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Showing papers on "Government published in 1971"


Book
01 Jan 1971
TL;DR: Niskanen as mentioned in this paper developed a formal theory of supply by bureaus and developed a simple theory of the market for public services financed through a representative government; the final section suggests a set of changes to improve the performance of our bureaucratic and political institutions, based both on theory and professional experience.
Abstract: This is the first book to develop a formal theory of supply by bureaus. Niskanen develops an original and comprehensive theory of the behavior of bureaus with the institutions of representative government. He challenges the traditional view that monopoly bureaus are the best way to organize the public sector, and he suggests ways to use competitive bureaus and private firms to perform operations such as delivering mail, fighting wars, or running schools more efficiently than the present government agencies. The theory concludes that most bureaus are too large, grow too fast, use too much capital, and exploit their sponsor. His theory explains the relation of the output and budget of a bureau to demand and cost decisions. It compares bureaus with other forms of organization facing like conditions and delineates the production and investment behavior of a bureau, the behavior of nonprofit firms with no sponsor, the behavior of mixed bureaus with financing from a sponsor and from the sale of services, the effects of competition between a bureau and a competitive industry. The book also develops a simple theory of the market for public services financed through a representative government; the final section suggests a set of changes to improve the performance of our bureaucratic and political institutions, based both on theory and Niskanen's professional experience. It is essential reading for professionals and students in the social sciences and could prove instrumental in reforming some of our government institutions.

4,304 citations


Book
01 Jan 1971
TL;DR: In this paper, Alice M. Rivlin examines the contributions that systematic analysis has made to decision-making in the government's "social action" programs education, health, manpower training, and income maintenance and concludes by urging the widespread implementation of social experimentation and acceptability by the federal government.
Abstract: How can we identify who benefits from government programs aimed at solving our social problem and who pays for them? With so many problems, how can we allocate scarce funds to promote the maximum well-being of our citizens?In this book, originally presented as the third series of H. Rowan Gaither Lectures in Systems Science at the University of California (Berkeley). Alice M. Rivlin examines the contributions that systematic analysis has made to decisionmaking in the government's "social action" programseducation, health, manpower training, and income maintenance. Drawing on her own experience in government, Mrs. Rivlin indicates where the analysts have been helpful in finding solutions and wherebecause of inadequate data or methodsthey have been no help at all.Mrs. Rivlin concludes by urging the widespread implementation of social experimentation and acceptability by the federal government. The first in such a way as to permit valid conclusions about their effectiveness; the second would encourage the adoption of better ways of delivering services by making those who administer programs responsive to their clients. Underlying both is the requirement from comprehensive, reliable performance measures."

269 citations


BookDOI
01 Jun 1971
TL;DR: The European Community dimension in Irish Government is discussed in this article, where the main functions of local authorities are discussed. But the focus is on the control of administration and the civil service.
Abstract: List of tables and figures. 1. Basic influences. 2. The changing face (and mind?) of Ireland. 3. The framework of limited government. 4. Political communications and the mass media. 5. Patterns of participation and representation. 6. Political parties. 7. Pressure groups. 8. Elections. 9. The policy makers. 10. The government and the Dail. 11. The Oireachtas. 12. The pattern of public administration. 13. The control of administration and the civil service. 14. State-sponsored. 15. Local government. 16. Controlling the administration. 17. The European Community dimension in Irish Government. Appendices. 1. How the Dail is Elected. 2. State-Sponsored Bodies in 1991. 3. The Main Functions of Local Authorities. Further reading. Index.

178 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
12 Mar 1971-Nature
TL;DR: Suggestions for tackling the problem of loss of scientific and technical manpower from the developing countries are a modified version of a paper read at the Pugwash conference on science and world affairs in October 1969.
Abstract: If the loss of scientific and technical manpower from the developing countries is to be stemmed, firm measures must be taken soon. These suggestions for tackling the problem are a modified version of a paper read at the Pugwash conference on science and world affairs in October 1969. The views expressed here are, of course, those of Dr Parthasarathi and do not reflect the views of the Government of India.

148 citations



Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Buddhism in Thailand has been both subjected to integrative policies advanced by the Thai government and manipulated as an instrument for promoting national integration as discussed by the authors, and the efforts to use Thai Buddhism as instrument of national policy could prove deleterious rather than advantageous to the attainment of national goals.
Abstract: Buddhism in Thailand has been both subjected to integrative policies advanced by the Thai government and manipulated as an instrument for promoting national integration. As a result of reforms instituted at the end of the nineteenth century, several different traditions of Therevada Buddhism were united into a national religious system. In recent years, the Thai government has attempted to involve the Buddhist Sangha in efforts to promote economic development among the Thai peasantry and assimilation of tribal peoples into Thai society. While the policies designed to integrate Buddhism within Thailand were successful, the efforts to use Thai Buddhism as instrument of national policy could prove deleterious rather than advantageous to the attainment of national goals.

90 citations


Book
21 Oct 1971
TL;DR: Early educational effort 1600-1800 educational expansion 1800-1850 the role of administrators, chiefs and the missions first attempts at agricultural and industrial training girls education and teacher training before 1850 some chief factors in educational expansion 1850-1900 government official policy and educational expansion 1850 -1900 agricultural, industrial and vernacular training 1850 -1900 women education and teachers training.
Abstract: Early educational effort 1600-1800 educational expansion 1800-1850 the role of administrators, chiefs and the missions first attempts at agricultural and industrial training girls' education and teacher training before 1850 some chief factors in educational expansion 1850-1900 government official policy in educational expansion 1850-1900 agricultural, industrial and vernacular training 1850-1900 girls education and teacher training 1850-1900 higher education notes on 20th century educational developments conclusion appendices.

86 citations




Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a model for determining how a central government can most efficiently allocate resources among other levels of government, explicitly including the fact that lower levels can make independent decisions once they have been given resources by the central government.
Abstract: This paper presents a model for determining how a central government can most efficiently allocate resources among other levels of government. The model explicitly includes the fact that lower levels of government can make independent decisions once they have been given resources by the central government. A key feature of the model is the mathematical formulation of the central government's objective of distributing resources efficiently, while at the same time being as fair as possible to all those receiving allocations. An algorithm for solving the model is presented along with a numerical example.

76 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, theoretical attention is given to two aspects of intergovernmental aid programs, and relative responses of a recipient government are compared under various function specifications, including matching requir...
Abstract: Theoretical attention is given to two aspects of intergovernmental aid programs. The relative responses of a recipient government are compared under various function specifications, matching requir...

01 Jan 1971
TL;DR: The article as mentioned in this paper was one of several presented at an international conference on social indicators held at Ditchley Park in April 1971, sponsored by the Social Science Research Council and attended by representatives from USA, Canada, France and United Kingdom.
Abstract: This article was one of several presented at an international conference on social indicators held at Ditchley Park in April 1971. The conference was sponsored by the Social Science Research Council and attended by representatives from USA, Canada, France and United Kingdom, including representation from the Central Statistical Office. Current thinking on social indicators is proceeding in many and various directions. It could not yet be claimed that there is any consensus on the most desirable line of development even within particular social policy areas. This is especially true of the difficult field of health with which this article deals. Nevertheless it is part of the editorial policy of Social Trends to keep in touch with developments in this important field. The article is therefore published not as representing a line of thought which has any especial status with public health authorities, government, or the medical profession but simply as an interesting example of the kind of substantive research which is going on in this field.


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the causes of creative florescences in particular periods of time in certain countries were investigated, and five hypotheses were tested which have been proposed to explain such florescence, including wealth, geographical expansion, democratic government and external challenge.
Abstract: This is a study of the causes of creative florescences in particular periods of time in certain countries. Five hypotheses were tested which have been proposed to explain such florescences. No support was found for four of these supposed causes: wealth, geographical expansion, democratic government and external challenge. Some support however was found for the fifth hypothesis: the more politically fragmented a civilization at a given time, the higher its creativity level.

Book
01 Jun 1971

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The problem of the historian in dealing with the conceptions of "nationalism" and "imperialism" in Canada and other colonies of British settlement as discussed by the authors is a major difficulty, especially when historians accept the looseness uncritically and without analysis.
Abstract: Nation-making, said Canadian journalist Sir John Willison, was one of Canada's infant industries. Canada had first become a nation in 1867, and, according to party literature, with every subsequent change of government “we have been made a nation over again.” Sir John was not exaggerating the number of times that writers have made Canada a nation, and, since historians have often been employed in the same nation-making industry, this paper will concern itself with the problem of the historian in dealing with the conceptions of “nationalism” and “imperialism” in Canada and other colonies of British settlement.The study of nationalism in British settlement colonies is hampered by difficulties of terminology, conceptualization, and ideological inflection. Looseness of word-usage, such as using “nation” for both state or country and as a word to describe a group of people with some common features, constitutes a major difficulty, especially when historians accept the looseness uncritically and without analysis. Sometimes “national” is used as a euphemism for the policy of protection – Sir John A. Macdonald's Canadian National Policy was originally little more than that. The same term was used by Queensland's Premier McIllwraith in 1882, and there “national” could only have meant the economic development of the Queensland “nation.” “National” sometimes simply means a geographic whole or a common, central institution – that is, a “national” government can merely mean one government governing four provinces, or six states. The word can even, as in “national schools,” mean non-denominational.




Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This paper explored the normative implications for government action of the presumption that factors are"entitled" to their marginal product, and concluded that imperfections in knowledge, mobility, and competition should be removed by court action as a matter of distributive justice, and that collective goods including income redistribution should be paid for by those who demand the goods.
Abstract: To evaluate government programs, it is necessary to say what individuals are "entitled" to in regard to wealth distribution. This paper explores the normative implications for government action of the presumption that factors are"entitled" to their marginal product. The conclusions are that imperfections in knowledge, mobility, and competition should be removed by court action as a matter of distributive justice, and that collective goods, including income redistribution, should be paid for by those who demand the goods. Compensation is appropriate when government changes the rules it has itself imposed or when it recognizes new property rights where they did not formerly exist.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors define indirect government as self-government through intermediaries authorized by the people, as opposed to the direct rule of the people and define it as a form of selfgovernment that requires that the people abstain from government after authorizing it, and hence that political debate center on whether or how the government is representative, not on what it should do.
Abstract: The article defines indirect government as self-government through intermediaries authorized by the people, as opposed to the direct rule of the people. It requires that the people abstain from government after authorizing it, and hence that political debate center on whether or how the government is representative, not on what it should do. Almost all modern government is indirect and based on the indirect question of representation. Hobbes, though not the founder of indirect government, was the founder of the science by which men could be induced to consent to be governed not in accordance with their opinions of good and bad but on the basis of their passions, particularly fear. To achieve a form of consent that was voluntary and yet not based on opinion, he was forced to understand consent almost as resigning to the inevitable, yet his purpose in attempting to expel opinions from politics was to clear away divisions of opinion, especially religious opinion, and thus remove the obstacle to progress in human power. Hobbes' doctrine and modern representative government must both be understood from the historical standpoint of Hobbes' hostility to Christianity.





Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The welfare ordinances of these cities wereublished, in several editions and in several languages?
Abstract: umented are those of the cities of Nuremberg in Germany (1522), Ypres in the Low Countries (1525), and Lyon in France (1531-34).' The welfare ordinances of these tlhree cities were ptublished, in several editions and in several languages? and pamphlets were issued further explaining and justifying them. These reforms, moreover, influenced the policies not only of other cities, but also of royal governments. The imperial edict on poor relief in the Low Countries, promulaated in, 1531 by the government of Charles v, was based on preliminary study of the municipal reforms of Mons, Ypres, and Audenaerde, and it in turn stimulated the reforms of other cities such as Brussels.2 The Englishl statute on poor relief, promulgated by the government of fHenry viii in 15,36, was based on a draft very likely prepared by the man who translated the Ypres ordinance into English.3 And

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The development of government participation in the support of research is one of the most significant characteristics of nineteenth-century science as mentioned in this paper, and as public money became available for science, the social framework of research underwent a profound transformation.
Abstract: The development of government participation in the support of research is one of the most significant characteristics of nineteenth-century science. As public money became available for science, the social framework of research underwent a profound transformation. This process of transformation is not easy to define, but the response of scientific societies and institutions sometimes provides significant clues.

Journal ArticleDOI
27 Aug 1971-Science
TL;DR: More stringent admission standards, quotas, reduced financial support, incentives, or other means of controlling the number of doctorates will challenge established values, frustrate many students and many professors, exacerbate tensions among established and emerging institutions, aggravate the uneasy relationships between universities and government, complicate faculty-administration problems, and accentuate differences between older and younger faculty members as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: Even if agreement on "Solutions" is reached, the processes of adjustment will be difficult. More stringent admission standards, quotas, reduced financial support, incentives, or other means of controlling the number of doctorates will challenge established values, frustrate many students and many professors, exacerbate tensions among established and emerging institutions, aggravate the uneasy relationships between universities and government, complicate faculty-administration problems, and accentuate differences between older and younger faculty members. Some academicians will no doubt be inclined to the view that difficulties in the job market for young doctorates created by a laissez-faire approach are moderate compared with the difficulties that will be generated by efforts to adjust supply and demand. We are of the opinion that these problems must be faced, and that the longrange imbalance, inequities, and strains arising from ignoring the problem will far outweigh the stresses generated by efforts to cope with it.