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Showing papers on "Globalization published in 2011"


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors argue that the displacement, rebound, cascade, and remittance effects that are amplified by economic globalization accelerate land conversion, and that sound policies and innovations can reconcile forest preservation with food production.
Abstract: A central challenge for sustainability is how to preserve forest ecosystems and the services that they provide us while enhancing food production. This challenge for developing countries confronts the force of economic globalization, which seeks cropland that is shrinking in availability and triggers deforestation. Four mechanisms—the displacement, rebound, cascade, and remittance effects—that are amplified by economic globalization accelerate land conversion. A few developing countries have managed a land use transition over the recent decades that simultaneously increased their forest cover and agricultural production. These countries have relied on various mixes of agricultural intensification, land use zoning, forest protection, increased reliance on imported food and wood products, the creation of off-farm jobs, foreign capital investments, and remittances. Sound policies and innovations can therefore reconcile forest preservation with food production. Globalization can be harnessed to increase land use efficiency rather than leading to uncontrolled land use expansion. To do so, land systems should be understood and modeled as open systems with large flows of goods, people, and capital that connect local land use with global-scale factors.

2,089 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A review of the literature shows that there are a growing number of publications from various disciplines that propose a politicized concept of corporate social responsibility as mentioned in this paper, and that many business firms have started to assume social and political responsibilities that go beyond legal requirements and fill the regulatory vacuum in global governance.
Abstract: Scholars in management and economics widely share the assumption that business firms focus on profits only, while it is the task of the state system to provide public goods. In this view business firms are conceived of as economic actors, and governments and their state agencies are considered the only political actors. We suggest that, under the conditions of globalization, the strict division of labour between private business and nation-state governance does not hold any more. Many business firms have started to assume social and political responsibilities that go beyond legal requirements and fill the regulatory vacuum in global governance. Our review of the literature shows that there are a growing number of publications from various disciplines that propose a politicized concept of corporate social responsibility. We consider the implications of this new perspective for theorizing about the business firm, governance, and democracy.

1,570 citations


ReportDOI
TL;DR: One of the earliest and most central insights of the literature on economic development is that development entails structural change as mentioned in this paper, and that countries that manage to pull themselves out of poverty and get richer are those that are able to diversify away from agriculture and other traditional products.
Abstract: One of the earliest and most central insights of the literature on economic development is that development entails structural change. The countries that manage to pull themselves out of poverty and get richer are those that are able to diversify away from agriculture and other traditional products. As labour and other resources move from agriculture into modern economic activities, overall productivity rises and incomes expand. The speed with which this structural transformation takes place is the key factor that differentiates successful countries from unsuccessful ones.

1,007 citations


Book
01 Jan 2011
TL;DR: The Third Industrial Revolution and the Real Economic Crisis Everyone Missed A Narrative Turning Theory to Practice Part II: LATERAL POWER Distributed Capitalism Beyond Right and Left From Globalization to Continentalization Part III: COLLABORATIVE AGE Retiring Adam Smith A Classroom Makeover Morphing from the Industrial to the Collaborative Era
Abstract: Introduction PART I: THE THIRD INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION The Real Economic Crisis Everyone Missed A New Narrative Turning Theory to Practice PART II: LATERAL POWER Distributed Capitalism Beyond Right and Left From Globalization to Continentalization PART III: THE COLLABORATIVE AGE Retiring Adam Smith A Classroom Makeover Morphing from the Industrial to the Collaborative Era

971 citations


Book
01 Jan 2011
TL;DR: In this paper, a comprehensive introductory text focusing on explaining to first year undergraduate students how contemporary world politics works is presented, where the authors discuss the concept of globalization and summarise the main arguments for and against it.
Abstract: We now live in a new era of globalization, where instant communications, the emergence of a world economy, a global culture, and new non-state social movements have transformed world politics, making redundant many of the approaches developed for understanding and explaining the Cold War world. This comprehensive introductory text focuses on explaining to first year undergraduate students how contemporary world politics works. An introductory chapter discusses the concept of globalization and summarises the main arguments for and against it. There then follow four sections, covering: the recent historical background to contemporary world politics; the details of the main theories that offer explanations of world politics; the structures and processes of world politics; and the main issues of contemporary world politics. Each chapter is written by a leading specialist in the field, and uses diagrams, boxes, and discussion points extensively. extremely reader-friendly student text. Each chapter has a guide to further reading and ends with a series of questions.

693 citations


Book
06 Sep 2011
TL;DR: In this article, the causes, consequences, and implications of cross-border consolidation of financial institutions by reviewing several hundred studies, providing comparative international data, and estimating cross-bank efficiency in France, Germany, Spain, the U.K., and the United States during the 1990s.
Abstract: We address the causes, consequences, and implications of the cross-border consolidation of financial institutions by reviewing several hundred studies, providing comparative international data, and estimating cross-border banking efficiency in France, Germany, Spain, the U.K., and the U.S. during the 1990s. We find that, on average, domestic banks have higher profit efficiency than foreign banks. However, banks from at least one country (the U.S.) appear to operate with relatively high efficiency both at home and abroad. If these results continue to hold, they do not preclude successful international expansion by some financial firms, but they do suggest limits to global consolidation.

615 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors explore the role of indigenous and foreign innovation efforts in technological change and catching up and their interactions in the emerging economies, and argue that despite the potential offered by globalization and a liberal trade regime, the benefits of international technology diffusion can only be delivered with parallel indigenous innovation efforts and the presence of modern institutional and governance structures.

558 citations


Book
21 Feb 2011
TL;DR: Rodrik's case for a customizable globalization supported by a light frame of international rules shows the way to a balanced prosperity as we confront today's global challenges in trade, finance, and labor markets as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: From the mercantile monopolies of seventeenth-century empires to the modern-day authority of the WTO, IMF, and World Bank, the nations of the world have struggled to effectively harness globalization's promise. The economic narratives that underpinned these eras-the gold standard, the Bretton Woods regime, the "Washington Consensus"-brought great success and great failure. In this eloquent challenge to the reigning wisdom on globalization, Dani Rodrik offers a new narrative, one that embraces an ineluctable tension: we cannot simultaneously pursue democracy, national self-determination, and economic globalization. When the social arrangements of democracies inevitably clash with the international demands of globalization, national priorities should take precedence. Combining history with insight, humor with good-natured critique, Rodrik's case for a customizable globalization supported by a light frame of international rules shows the way to a balanced prosperity as we confront today's global challenges in trade, finance, and labor markets.

532 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the role of the new media in the Arab Spring in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region is examined in light of the absence of an open media and a civil society.
Abstract: This article examines the role of the new media in the ‘Arab Spring’ in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region. It argues that although the new media is one of the factors in the social revolution among others such as social and political factors in the region, it nevertheless played a critical role especially in light of the absence of an open media and a civil society. The significance of the globalization of the new media is highlighted as it presents an interesting case of horizontal connectivity in social mobilization as well signaling a new trend in the intersection of new media and conventional media such as television, radio, and mobile phone. One of the contradictions of the present phase of globalization is that the state in many contexts facilitated the promotion of new media due to economic compulsion, inadvertently facing the social and political consequences of the new media. Este articulo examina el papel de los nuevos medios en ‘la primavera arabe’ en la region del Medio Oriente y ...

519 citations


01 Jan 2011
TL;DR: In this article, the authors explored how the structure of globalization of technology via intellectual property networks has changed longitudinally, and compared the structures of global trademarks and patents, and found that both the trademark and patent networks have become decentralized over time.
Abstract: This study explored how the structure of globalization of technology via intellectual propertynetworks has changed longitudinally, and compares the structures of global trademarks andpatents. It suggests that network analysis provides useful tools for describing recent trends inthe globalization of technology. Network analyses describe which countries have highertechnological capabilities, and also how countries are mutually connected for technologicalcollaboration or transfer. In addition, network analysis confirmed that both the trademark andpatent networks have become decentralized over time.© 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

493 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The use of practices as key methodological units for research and governance is suggested as a way to avoid the pitfalls of the individualist and systemic paradigms that dominated the field of sustainable consumption studies for some decades as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: Within the environmental social sciences, theories of practices are used by an increasing number of authors to analyze the greening of consumption in the new, global order of reflexive modernity. The use of practices as key methodological units for research and governance is suggested as a way to avoid the pitfalls of the individualist and systemic paradigms that dominated the field of sustainable consumption studies for some decades. With the help of practice theory, environmental governance can be renewed in three particular ways: First, the role and responsibilities (not) to be assigned to individual citizen-consumers in environmental change can be specified. Secondly, objects, technologies and infrastructures can be recognized for their crucial contribution to climate governance without lapsing into technological determinism. Third, the cultural framing of sustainability can be enriched by looking into the forms of excitement generated in shared practices of sustainable consumption. We conclude by discussing the need to investigate the globalization of practices from a post-national perspective in both science and policy.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is common practice in organizational research to restrict the concept of organization to formal organizations, and to describe the world outside these entities by such other concepts as institut... as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: It is common practice in organizational research to restrict the concept of organization to formal organizations, and to describe the world outside these entities by such other concepts as institut ...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The growing separation of individuals in late modern societies from traditional bases of social solidarity such as parties, churches, and other mas... as discussed by the authors has led to the growing separation between individuals from traditional social solidarity.
Abstract: Changes related to globalization have resulted in the growing separation of individuals in late modern societies from traditional bases of social solidarity such as parties, churches, and other mas ...

Posted Content
TL;DR: This paper found that occupational exposure to globalization is associated with larger wage effects than industry exposure and that reallocation of workers across sectors and occupations was associated with a reallocated workforce across different occupations.
Abstract: The authors link industry-level data on trade and offshoring with individual-level worker data from the Current Population Surveys. They find that occupational exposure to globalization is associated with larger wage effects than industry exposure. This effect has been overlooked because it operates between rather than within sectors of the economy. The authors also find that globalization is associated with a reallocation of workers across sectors and occupations. They estimate wage losses of 2 to 4 percent among workers leaving manufacturing and 4 to 11 percent among workers who also switch occupations. These effects are most pronounced for workers who perform routine tasks.

Book
01 Jan 2011
TL;DR: The most comprehensive and thorough coverage of strategic management now available in the market can be found in the Strategic Management: Competitiveness and Globalization (SMG) textbook as mentioned in this paper, which is suitable for courses in Europe, the Middle East and Africa as well as other global markets.
Abstract: Volberda, Morgan and Reinmoeller have joined with Hitt, Ireland and Hoskisson to develop a truly landmark strategic management textbook that is ideally suited for courses in Europe, the Middle East and Africa as well as other global markets. With a new process perspective to supplement the text’s trademark integrated approach, Strategic Management: Competitiveness and Globalization provides the most comprehensive and thorough coverage of strategic management now available in the market. Whilst maintaining the strengths and hallmark features of the original work, this new strategy text has been specially prepared to match the modern EMEA curriculum with boosted coverage of implementation issues, analysis of how firms use strategic management tools, techniques and concepts, a balanced emphasis on economics and resource-based perspectives and expanded coverage of comparative governance and organizational renewal.

Journal ArticleDOI
14 Mar 2011
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined the implications of global production sharing for economic integration in East Asia with emphasis on the behavior of trade flows in the wake of the 2008 global financial crisis.
Abstract: This paper examines the implications of global production sharing for economic integration in East Asia with emphasis on the behavior of trade flows in the wake of the 2008 global financial crisis. Although trade in parts and components and final assembly within production networks (“network trade”) has generally grown faster than total world trade in manufacturing, the degree of dependence of East Asia on this new form of international specialization is proportionately larger than elsewhere in the world. Network trade has certainly strengthened economic interdependence among countries in the region with the People's Republic of China playing a pivotal role as the premier center of final assembly. However, contrary to popular belief, this has not lessened the dependence of the export dynamism of these countries on the global economy. This inference is basically consistent with the behavior of trade flows following the onset of the global financial crisis.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The authors describes the beginning of the present global educational reform movement discussing some of its key characteristics and implications in practice, and highlights the importance of the scholarly work of Hargreaves in understanding the requirements and resources that are needed in securing good public education for all.
Abstract: Globalization has increased mobility of people, resources, and ideas. It is also affecting how governments think about education and what schools teach to their students. Attributes related to education for a knowledge society, sustainable development, or 21st century skills are parts of current national educational policies and reforms. A powerful pretext for global educational reform thinking is current international student assessments. As a consequence, particular educational reform orthodoxy has emerged that relies on a set of basic assumptions in order to improve the quality of education and fix other educational deficiencies. This article describes the beginning of the present global educational reform movement discussing some of its key characteristics and implications in practice. Although overlooked by many policy analysts, Finland represents a striking and highly successful alternative to this global educational reform movement. The scholarly work of Andy Hargreaves is seen as essential in understanding the requirements and resources that are needed in securing good public education for all in the future.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The main result of the paper is that a relative increase in female income weakens the family's ties to the ancestral community and the traditional economy, but these mobility enhancing effects are obtained for certain historically disadvantaged castes alone.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors estimate the impact of changes in foreign affiliate wages on U.S. manufacturing employment and show that the motive for offshoring and the location of offshore activity significantly affects the impact on parent employment.
Abstract: Using firm-level data collected by the U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis, we estimate the impact on U.S. manufacturing employment of changes in foreign affiliate wages. We show that the motive for offshoring and, consequently, the location of offshore activity, significantly affects the impact of offshoring on parent employment. In general, offshoring to low-wage countries substitutes for domestic employment. However, for firms that do significantly different tasks at home and abroad, foreign and domestic employment are complements. These offsetting effects may be combined to show that offshoring by U.S.-based multinationals is associated with a quantitatively small decline in manufacturing employment.

Book
Thomas Farole1
15 Feb 2011
TL;DR: In this article, the authors explore the experience of zone programs, with a particular focus on Sub-Saharan Africa, to understand the factors that contribute to static and dynamic outcomes, and provide input to the question of whether and how zones can make a significant contribution to job creation, diversification, and sustainable growth in African and other low-income countries.
Abstract: Economic zones have grown rapidly in the past 20 years. In 1986, the International Labor Organization's (ILO's) database reported 176 zones in 47 countries; by 2006, it reported 3,500 zones in 130 countries. This huge growth occurred despite many zones having failed to meet their objectives; however, many others are contributing significantly to growth in foreign direct investment (FDI), exports, and employment, as well as playing a catalytic role in integration into global trade and structural transformation, including industrialization and upgrading. This study aims to address some of these questions and deliver an analysis that is both data-driven and policy-focused. The objective of the study is to explore the experience of zone programs, with a particular focus on Sub-Saharan Africa, to understand the factors that contribute to static and dynamic outcomes. It aims to provide input to the question of whether and how zones can make a significant contribution to job creation, diversification, and sustainable growth in African and other low-income countries.

Book
31 May 2011
TL;DR: The authors examined the strengths and weaknesses of the Chinese economic system to discover where the nation may be headed and what the Chinese experience reveals about emerging market economies, and found that cutting-edge innovation is not a prerequisite for sustained economic vitality.
Abstract: Few observers are unimpressed by the economic ambition of China or by the nation's remarkable rate of growth. But what does the future hold? This meticulously researched book closely examines the strengths and weaknesses of the Chinese economic system to discover where the nation may be headed and what the Chinese experience reveals about emerging market economies. The authors find that contrary to popular belief, cutting-edge innovation is not a prerequisite for sustained economic vitality-and that China is a perfect case in point.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examine the environmental conditions of markets in different development stages, namely mature, emerging and less developed markets, and explore consumer based, industry based, and legal/regulatory based challenges faced by globalizing retailers in these markets.

Book
24 Mar 2011
TL;DR: Rodrik argues for smart globalization, not maximum globalization as discussed by the authors, arguing that we cannot simultaneously pursue democracy, national self-determination, and economic globalization, and that our long-term sustainability is not a given.
Abstract: For a century, economists have driven forward the cause of globalization in financial institutions, labour markets, and trade. Yet there have been consistent warning signs that a global economy and free trade might not always be advantageous. Where are the pressure points? What could be done about them? Dani Rodrik examines the back-story from its seventeenth-century origins through the milestones of the gold standard, the Bretton Woods Agreement, and the Washington Consensus, to the present day. Although economic globalization has enabled unprecedented levels of prosperity in advanced countries and has been a boon to hundreds of millions of poor workers in China and elsewhere in Asia, it is a concept that rests on shaky pillars, he contends. Its long-term sustainability is not a given. The heart of Rodrik's argument is a fundamental 'trilemma': that we cannot simultaneously pursue democracy, national self-determination, and economic globalization. Give too much power to governments, and you have protectionism. Give markets too much freedom, and you have an unstable world economy with little social and political support from those it is supposed to help. Rodrik argues for smart globalization, not maximum globalization.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors introduce search unemployment a la Pissarides into Melitz' (2003) model of trade with heterogeneous firms and find that the selection effect of trade influences labor market outcomes, and that trade liberalization lowers unemployment and raises real wages as long as it improves aggregate productivity net of transport costs.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors explore food globalization in prehistory, comparable in the scale of its impact on global diets to the Columbian Exchange of historic times, and discuss possible reasons for the earlier episode of food globalization.
Abstract: Plant sources of starch have been domesticated in several parts of the world. By the second millennium bc in various parts of Eurasia, such starchy crops are encountered, not only around their geographical regions of origin, but also at considerable distances from them. Drawing on evidence from across Eurasia, this paper explores this episode of food globalization in prehistory, comparable in the scale of its impact on global diets to the Columbian Exchange of historic times. Possible reasons for the earlier episode of food globalization are discussed and situated within a broader consideration of cross-continental contact in prehistory.

Book
15 Nov 2011
TL;DR: The Creative Industries, Culture and Policy sets the agenda for these debates, providing a richer understanding of the dynamics of cultural markets, creative labor, finance and risk, and how culture is distributed, marketed and creatively reused through new media technologies as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: The rise of creative industries requires new thinking in communication, media and cultural studies, media and cultural policy, and the arts and information sectors. The Creative Industries, Culture and Policy sets the agenda for these debates, providing a richer understanding of the dynamics of cultural markets, creative labor, finance and risk, and how culture is distributed, marketed and creatively reused through new media technologies. This book: develops a global perspective on the creative industries and creative economy draws insights from media and cultural studies, innovation economics, cultural policy studies, and economic and cultural geography explores what it means for policy-makers when culture and creativity move from the margins to the center of economic dynamics makes extensive use of case studies in ways that are relevant not only to researchers and policy-makers, but also to the generation of students who will increasingly be establishing a ‘portfolio career’ in the creative industries. International in coverage, The Creative Industries traces the historical and contemporary ideas that make the cultural economy more relevant that it has ever been. It is essential reading for students and academics in media, communication and cultural studies. Table of Contents - Introduction - Origins of Creative Industries Policy - International Models of Creative Industries Policy - From Culture Industries to Cultural Economy - Products, Services, Production and Creative Work - Consumption, Markets, Technology and Cultural Trade - Globalization, Cities and Creative Spaces - Creative Industries and Public Policy - Conclusion

Posted Content
TL;DR: In this article, the authors used spatial estimation on panel data for 148 developing countries over 18 years and found that the labour standards in one country are positively correlated with the labor standards elsewhere.
Abstract: Among the many concerns over globalization is that as nations compete for mobile firms, they will relax labour standards as a method of lowering costs and attracting investment. Using spatial estimation on panel data for 148 developing countries over 18 years, we find that the labour standards in one country are positively correlated with the labour standards elsewhere (i.e. a cut in labour standards in other countries reduces labour standards in the country in question). This interdependence is more evident in labour practices (i.e. enforcement) than in labour laws. Further, competition is most fierce in those countries with already low standards.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This article found that voters were substantially more sensitive to the loss of local jobs when it resulted from foreign competition, particularly from offshoring, than to job losses caused by other factors, and the anti-incumbent effect of trade-related job losses was smaller in areas where the government certified more of the harmed workers to receive special job training and income assistance.
Abstract: Does globalization's impact on the labor market affect how people vote? I address this question using a new dataset based on plant-level data that measures the impact of foreign competition on the U.S. workforce over an 8-year period. Analyzing change in the president's vote share, I find that voters were substantially more sensitive to the loss of local jobs when it resulted from foreign competition, particularly from offshoring, than to job losses caused by other factors. Yet, I also find that between 2000 and 2004, the anti-incumbent effect of trade-related job losses was smaller in areas where the government certified more of the harmed workers to receive special job training and income assistance. The findings have implications for understanding the impact of international economic integration on voting behavior, as well as for assessing the electoral effect of government programs designed to compensate the losers from globalization.

Journal ArticleDOI
Karen C. Seto1
TL;DR: This article used a content analysis of the published literature to take stock of current understanding of key social and policy drivers of migration to cities in 11 Asian and African mega-deltas and identifies commonalities and differences among them.
Abstract: This paper uses a content analysis of the published literature to take stock of current understanding of key social and policy drivers of migration to cities in 11 Asian and African mega-deltas and identifies commonalities and differences among them. The analysis shows that migration to urban centers in mega-deltas is an outcome of many forces: economic policies and incentives, local and destination institutions, government policies to develop small towns, and the geographic concentration of investments. Massive influx of capital to many deltas has transformed the local economic base from a primarily agricultural one to a manufacturing and processing economy. This has created uneven spatial economic development which is the underlying driver of migration to cities in the mega-deltas regardless of geographic context or size. Going forward to 2060, one critical challenge for all the deltas is to increase the labor skill of their workforce and foster technology innovation. Continued economic growth in these regions will require substantial investments in education and capacity building and the ability of urban centers to absorb the migrant labor pool.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors reviewed the ways in which economic and social upgrading are measured and scrutinized the theoretical connection between these two dimensions of upgrading, concluding with a brief discussion of policy implications.
Abstract: . Economic development has increasingly become synonymous with “economic upgrading” within global production networks (GPNs). Yet, while there has been much research on connecting economic upgrading with economic growth and international trade, there has been less analysis of the relationship between economic and “social upgrading”, i.e. improvements in the wages, conditions, rights, gender equality and economic security of workers in GPNs. Focusing on developing countries, this article reviews the ways in which economic and social upgrading are measured and scrutinizes the theoretical connection between these two dimensions of upgrading. The authors conclude with a brief discussion of policy implications.