Gondwana

About: Gondwana is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 6078 publications have been published within this topic receiving 263050 citations. The topic is also known as: Gondwanaland.

Earth geography from 500 to 400 million years ago: a faunal and palaeomagnetic review

Abstract: Very different palaeogeographical reconstructions have been produced by a combination of palaeomagnetic and faunal data, which are re-evaluated on a global basis for the period from 500 to 400 Ma, and are presented with appropriate confidence (or lack of it) on six maps at 20 Ma intervals. The palaeomagnetic results are the most reliable for establishing the changing palaeolatitudes of Baltica, Laurentia and Siberia. However, global palaeomagnetic reliability dwindles over the 100 Ma, and more evidence for relative continental positioning can be gleaned from study of the distribution of the faunas in the later parts of the interval. The new maps were generated initially from palaeomagnetic data when available, but sometimes modified, and terranes were positioned in longitude to take account of key faunal data derived from the occurrences of selected trilobites, brachiopods and fish. Kinematic continuity over the long period is maintained. The many terranes without reliable palaeomagnetic data are placed according to the affinities of their contained fauna. The changing positions of the vast palaeocontinent of Gondwana (which has hitherto been poorly constrained) as it drifted over the South Pole during the interval have been revised and are now more confidently shown following analysis of both faunal and palaeomagnetic data in combination, as well as by the glacial and periglacial sediments in the latest Ordovician. In contrast, the peri-Gondwanan and other terranes of the Middle and Far East, Central Asia and Central America are poorly constrained.

Late Proterozoic low-latitude global glaciation: the snowball Earth

Abstract: A fundamental question of earth history concerns the nature of the Late Proterozoic glaciogenic sequences that are known from almost all of the major cratonic areas, including North America, the Gondwana continents, and the Baltic Platform. A major controversy involves the probable latitude of formation for these deposits- were they formed at relatively high latitudes, as were those of the Permian and our modern glacial deposits, or were many of them formed much closer to the equator? Arguments supporting a low depositional latitude for many of these units have been discussed extensively for the past 30 years (e.g., Harland 1964), beginning with the field observations that some of the diamictites had a peculiar abundance of carbonate fragments, as if the ice had moved over carbonate platforms. Indeed, many of these units, such as the Rapitan Group of the Canadian Cordillera, are bounded above and below by thick carbonate sequences which, at least for the past 100 Ma, are only known to have been formed in the tropical belt within about 33° of the equator (Ziegler et al. 1984). Other anomalies include dropstones and varves in the carbonates, as well as evaporites (for a complete review, see Williams 1975). Either the earth was radically different during the late Precambrian glacial episode(s), or the major continental land masses spent an extraordinary amount of time traversing back and forth between the tropics and the poles.