Showing papers on "Government published in 1977"

Servant Leadership: A Journey Into the Nature of Legitimate Power and Greatness

Abstract: A classic work on leadership for business men and women, government leaders and all persons in positions of authority.

An introduction to the study of public policy

Abstract: The causes of policy failures are, at root, political. Studying the policy process. The nature of public problems. Getting problems to government. Formulating proposals. Legitimating programs. Budgeting for programs. Implementing programs. Evaluating programs. Conclusion as prelude. Bibliography. Index.

A Government of Strangers: Executive Politics in Washington

Abstract: How do political appointees try to gain control of the Washington bureaucracy? How do high-ranking career bureaucrats try to ensure administrative continuity? The answers are sought in this analysis of the relations between appointees and bureaucrats that uses the participants' own words to describe the imperatives they face and the strategies they adopt.Shifting attention away form the well-publicized actions of the President, High Heclo reveals the little-known everyday problems of executive leadership faced by hundreds of appointees throughout the executive branch. But he also makes clear why bureaucrats must deal cautiously with political appointees and with a civil service system that offers few protections for broad-based careers of professional public service.The author contends that even as political leadership has become increasingly bureaucratized, the bureaucracy has become more politicized. Political executivesusually ill-prepared to deal effectively with the bureaucracyoften fail to recognize that the real power of the bureaucracy is not its capacity for disobedience or sabotage but its power to withhold services. Statecraft for political executives consists of getting the changes they want without losing the bureaucratic services they need.Heclo argues further that political executives, government careerists, and the public as well are poorly served by present arrangements for top-level government personnel. In his view, the deficiencies in executive politics will grow worse in the future. Thus he proposes changes that would institute more competent management of presidential appointments, reorganize the administration of the civil service personnel system, and create a new Federal Service of public managers."

The future of the world economy

Abstract: PREFACE This report is intended to present the preliminary results of a study, made under the auspices of the United Nations, on the impact of prospective economic issues and policies on the International Development Strategy for the Second United Nations Development Decade. Primary financial support for the study was provided by the Government of the Netherlands through a grant to the United Nations. Additional financial support, which permitted a number of consultants to prepare special analyses, was provided by the United Nations and the Ford Foundation. The team of principal investigators responsible for the preparation of building the world input-output model and for the computation of the projections included in this report was under the direction of Wassily Leontief and included Anne P. Carter and Peter Petri (of Brandeis University), with Joseph J. Stern (of Harvard University) serving as a co-ordinator for the project. Richard Drost (of Brandeis University) wrote the programmes with which the various computations were performed. Many offices and organizations of the United Nations family generously provided statistical information and relevant reports. The authors are especially grateful to the Economic Commission for Europe of the United Nations which prepared a special study of interindustry relations in Europe; the Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations, for generously making available a large amount of data on the agricultural sector in various regions of the world; the International Labour Office and the Population Division of the United Nations Secretariat for providing demographic data. In addition, the World Bank gave us access to its vast amount of data pertaining to the developing economies. In the original conception of the study, it was hoped that research organizations in various countries, especially the developing countries, would be asked to undertake specific studies and data collections. Actually, this proved to be difficult, partly because the time available to complete the study was too short to permit effective liaison to be established between the research staff at Brandeis and Harvard Universities and overseas research institutes. Nevertheless, the assistance of the Development Centre of the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) which distributed the project outline and interim reports to the members of its world-wide network of research institutions is gratefully acknowledged. As is suggested in the report, further analysis of the environmental problems can and indeed

The public use of private interest

Abstract: According to conventional wisdom, government may intervene when private markets fail to provide goods and services that society values. This view has led to the passage of much legislation and the creation of a host of agencies that have attempted, by exquisitely detailed regulations, to compel legislatively defined behavior in a broad range of activities affecting society as a whole--health care, housing, pollution abatement, transportation, to name only a few. Far from achieving the goals of the legislators and regulators, these efforts have been largely ineffective; worse, they have spawned endless litigation and countless administrative proceedings as the individuals and firms on who the regulations fall seek to avoid, or at least soften, their impact. The result has been long delays in determining whether government programs work at all, thwarting of agreed-upon societal aims, and deep skepticism about the power of government to make any difference. Strangely enough in a nation that since its inception has valued both the means and the ends of the private market system, the United States has rarely tried to harness private interests to public goals. Whenever private markets fail to produce some desired good or service (or fail to deter undesirable activity), the remedies proposed have hardly ever involved creating a system of incentives similar to those of the market place so as to make private choice consonant with public virtue. In this revision of the Godkin Lectures presented at Harvard University in November and December 1976, Charles L. Schultze examines the sources of this paradox. He outlines a plan for government intervention that would turn away from the direct" command and control" regulating techniques of the past and rely instead on market-like incentives to encourage people indirectly to take publicly desired actions.

Policymakers' Use of Social Science Knowledge : symbolic or Instrumental?

Abstract: (introduction): the concept of legitimation recently gained some popularity in connection with the attempt to theoretically locate the symptoms of post industrialism or late capitalism (e.g. schaar 1969; luhmann 1969; offe 1972; habermas 1973). in the literature on the utilization of social science knowledge the concept has long been known to stand for the position that decision makers mainly seek research results to back up convictions they already held and decisions they have alreadytaken. the second position equally popular defines utilization in terms of the meaning it has in natural and technological sciences; it expects political decisions to be replaced by scientifically derived objective necessities (schelsky 1965). both positions seem equally extreme in their interpretation of the utilization process; and both positions are equally speculative in sofar as there are hardly any data available to constitute the ground for one or the other thesis. the present paper seeks to examine both assumptions by drawing from 70 face-to-face interviews done in 1974 with medium level decision makers in austrian federal and municipal government agencies (all located in vienna) who were directly involved with contract research. since there are no lists of the universe of government officials funding social science projects the study cannot claim to be representative for the population; however, extensive search processes on the part of the project teams suggest that the persons identified constitute a more or less complete set of government contractors in the city of vienna, where more than 50 percent of austrian social science government contract research is financed. the study included only government officials who had (during the last few years) financed at least one project finished at the time of the interviewing in a social science discipline. the distribution of projects over disciplines is as follows: sociology (51 percent), economics (24 percent), educational sciences (13,5 percent), urban and regional planning (4,5 percent), political sciences (4,5 percent) and others (2,5 percent). the frequency of projects classified as sociological reflects the predominance of social research and opinion surveys in government contract research. this predominance should be kept in mind when reading the analysis that follows. the present paper relies on both, responses to open ended questions recorded on tape and answers given to standardized closed ended phrasings. furthermore, responses from government officials are in a few cases supplemented by data stemming from a survey of 628 austrian social scientists done in 1973/1974 which included a set of questions equivalent to those that had been asked to the decision makers. both surveys had been done as part of one larger study; hence, for the two populations certain parts of the questionnaires have been constructed to match each other. the same definition of "social science" which centers around the disciplines mentioned above (including psychology, contemporary history and business administration) was used in both cases. the population of social scientists analyzed for the present purpose excludes those researchers who had not done a contract research project during the last few years.;

Ethics in Medicine Historical Perspectives and Contemporary Concerns

Abstract: This book is a comprehensive and unique text and reference in medical ethics. By far the most inclusive set of primary documents and articles in the field ever published, it contains over 100 selections. Virtually all pieces appear in their entirety, and a significant number would be difficult to obtain elsewhere.The volume draws upon the literature of history, medicine, philosophical and religious ethics, economics, and sociology. A wide range of topics and issues are covered, such as law and medicine, truth-telling by the physician, research, population policy, genetics, abortion, dying, and individual rights in medical care. The selections span the centuries, beginning with material from the works of Hippocrates, continuing through Thomas Percival, John Stuart Mill, and Claude Bernard, down to modern commentators like Henry K. Beecher, Walsh McDermott, David L. Bazelon, Paul Freund, H. L. A. Hart, John Rawls, Paul Ramsey, Richard McCormick, Rashi Fein, and Bernard Barber.The text has eight major divisions, beginning with sections on the ethical dimensions of the physician-patient relationship in history; the moral bases of medical ethics; and regulation, compulsion, and protection of the consumer in clinical medicine and public health. Each of these sections includes key essays that appear for the first time.All of the book's major divisions contain primary documents: codes such as the Hippocratic Oath, Medieval Law for the Regulation of Medicine, and the first as well as the most recent code of the American Medical Association; court decisions, including those on Karen Quinlan and on abortion in the United States and West Germany; government documents such as the statement of the National Commission on the Protection of Human Subjects, the Tuskegee Syphilis Report, the British Parliamentary debate on euthanasia, and the Council of Europe on rights of the sick and dying; and various published guidelines such as the Harvard Medical School brain death criteria, the American Hospital Association on patient's rights, and Pope Pius XII on the prolongation of life.Cases that illustrate moral dilemmas are provided for discussion purposes. Each section is preceded by a succinct editor's introduction.The documents and essays are of practical value for practitioners and students in medicine, law, ethics, and counselling, and for individual patients and groups concerned with medical care. Through encompassing divergent viewpoints, the essays and primary documents were selected to encourage humane practices and deepen understanding of the multiple traditions that shaped and do shape the development of medicine.

The Government's Impact on the Labor Market Status of Black Americans: A Critical Review

Abstract: This paper surveys recent evidence on the impact of government programs on the measured labor market status of black Americans. In this paper, we argue that previous studies neglect the impact of recent government policy on the supply side of the labor market, and that the supply side effects of recent policy play an important role in explaining the recent measured increase in the ratio of the wages and incomes of blacks to the wages and incomes of whites.

Emerging Problems of Citizen Participation

Abstract: Over the last decade and a half the increased activity, involvement, and influence of public interest groups and citizen organizations has become one of the most distinctive features of American administration.' Citizen groups have besieged administrative agencies and courts at every level of government with demands that they be allowed to participate fully in administrative proceedings, that they be given greater access to agency information, and that they be permitted to present any and all evidence in behalf of their interests before appropriate administrative and judicial tribunals. They have skillfully cultivated the press to broaden their appeal to administrative and political officials, established effective, fulltime lobbying organizations, and in some cases have put together sophisticated professional staffs which rival the agencies' own in their ability to grasp the intricacies and complexities of public policy issues. Furthermore, both the participants themselves and knowledgeable observers have predicted that the torrent of citizen suits and public interest activity seen thus far is only a small fraction of the deluge yet to come.2 On the whole, reaction to this surge of citizen participation has been positive. The general assumption is that broadened participation is desirable because it increases the representativeness and responsiveness of our administrative and political institutions, heightens citizens' sense of political efficacy, and acts as an important check on the abuse of administrative discretion. Yet in spite of the proven accomplishments of citizen groups in some policy areas, there is a growing body of data to support the contention that public participation which is automatic, unrestrained, or ill-considered can be dangerously dysfunctional to political and administrative systems. The purpose of this article is to explore the "other side" of the public participation issue * This article analyzes the problems which have accompanied the growth of the citizen participation and public interest movements. The principle problems identified are the potential shortsightedness of the administrative response to citizen demands, problems of representation and legitimacy, the style and tactics of citizen groups, and the absence of sophisticated cost-benefit analysis of public interest policies and programs. The author suggests that public participation which is not carefully ordered and constrained by administrators can lead to poorly conceived, unrepresentative, and costly policy decisions. Administrators are chiefly responsible for the integrity of the administrative process, and sensitivity to citizen demands is no substitute for independent, carefully reasoned, professional judgments regarding the nature of the public interest in each new administrative situation.

An Empirical Study of Competition in Municipal Service Delivery

Abstract: quality of his work on another kind of effort; but experience refutes this belief. Few government officials believe that selecting and monitoring contractors for several sharply focused studies is just as quick and easy and more satisfying than doing one omnibus contract for a multi-pronged study; but experience shows that it is. 10. Require few formal reports from the contractor; depend on frequent informal contacts. The more formal, written reports required from the contractor, the more the study effort will be spent on composing, typing, editing, and reproducing reports and the less chance the contractor will have to make up for delays in data availability, to adapt procedures to take advantage of lessons learned along the way, or simply to think about the information being developed. Furthermore, written reports are nearly useless vehicles for monitoring a project's progress; if the technical monitor doesn't know what's going on through frequent informal contracts, he or she is not going to find out through contractor-prepared status reports. Ideally, each agency should have clear procedures on how contract studies are to be monitored. A rule of thumb: the RFP should ask for formal reports only if they will be needed as separate final products when the study effort is over. These ten suggestions are not ivory tower speculations; they stem from the "real world" of evaluation contracting. Following them will not require any increase in time, manpower, or resources than an agency is already spending although admittedly it may require challenging some deeply entrenched misconceptions. But others have done it. The rewards in improved quality and utility of evaluation findings will be worth the effort.

People and Performance

Abstract: What is management? What is a manager? How is a business organized, and how can managers use people's strengths more effectively? What is the relationship between management today and the society and culture it seeks to direct? These and many more questions are discussed in Peter Drucker's classic survey of management thought and practice. People and Performance is the ideal volume for those who want the essence of Drucker's thinking, but with limited time at their disposal. It spans all the main dimensions of management and its themes are based on Drucker's direct experience as an adviser to businesses, government departments, public institutions, and as a widely sought lecturer.

Wagner's law, fiscal institutions, and the growth of government

Abstract: By examining empirically the growth of government in 34 nations during the post-World War II period, this paper explores whether it is appropriate to make references to such a phenomenon as "Wagner...

Local government in Britain

Abstract: List of maps Preface Introduction Part I. England: Areas and Purposes Appendices Part II. England: Local Democracy Part III. England: Internal Management and Organisation Part IV. England: Finance Part V. The Government of London Part VI. Local Government in Scotland Part VII. Local Government in Wales Part VIII. Local Government in Northern Ireland Select bibliography List of maps.

Mapai in Israel : political organisation and government in a new society

Abstract: Preface 1. The problem and the setting Part I. Party and Society: the Incorporation of Diverse Social Forces: Introduction: non-competitive and competitive patterns of organisational penetration and control 2. Agricultural settlements: non-competitive organisational penetration 3. Industrial workers, artisans, and professionals: competitive penetration 4. Ethnicity, sex, religion and age: cross-cutting cleavages and attenuated penetration Part II. Internal Party Organisation: Membership, Representation, Participation and Leadership: Introduction 5. Individual membership, branch organisation and local representative institutions 6. National representative decision making institutions: the conference, council and central committee 7. National executive institutions 8. The party machine Part III. Party and Government: Leadership Selection, Decision Making, Institutional Control, and Succession: 9. Leadership selection and direction of parliamentary and Histadrut institution 10. Decision making 11. Depoliticisation and state integration 12. Leadership, succession and organisational maintenance: conflict, split and reunification 13. Conclusion: political organisation and political success Selected bibliography Index.

The Government's Impact on the Labor Market Status of Black Americans: A Critical Review

Abstract: This paper surveys recent evidence on the impact of government programs on the measured labor market status of black Americans. In this paper, we argue that previous studies neglect the impact of recent government policy on the supply side of the labor market, and that the supply side effects of recent policy play an important role in explaining the recent measured increase in the ratio of the wages and incomes of blacks to the wages and incomes of whites.

The Birth and Death of Taxes: A Hypothesis

Abstract: Tax systems in England, France, Spain, and Venice are regarded as providing payments from subjects to governments for protection against foreign and domestic threats. In each developing state, the supply and demand for protection at the time of the tax system's origin determined the long-term character of taxation. Only where taxes arose in an environment of exceptionally long wars did subjects forfeit their right to control levies. Groups having close substitutes available for central government paid non-extortionate taxes. Collusion in the supply of protection led to noble tax privileges. Once created, taxes survived as long as the government itself.

Conservation and Economic Efficiency: An Approach to Materials Policy

Abstract: To what extent can market and, indeed, central government agencies be counted on to generate patterns of use of nonrenewable resources (including the environment) which will be intergenerationally efficient and equitable? This is the central question addressed by the author, and the answer derived in the book is that neither markets nor government planning, operating under current regulations and planning criteria, will lead to intertemporal allocations of resources which are efficient or equitable. The author's primary concern is with intergenerational equity, for "while there has been considerable discussion

Post-Fisc Distributions of Income in 1950, 1961, and 1970

Abstract: Distributions of income after allocating all government taxes and expenditures to households are compared over two decades. Extending prior work back an additional decade and adding extensive sensi...

Self reliance in Kenya: The case of Harambee

Abstract: The Kenyan Harambee Self-help movement offers an interesting example of "bottom-up" development of more than one decade, with little and often no government financial support. The movement appears ...

Network Application in Industry and Government

Abstract: The primary purpose of this paper is to provide the practitioner tools to use in modeling decision making situations as network flow problems. These tools are presented as part of the discussion of recent industrial and governmental applications. The intent is not to enumerate all applications of networks, but rather to give the reader a flavor of the versatility and usability of networks. An additional objective is to acquaint the reader with the process of visualizing a problem by means of network diagrams, thereby making it possible to capture important interrelationships in an easily understood “pictorial” framework. A secondary purpose is to familiarize the reader with recent computational advances in the development of computer codes to solve these problems. For example, recent breakthroughs in the solution and human engineering aspects of minimum cost flow transshipment problems have made it possible to solve problems that require many hours of computing time with state-of-the-art commerci...

The ungovernable city: The politics of urban problems and policy making

Abstract: "We confront an urban wilderness more formidable and resistant and in some ways more frightening than the wilderness faced by the pilgrims or the pioneers." What Robert Kennedy warned in 1966 is, ten years later, more starkly true than ever. As controversies about American cities rage, this critique takes a hard, unflattering look at the urban plight. Those who expect facile answers, utopian visions, or panaceas should, however, be cautioned: the book offers none. What it does offer is an interior view of urban policy making and an example of the most astute kind of policy study.Professor Yates argues that the urban policy-making system is no longer capable of producing coherent decisions, developing effective policies, or implementing programs. lack of money is not the underlying cause. The real culprit has to do with contradictions fundamental to cities as political and social entities. Historically, cities evolved as "melting pots," developing haphazardly into loose structures composed of numerous antagonistic interests and forces. Urban management has largely consisted of hasty responses to crisis situations rather than long-range planning. City governments are at once too decentralized for overall policy making and too centralized to be truly responsive to its citizenry. By the same token they are both too independent of and too dependent on higher-level government (state, federal) for assistance.The basic function and distinctive feature of urban government is its service delivery. But here the system breaks down, for the mayor does not entirely control the administrators, and administrators cannot control the "street-level" employees--policemen, firemen, public school teachers. Fragmentation, instability--these are the result. The remedies are not simple and obvious, as Yates repeatedly makes clear. But if penetrating to the core of the problem is at all beneficial, The Ungovernable City is a step in the right direction.

The origins of the National Recovery Administration : business, government, and the trade association issue, 1921-1933

Abstract: This book is the history of the business community's efforts during the 1920s and early thirties to emasculate the federal policy, stemming from the sherman.

The Politics of Neglect: Urban Aid from Model Cities to Revenue Sharing

Abstract: This critical evaluation of the efforts by the federal government to reduce poverty and alleviate inequality in the inner cities during the past decade is the work of two urban scholars who were themselves deeply involved in the design, implementation, and review of those programs from 1965 through the early 1970s. Their balanced, three-dimensional view is achieved through the double focus of academic detachment and practical experience.The book traces the Model Cities Program from its origins as the proposed grand coordinator of all the Great Society's urban expectations, one intended to marshal and interrelate independent federal agencies horizontally and levels of government vertically, with the newly established Department of Housing and Urban Development wielding the conductor's baton. From these heady beginnings, the authors chart the subsequent inablility of both the Johnson and Nixon administrations to implement the program effectively, and the reasons why results failed to measure up to rhetorical goals and early overoptimism.By analyzing the performance of the federal bureaucracy, Congress, and the White House, this study explains why officials in Washington were unable to meet the priorities of the cities and why the cities in turn were unable to use federal resources to make significant improvements in their poverty neighborhoods. Furthermore, the book offers an initial interpretation of two newly established programs-special and general revenue sharing-which aim, from a different direction, at some of the same goals as did the Model Cities Program, but which have failed to learn some of the key cautionary lessons that a proper study of the earlier program should have taught. After documenting the failure of grand designs for a coordinated federal approach to urban problems in the 1960s, the authors propose an alternative strategy for making effective use of revenue sharing and other current programs for the cities. As they state, "A careful reading of the federal implementation effort should help to define a future role for the federal government in reducing poverty and inequality, drawing on the experiences of the 1960s but without repeating the overly optimistic assumptions and mistakes of that decade." In addition to the published literature, The Politics of Neglect makes use of information until now unavailable to other scholars: the authors' recollection of their personal participation, private files kept by a number of former federal officials, and interviews with these and other officials who served on the White House staff and in the federal agencies during two administrations. This book will offer insight to laymen and professionals alike, including mayors, public administrators, concerned citizens, city planners, and students of urban problems.