next Waves: The Globalisation of International Migration -- New Migration in the Asia-Pacific Region -- Migrants and Minorities in the Labour Force -- The Migratory Process: A Comparison of Australia and Germany -- New Ethnic Minorities and Society -- Immigrant Politics -- Conclusion: Migration in the New World Order.

Integration of Trade and Disintegration of Production in the Global Economy

Abstract: The last few decades have seen a spectacular integration of the global economy through trade. The share of imports (or exports) in GDP for the United States has approximately doubled in the last two decades, and if intra-OECD trade is omitted, the same is true for the OECD countries generally. Trade does remain a seemingly small fraction of U.S. GDP. This is not surprising in view of the fact that large economies trade less with others, and more internally. But the modest share of trade in total national income hides the fact that merchandise trade as a share of merchandise value-added is quite high for the United States and the OECD, and has been growing dramatically. In fact, if one focuses on merchandise trade relative to value-added, the world is much more integrated today than at any time during the past century. The rising integration of world markets has brought with it a disintegration of the production process, in which manufacturing or services activities done abroad are combined with those performed at home. Companies are now finding it profitable to outsource increasing amounts of the production process, a process which can happen either domestically or abroad. This represents a breakdown in the vertically-integrated mode of production—the so-called ‘‘Fordist’’ production, exemplified by the automobile industry—on which American manufacturing was built. A number of prominent researchers have referred to the importance of the idea that production occurs internationally: Bhagwati and Dehejia (1994) call this ‘‘kaleidoscope comparative advantage,’’ as firms shift location quickly; Krugman

Partisan Politics in the Global Economy

Abstract: Geoffrey Garrett challenges the conventional wisdom about the domestic effects of the globalization of markets in the industrial democracies: the erosion of national autonomy and the demise of leftist alternatives to the free market. He demonstrates that globalization has strengthened the relationship between the political power of the left and organized labour and economic policies that reduce market-generated inequalities of risk and wealth. Moreover, macroeconomic outcomes in the era of global markets have been as good or better in strong left-labour regimes ('social democratic corporatism') as in other industrial countries. Pessimistic visions of the inexorable dominance of capital over labour or radical autarkic and nationalist backlashes against markets are significantly overstated. Electoral politics have not been dwarfed by market dynamics as social forces. Globalized markets have not rendered immutable the efficiency-equality trade-off.

Agglomeration and the location of innovative activity

Abstract: A paradox has been the emergence of the importance of local proximity and geographic clusters precisely at a time when globalization seems to dominate economic activity. The purpose of this paper is to resolve this paradox by explaining why and how geography matters for innovative activity and ultimately for the international comparative advantage. Globalization and the telecommunications revolution have triggered a shift in the comparative advantage of the leading developed countries towards an increased importance of innovative activity. This shift in comparative advantage has increased the value of knowledge-based economic activity. Since knowledge is generated and transmitted more efficiently via local proximity, economic activity based on new knowledge has a high propensity to cluster within a geographic region. This has triggered a fundamental shift in public policy towards business, away from policies constraining the freedom of firms to contract and towards a new set of enabling policies, implemented at the regional and local levels. Copyright 1998 by Oxford University Press.

Child Labor: Cause, Consequence, and Cure, with Remarks on International Labor Standards

Abstract: Should child labor be banned outright? Should the World Trade Organization be given the responsibility to discourage child labor using trade sanctions? The answer to this complicated problem depends on the economic milieu, says Basu. At least 120 million of the world's children aged 5 to 14 worked full-time in 1995, most of them under hazardous, unhygienic conditions, for more than 10 hours a day. This is an old problem worldwide but particularly so in Third World countries in recent decades. What has changed, with globalization, is our awareness of these child laborers. (The International Labour Organisation distinguishes between child work, which could include light household chores and could have some learning value, and child labor, a pejorative phrase.) By bringing together the main theoretical ideas, Basu hopes to encourage both more theoretical research and empirical work with a better theoretical foundation. Among other things, Basu observes that: ° The problem is most serious in Africa, where the child-labor participation rate is 26.2 percent. The rate is 12.8 percent in Asia. But since 1950, the trend is a decline in that participation rate worldwide. For most Latin American countries, the decline is notable but less marked than in Asia. In large parts of Africa, including Ethiopia, the problem has been extremely persistent, but even there the trend is downward. ° Child labor has not always been considered evil, and there is no consensus on why it began to decline. In some (not all) countries legislative acts declared it illegal, in some there were rules about compulsory education, and increasing prosperity generally made families less likely to experience poverty if their children weren't working. ° Mandating compulsory education is regarded as more effective than outlawing child labor, because attendance at school is easier to monitor, but some experts believe economic progress is the answer to the problem. The justification for many interventions is that the state is more concerned about the well-being of children than their parents are; Basu believes such an assumption to be wrong when child labor occurs as a mass phenomenon rather than as isolated abuse. Basu argues that, in some economies, the market for labor may exhibit multiple equilibria, with one equilibrium having low adult wage and a high incidence of child labor and another equilibrium exhibiting high adult wage and no child labor. The model is used to provide a framework for analyzing the role of international labor standards. This paper - a product of the Office of the Senior Vice President, Development Economics - is part of a larger effort in the Bank to promote understanding of the causes of child labor. The study was funded by the Bank`s Research Support Budget under the research project Literacy and Child Labor (RPO 683-07). The author may be contacted at kbasu@worldbank.org.

Transnationalism from below

Abstract: Expansion of transnational capital and mass media to even the remotest of places has provoked a spate of discourses on transnationalism. A core theme in this debate is the penetration of national cultures and political systems by global and local driving forces. The nation-state is seen as weakened by transnational capital, global media, and emergent supranational political institutions. It also faces the decentering local resistances of the informal economy, ethnic nationalism, and grass-roots activism. Transnationalism From Below brings together a rich combination of theoretical and grounded studies of transnational processes and practices, discussing both their positive and negative aspects. The volume is divided into four parts: Theorizing Transnationalism"; 'Transnational Economic and Political Agency"; "Constructing Transnational Localities"; and "Transnational Practices and Cultural Reinscription." The editors examine the theory, scope, and limits of transnationalism. Contributors include Andre C. Drainville, Josephine Smart, Alan Smart, Ninna Nyberg Sorensen, George Fouron, Nina Glick Schiller, Luin Goldring, Sarah J. Mahler, Linda Miller Matthei, Louisa Schein, David A. Smith, and Robert C. Smith. Moving easily between micro and macro analyses, this book expands the boundaries of the current scholarship on transnationalism, locates new forms of transnational agency, and poses provocative questions that challenge prevailing interpretations of globalization. Transnationalism From Below is a pioneering collection that will make a significant addition to the libraries of anthropologists, sociologists, international relations specialists, urban planners, political scientists, and policymakers.

The Capital Myth The Difference between Trade in Widgets and Dollars

Abstract: In the aftermath ofthe Asian financial hand, included only "avoidance of restriccrisis, the mainstream view that domi- tions on payments for current transactions" nates pohcy circles, indeed the prevalent and did not embrace capital account conmyth, is that despite the striking evidence verdbility as an obligation or even a goal, ofthe inherently crisis-prone nature of This is a seductive idea: freeing up trade freer capital movements, a world of full is good, why not also let capital move freely capital mobility continues to be inevitable across borders? But the claims of enormous and immensely desirable. Instead of benefits from free capital mobility are not maintaining careful restrictions, we are persuasive. Substantial gains have been told, the only sensible course is to continue asserted, not demonstrated, and most of working toward unfettered capital flows; the payoff can be obtained by direct equity the favored solution is to turn the IMF investment. And even a richer IMF with even more firmly into an international attendant changes in its methods of operalender of last resort that dispenses bailout tion will probably not rule out crises or refunds to crisis-afflicted countries. The duce their costs significantly. The myth to IMF took an important step in this direction the contrary has been created by what one at its annual meeting in Hong Kong last might christen the Wall Street-Treasury September, when the Interim Committee complex, following in the footsteps of issued a statement virtually endorsing President Eisenhower, who had warned an eventual move to capital account ofthe military-industrial complex, convertibility—which means that you and I, nationals or foreigners, could take CAPITAL MOBILITY IDEOLOGY

Cultures Of Politics/politics Of Cultures: Revisioning Latin American Social Movements

Abstract: * Introduction: The Cultural and the Political in Latin American Social Movements Sonia E. Alvarez, Evelina Dagnino, and Arturo Escobar. The Cultural Politics Of Citizenship, Democracy, And The State * Culture, Citizenship, and Democracy: Changing Discourses and Practices of the Latin American Left E. Dagnino. * Social Rights: Conflicts and Negotiations in Contemporary Brazil Maria Celia Paoli and Vera da Silva Telles. * New Subjects of Rights? Womens Movements and the Construction of Citizenship in the New Democracies Vernica Schild. * The Explosion of Experience: The Emergence of a New Ethical-Political Principle in Popular Movements in Porto Alegre, Brazil Srgio Gregrio Baierle. The Cultural Politics Of Ethnicity, Race, And Gender * Ambiguity and Contradiction in a Radical Popular Movement Jeffrey Rubin. * Indigenous Movements as a Challenge to the Unified Social Movement Paradigm for Guatemala Kay B. Warren. * The Process of Black Community Organizing in the Southern Pacific Coast of Colombia Libia Grueso, Carlos Rosero, and A. Escobar. * Black Movements and the Politics of Identity in Brazil Olivia Maria Gomes da Cunha. * Beyond the Domestic and the Public: Colonas Participation in Urban Movements in Mexico City Miguel Daz-Barriga. * Defrocking the Vatican: Feminisms Secular Project Jean Franco. Globalization, Transnationalism, And Civil Society * Latin American Feminisms Go Global: Trends of the 1990s and Challenges for the New Millennium S. E. Alvarez. * Cybercultural Politics: Political Activism at a Distance in a Transnational World Gustavo Lins Ribeiro. * The Globalization of Culture and the New Civil Society George Ydice. * Rethinking the Spatialities of Social Movements: Questions of (B)orders, Culture, and Politics in Global Times David Slater. Theoretical And Methodological Reflections On The Cultural And The Political In Latin American Social Movements * Toward a Culture of Participation and Citizenship: Challenges for a More Equitable World Elizabeth Jelin. * Final Comments: Challenges to Cultural Studies in Latin America Paulo J. Krischke. * Third World or Planetary Conflicts? Alberto Melucci. * Where To? What Next? Mary Louise Pratt.

The scandals of translation : towards an ethics of difference

Abstract: Introduction 1 Heterogeneity 2 Authorship 3 Copyright 4 The Formation of Cultural Identites 5 The Pedagogy of Literature 6 Philosophy 7 The Bestseller 8 Globalization Bibliography Index

Global cities, glocal states: global city formation and state territorial restructuring in contemporary Europe

Abstract: This article examines the changing relationship between global cities and territorial states in contemporary Europe, and outlines some of its implications for the geography of world capitalism in the late twentieth century. Most accounts of global cities are based upon a ‘zero-sum’ conception of spatial scale that leads to an emphasis on the declining power of the territorial state: as the global scale expands, the state scale is said to contract. By contrast, I view globalization as a highly contradictory reconeguration of superimposed spatial scales, including those on which the territorial state is organized. The state scale is not being eroded, but rearticulated and reterritorialized in relation to both sub- and supra-state scales. The resultant, re-scaled coneguration of state territorial organization is provisionally labeled a ‘glocal’ state. As nodes of accumulation, global cities are sites of post-Fordist forms of global industrialization; as coordinates of state territorial power, global cities are local-regional levels within a larger, reterritorialized matrix of increasingly ‘glocalized’ state institutions. State re-scaling is a major accumulation strategy through which these transformed ‘glocal’ territorial states attempt to promote the global competitive advantage of their major urban regions. Global city formation and state re-scaling are therefore dialectically intertwined moments of a single dynamic of global capitalist restructuring. These arguments are illustrated through a discussion of the interface between global cities and territorial states in contemporary Europe. A concluding section argues that new theories and representations of spatial scale and its social production are needed to grasp the rapidly changing political geography of late twentieth-century capitalism.

How Much Do National Borders Matter

Abstract: It is widely believed that globalization has proceeded to the point where international economic linkages are as strong as those within nations. Struck by research suggesting that this perception is dramatically mistaken, John Helliwell spent three years assessing the evidence. The results are reported in this book, the latest in Brookings' Integrating National Economies series. It provides the most systematic measurements yet available of the relative importance of global and national economic ties. The original finding, based on a gravity model of trade flows, was that 1988 trade linkages between Canadian provinces were twenty times as dense as those between Canadian provinces and U.S. states of similar size and distance. A much longer and more detailed body of data is used to expand and explain these findings. Data for trade within and among OECD and some developing countries are used to show that the Canadian-U.S. results are applicable to other countries. Helliwell then surveys and extends the evidence relating to price linkages, capital mobility, migration, and knowledge spillovers, finding in all cases very large border effects. The evidence offers a challenge to economists, policymakers, and citizens to explain why national economies have so much staying power, and to consider whether this is a good or bad thing. Helliwell argues that since large and small industrial economies have similar levels of income, there are likely to be diminishing returns from increases in globalization beyond levels sufficient to permit the ready exploitation of comparative advantages in trade, and relatively easy access to knowledge developed elsewhere.

Regional trade patterns

Abstract: This major Handbook offers a comprehensive analysis of the key issues surrounding the rapid expansion of Latin America’s manufacturing sector. It systematically examines the most important factors influencing the comparative advantages and the globalization of manufacturing industries in the region.

The Myth of the Powerless State: Governing the Economy in a Global Era

Abstract: Preface. 1. The State is Dead. Long Live the State. Introduction. The Phenomenon of a State Deniala . Scope of the Argument. The Book in Outline. 2. The Sources of State Capacity. . Introduction. The Problem of State Capacity. Approaches to State Capacity. Conclusion. 3. Transformative Capacity in Evolution: East Asian Developmental States. Introduction. Institutions and Economic Performance. Institutional Capacities for Industrial Transformation. The Changing Basis of State Capacity. Forms and Dynamics of Governed Interdependence. Conclusion: State a Powera in East Asia. 4. Limits of the Distributive State: Swedish Model or Global Economy? . Introduction. Distributive State Capacity. The Model Unravels: External Pressures?. Undermining from Within. The Limits of a Distributive Strategy. Explanations of the Swedish Strategy. Conclusion. 5. Dualistic States: Germany in the Japanese Mirror. Introduction. The German Case: How a Developmentala is the State?. The State in the Rise of German Industrial Power. Geopolitical Submergence of Transformative Capacity. Private--Sector Governance: A State--informed System of Coordination. Postwar Developmentalism: Innovation Without Change. Reconstituting Transformative Capacity. Dual Capabilities and National Prosperity. How a Distributivea is the Japanese State?. Conclusion. 6. The Limits of Globalization. Introduction. What does a Globalizationa Mean?. The Question of Novelty. The Question of Magnitude. The Question of Distribution. The Question of Mobility. 7. The Myth of the Powerless State. The Extent of Government Powerlessness. Convergence Versus Varieties of State Capacity. Adaptivity of the State. The State as Victim of Midwife of a Globalizationa . The Emergence of a Catalytica States. Conclusion. Notes. Bibliography. Index.

Masculinities and Globalization

Abstract: Recent social science research has made important changes in our understanding of masculinities and men's gender practices, emphasizing the plurality and hierarchy of masculinities, and their collective and dynamic character. These gains have been achieved mainly by close-focus research methods. But in a globalizing world, we must pay attention also to very large scale structures. An understanding of the world gender order is a necessary basis for thinking about men and masculinities globally. We can trace the emergence of globalizing masculinities at different stages of the history of the world gender order. Hegemony in the contemporary gender order is connected with patterns of trade, investment, and communication dominated by the North. A transnational business masculinity, institutionally based in multinational corporations and global finance markets, is arguably the emerging dominant form on a world scale.

Globalization and the Postcolonial World: The New Political Economy of Development.

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Transnational classes and international relations

Abstract: An exciting and original analysis of the development of capitalist classes, such as the Freemasons, that cross national boundaries in the global political economy. This innovative book focuses on: * an historical perspective on class formation under capitalism and its transnational integration * international relations between the English-speaking centre of capital and successive contender states. The author develops a broad-ranging and thorough understanding of class in the process of globalization. He does so within several theoretical frameworks shedding much light on this important topic.

Vertical Specialization and the Changing Nature of World Trade

Abstract: A major feature of globalization has been the enormous increase in international flows of goods and services: countries are now trading much more with each other. In this article, the authors demonstrate the greater role vertical specialization is playing in these increased flows. Vertical specialization occurs when a country uses imported intermediate parts to create a good it later exports - that is, the country links sequentially with other countries to produce a final good. Deriving evidence from four case studies as well as OECD input-output tables, the authors reveal that vertical specialization has accounted for a large and increasing share of international trade over the last several decades. They also note that because the trends encouraging vertical specialization - lower trade barriers and improvements in transportation and communications technologies - are likely to continue, this type of international trade should become even more prevalent in the next century.

Global Public Policy: Governing without Government?

Abstract: During the last decade "globalization" has become a fashion among policymakers and academics alike. Not one day passes during which the term is not being invoked to legitimize a policy decision, promote a policy prescription, or explain a policy outcome. Despite its frequent use, however, little is known about globalization and its effects. In this pathbreaking new book, Wolfgang Reinicke provides an in-depth analysis of economic globalization and examines its implications for public policy. National responses, as suggested on both ends of the political spectrum in the United States and elsewhere, are often flawed. Global public policy--not world government, but a mixed approach to global management in which states, corporations, NGOs, regional and international organizations, and coalitions cooperate--provides an alternative and promising framework. Using four case studies--global banking, money laundering, dual-use export controls, and trade in chemical precursors--the book develops the concept of global public policy and shows how its principles have the potential to improve the capacities of policymakers to deal with the challenges of the 21st century.

Globalization and the Nation-State

Abstract: Introduction Understanding Globalization: History and Representation in the Emergence of the World as a Single Place The Global Economy: Organisations, Networks and Regulatory Arrangements Is the Nation State Finished? The Challenge of Globalization Towards a Global Polity? Nationalism and Ethnicity: Obsolete Relics, Anti-Global Trends or Key Components of the Global Field What is Happening to Culture? Homogenisation, Polarisation or Hybridisation Conclusion Bibliography Index

Acts of Resistance : Against the New Myths of Our Time

Abstract: To the Reader. The left hand and the right hand of the State. Sollers tel quel. The status of foreigners: a shibboleth. Abuse of power by the advocates of reason. The train drivera s remark. Against the destruction of a civilization. The myth of "globalization" and the European welfare state. The thoughts of Chairman Tietmeyer. Social scientists, economic science and the social movement. For a new internationalism. Return to television. The government finds the people irresponsible. Job insecurity is everywhere now. The movement of the unemployed, a social miracle. The negative intellectual. Neo--liberalism, the utopia (becoming a reality) of unlimited exploitation. References.

The new regionalism in Western Europe

Abstract: In the 1990s, the states of western Europe faced twin challenges, from above in the shape of globalization and European integration, and from below in the form of new regionalist movements. In this authoritative book, Michael Keating traces the historical origins of regionalism, showing that territorial politics has always been a feature of the west European state.

Internationalization of Small and Medium-Sized Technology-Based Firms: An Exploratory Study

Abstract: In recent years technology-based industries have increasingly globalized, with this change driven primarily by multinational technology-based firms. These large mature firms, which are extensively involved in global markets, provide the main conduit through which important technologies are integrated across nations (Korbin 1991). As global competition has intensified, many small and medium-sized technology-based firms have also had to adopt international perspectives (Litvak 1990). Even the SMTFs whose primary orientation is domestic must be internationally competitive in order to secure long-term success (Wright and Ricks 1994). Small and medium-sized firms usually face unique challenges in the arena of international competition due to their limited resources and capabilities, insufficiently developed administrative procedures and methods, less formal centralized planning and control systems (van Hoorn 1979; Roth 1992), and the lack of manufacturing know-how and access to distribution channels (Hull and Slowinski 1990). SMTFs, in particular, face additional challenges due to their accelerated time-to-market and product differentiation imperatives (Price and Chen 1993). The importance of the internationalization of SMTFs, as well as the unique challenges and prospects they face in this regard, call for systematic research. Accordingly, the overall purpose of this study is to explore some of the key questions pertaining to the internationalization of SMTFs. These relate to the motives that drive SMTFs to internationalize, the barriers that SMTFs must overcome to achieve successful internationalization, and the adaptive measures that they implement in order to compete successfully in the international arena. It is hoped that shedding light on these questions at a broader level of inquiry will help stimulate and guide further research which would preferably be more atomistic but at the same time provide deeper understanding of the various aspects of the internationalization process. Conceptual Background Technology-based industries have become increasingly global in recent years, as technological innovation has been a significant driver of international competition (Porter 1985). Higher technological opportunities and the economic benefits of exploiting them have created a faster rate of technological change. Accelerated technological changes have in turn increased the speed of global technological diffusion (Bettis and Hitt 1995). Another contributing factor to the globalization trend has been that the volume generated in domestic markets is no longer sufficient to support competitive levels of R & D spending (Kobrin 1991). The globalization trend has, in turn, escalated competitive rivalry in technology-based industries (Brahm 1995). Although large multinational firms initially dominated the international competitive landscape, smaller firms have also entered the race owing to the evolving conditions in international communication and trade (The Economist 1993). Oviatt and McDougall (1994) have argued that the gap in competitive advantage between large and small firms in international markets has narrowed and that internationally sustainable competitive advantage has increasingly depended upon a firm's unique assets (see also Barney 1991; Hamel and Prahalad 1990). These changes, coupled with the excessive international rivalry in technology-based industries (Brahm 1995), have made it indispensable for SMTFs to adopt international perspectives and strategies. International competitive forces and advantages in knowledge-intensive sectors have been so strong that some of the new ventures market internationally from their inception (Oviatt and McDougall 1994). SMTFs have certain advantages over larger firms, including greater flexibility, speed, and advantage-seeking behavior (Fiegenbaum and Karnani 1991; Katz 1970; Hitt, Hoskisson, and Harrison 1991). These advantages work particularly well for them in new product development and entrepreneurship, driven as they tend to be by their motivation to constantly seek new opportunities and to aggressively challenge the status quo (Aldrich and Auster 1986; Chen and Hanbrick 1995). …

Funding the Welfare State: Globalization and the Taxation of Business in Advanced Market Economies

Abstract: Theorists assert that international capital mobility creates substantial pressure for all democratically elected governments to decrease tax burdens on business. I explicate and critique the genera...

Vertical Specialization and the Changing Nature of World Trade

Abstract: The world's economies have become increasingly integrated and increasingly global. Among the most important and often cited features of the rise in globalization is the enormous growth in the export and import shares of GDP since World War II. In the United States, international trade-- that is, exports plus imports-accounted for 23.9 percent of GDP in 1996, up from 9.2 percent in 1962.1 Worldwide, the merchandise export share of production has more than doubled over the last forty-five years, while the manufactured export share of production has almost quadrupled (Chart 1). Most countries-emerging nations as well as highly developed economies-have experienced increases in their export share of GDP (Chart 2). Clearly, a greater number of countries are trading more today than in the past. Another significant feature of increased globalization is the internationalization of production. Rather than concentrate production in a single country, the modern multinational firm uses production plants-operated either as subsidiaries or through arm's-length relationships-in several countries. By doing so, firms can exploit powerful locational advantages, such as proximity to markets and access to relatively inexpensive labor. There are currently more than 39,000 parent firms and 279,000 foreign affiliates worldwide, with a total foreign direct investment (FDI) stock equal to $2.7 trillion in 1995, compared with $1.0 trillion in 1987. Moreover, the value added of foreign affiliates-that is, their sales less materials costs-- accounted for 6 percent of world GDP in 1991, a 300 percent increase from 1982 (United Nations Conference on Trade and Development 1996). Increased international production, however, does not always lead to increased international trade. For instance, if a country's firms serve markets abroad through production facilities in each country-rather than through exports from the home country-trade may actually decrease as international production rises. International production will be associated with increased trade when countries are vertically linked-that is, when international production prompts countries to specialize in particular stages of a good's production. In that case, a sequential mode of production arises in which a country imports a good from another country, uses that good as an input in the production of its own good, and then exports its good to the next country; the sequence ends when the final good reaches its final destination. We use the term "vertical specialization" to describe this mode of production.2 By comparison, in a horizontal-specialization scenario, countries trade goods that are produced from start to finish in just one country. In this article, we shed light on the globalization of international production and trade by demonstrating the increasingly important role vertical specialization plays in international trade. We use case studies and input-output tables to calculate the level and growth of vertical-specialization-based trade, which we define as the amount of imported inputs embodied in goods that are exported. The case studies-the United States-Canada Auto Agreement of 1965, Mexico's maquiladora trade with the United States, electronics trade between Japan and Asia, and trade involving Opel's subsidiary in Spainallow us to quantify the amount of vertical-specializationbased trade.3 In all of the case studies, our findings indicate that vertical specialization has increased sharply in recent years: in the Japan-Asia electronics trade, for example, it increased 900 percent between 1986 and 1995. To show that the results of our case studies can be generalized, we use input-output tables to calculate estimates of vertical-specialization-based trade in ten developed countries from the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). We find that by the beginning of the present decade, 14.5 percent of all trade in these countries was vertical-specialization-based-a 20 percent increase from the late 1960s and early 1970s. …

Going Global: Using information technology to advance the competitiveness of the virtual transnational organization

Abstract: Executive Overview It has become almost axiomatic that business success depends on expanding the global reach of an organization Moreover, the adoption of the transnational organizational model for a multinational enterprise is widely acknowledged as the preferred means of going global Designing effective transnational organizations depends on the effective deployment of advanced information technologies Because globalization requires employees and business partners to be geographically and temporally distant from one another, deploying information technologies within a virtual organization is an obvious choice for overcoming spatial and temporal boundaries

Global Marketing Management

Abstract: PART ONE: GLOBALIZATION.1. Globalization Imperative.PART TWO: GLOBAL MARKETING ENVIRONMENT.2. Global Economic Environment.3. Financial Environment.4. Global Cultural Environment and Buying Behavior.5. Political and Legal Environment.PART THREE: DEVELOPMENT OF COMPETITIVE MARKETING STRATEGY6. Global Marketing Research.7. Global Segmentation and Positioning.8. Global Marketing Strategies.9. Global Market-Entry Strategies.10. Global Sourcing Strategy: R&D, Manufacturing, and Marketing Interfaces.PART FOUR: GLOBAL MARKETING STRATEGY DEVELOPMENT.11. Global Product Policy Decisions I: Developing New Products for Global Markets.12. Global Product Policy Decisions II: Marketing Products and Services.13. Global Pricing.14. Communicating with the World Consumer.15. Sales Management.16. Global Logistics and Distribution.17. Export and Import Management.PART FIVE: MANAGING GLOBAL OPERATIONS.18. Planning, Organization, and Control of Global Marketing Operations19. Global Marketing and the Internet.Cases.Web Cases.Photo Credits.Index.