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Gonorrhea

About: Gonorrhea is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 5255 publications have been published within this topic receiving 126802 citations. The topic is also known as: chronic gonococcal infectious disease of lower genitourinary tract & chronic gonococcal infectious disease of upper genitourinary tract.


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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Three STDs accounted for 88% of all new cases of STD among 15-24-year-olds in 2000 and emphasize the toll that STDs have on American youth.
Abstract: CONTEXT In the United States, young people aged 15–24 represent 25% of the sexually experienced population. However, the incidence and prevalence of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) among this age-group are unknown. METHODS Data from a variety of sources were used to estimate the incidence and prevalence of STDs among 15–24-year-olds in the United States in 2000. The quality and reliability of the estimates were categorized as good, fair or poor, depending on the quality of the data source. RESULTS Approximately 18.9 million new cases of STD occurred in 2000, of which 9.1 million (48%) were among persons aged 15–24. Three STDs (human papillomavirus, trichomoniasis and chlamydia) accounted for 88% of all new cases of STD among 15–24-year-olds. CONCLUSIONS These estimates emphasize the toll that STDs have on American youth. More representative data are needed to help monitor efforts at lowering the burden of these infections.

1,661 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
01 Jan 1993-AIDS
TL;DR: Non-ulcerative STD were risk factors for sexual transmission of HIV-1 in women, after controlling for sexual exposure, and offered an important additional strategy for the prevention of HIV/AIDS.
Abstract: There is only a small probability that HIV-1 will be transmitted via any single sexual contact. The risk of transmission however during such an act may be greatly increased by the presence of ulcerative genital sexually transmitted disease (STD). Little evidence is published on whether infection with non-ulcerative STD facilitates the transmission of HIV-1. The authors therefore investigated whether treatable STD enhanced the sexual transmission of HIV-1 in a cohort of female prostitutes in Kinshasa Zaire. 431 initially HIV-1-seronegative women were followed prospectively in this nested case-control study for a mean duration of two years in monthly STD check-ups and three-monthly HIV-1 serology. The 68 women who seroconverted were compared against the 126 women who remained HIV-1-seronegative for the incidence of STD and sexual exposure during the presumed period of HIV-1 acquisition. There was a 9.8% annual incidence of HIV-1 in this cohort of subjects. Seroconverters were of mean age 24.6 years compared to 26.8 years for the HIV-seronegative women. During the period of HIV-1 acquisition cases had a much higher incidence of gonorrhea chlamydial infection and trichomoniasis and engaged in unprotected sex with clients and partners more frequently than controls. After controlling for sexual exposure by multivariate analysis adjusted odds ratio for seroconversion were 4.8 for gonorrhea 3.6 for chlamydial infection and 1.9 for trichomoniasis. Genital ulcers were more frequent in cases than controls but much less common than other STD. These findings therefore suggest that non-ulcerative STDs were risk factors for the sexual transmission of HIV-1 in these women. Such STD may be a considerable population-attributable risk in the transmission of HIV-1 worldwide given the high prevalence of non-ulcerative STDs in some populations.

1,183 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Treatment of BV and promotion of vaginal colonization with lactobacilli should be evaluated as potential interventions to reduce a woman's risk of acquiring HIV-1, gonorrhea, and trichomoniasis.
Abstract: A prospective cohort study was conducted to examine the relationship between vaginal colonization with lactobacilli, bacterial vaginosis (BV), and acquisition of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and sexually transmitted diseases in a population of sex workers in Mombasa, Kenya. In total, 657 HIV-1-seronegative women were enrolled and followed at monthly intervals. At baseline, only 26% of women were colonized with Lactobacillus species. During follow-up, absence of vaginal lactobacilli on culture was associated with an increased risk of acquiring HIV-1 infection (hazard ratio [HR], 2.0; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.2-3.5) and gonorrhea (HR, 1.7; 95% CI, 1.1-2.6), after controlling for other identified risk factors in separate multivariate models. Presence of abnormal vaginal flora on Gram's stain was associated with increased risk of both HIV-1 acquisition (HR, 1.9; 95% CI, 1.1-3.1) and Trichomonas infection (HR, 1.8; 95% CI, 1.3-2.4). Treatment of BV and promotion of vaginal colonization with lactobacilli should be evaluated as potential interventions to reduce a woman's risk of acquiring HIV-1, gonorrhea, and trichomoniasis.

853 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
12 May 2001-BMJ
TL;DR: The tests that are now available for the major sexually transmitted infections are described and the important issues they raise in the management of those diseases are discussed.
Abstract: See also Editorial by Catchpole Rates of sexually transmitted diseases are increasing, particularly in people aged between 15 and 25. How best to tackle this increase is unresolved, although several tests have recently been developed that are providing new opportunities for screening, early detection, and prevention of sexually transmitted infections and their complications, particularly for Chlamydia trachomatis , herpes simplex virus, and human papillomavirus. Already these tests are being used in research studies, but their introduction into clinical practice raises complex issues. This articles describes the tests that are now available for the major sexually transmitted infections and discusses the important issues they raise in the management of those diseases. We selected topics for inclusion by reviewing specialist journals and conference abstracts from 1998 to 2000. We chose areas that were the subject of most research reports and that are having a direct impact on patient care. We performed a search of Medline for the same period, based on keywords related to these topics. Earlier references were among those quoted in the publications retrieved by the systematic search. We have not considered advances in HIV disease and its management. In the United Kingdom most cases of sexually transmitted infections are treated at genitourinary medicine clinics. Surveillance data from these clinics show that their workload is steadily increasing (fig 1). There has been a noticeable increase in the number of cases of bacterial infections, particularly chlamydia and gonorrhoea since 1995.1 Chlamydia trachomatis is the most commonly diagnosed bacterial sexually transmitted infection in the developed world and a leading cause of pelvic inflammatory disease.2 In 1999, 56 855 patients with uncomplicated chlamydial infection were seen at UK clinics dealing with genitourinary medicine, an increase of 61% since 1996.1 Given the potential for morbidity from ectopic pregnancy and tubal infertility …

789 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
21 Mar 2006-AIDS
TL;DR: Interventions are needed to help men reduce their number of sexual partners, occurrences of unprotected anal intercourse, alcohol or drug use before sex and address other mental health issues.
Abstract: Objectives Risk factors for HIV acquisition were examined in a recent cohort of men who have sex with men (MSM). Design A longitudinal analysis of 4295 HIV-negative MSM enrolled in a randomized behavioral intervention trial conducted in six US cities. Methods MSM were enrolled and assessed for HIV infection and risk behaviors semi-annually, up to 48 months. Results In multivariate analysis, men reporting four or more male sex partners, unprotected receptive anal intercourse with any HIV serostatus partners and unprotected insertive anal intercourse with HIV-positive partners were at increased risk of HIV infection, as were those reporting amphetamine or heavy alcohol use and alcohol or drug use before sex. Some depression symptoms and occurrence of gonorrhea also were independently associated with HIV infection. The attributable fractions of high number of male partners, use of alcohol or drugs before sex, and unprotected receptive anal intercourse with unknown status partners and the same with presumed negative partners accounted for 32.3, 29.0, 28.4 and 21.6% of infections, respectively. Conclusions The challenge is to develop strategies to identify men in need. Interventions are needed to help men reduce their number of sexual partners, occurrences of unprotected anal intercourse, alcohol or drug use before sex and address other mental health issues.

668 citations


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Performance
Metrics
No. of papers in the topic in previous years
YearPapers
2023181
2022399
2021202
2020170
2019171
2018160