Showing papers on "Government published in 1991"

A public management for all seasons

Abstract: This article discusses: the doctrinal content of the group of ideas known as ‘new public management’(NPM); the intellectual provenance of those ideas; explanations for their apparent persuasiveness in the 1980 s; and criticisms which have been made of the new doctrines. Particular attention is paid to the claim that NPM offers an all-purpose key to better provision of public services. This article argues that NFM has been most commonly criticized in terms of a claimed contradiction between ‘equity’ and ‘efficiency’ values, but that any critique which is to survive NPM's claim to ‘infinite reprogrammability’ must be couched in terms of possible conflicts between administrative values. The conclusion is that the ESRC'S Management in Government’ research initiative has been more valuable in helping to identify rather than to definitively answer, the key conceptual questions raised by NPM.

People and organizational culture: a profile comparison approach to assessing person-organization fit

Abstract: This article brings together three current themes in organizational behavior: (1) a renewed interest in assessing person-situation interactional constructs, (2) the quantitative assessment of organizational culture, and (3) the application of “Q-sort,” or template-matching, approaches to assessing person-situation interactions. Using longitudinal data from accountants and M.B.A. students and cross-sectional data from employees of government agencies and public accounting firms, we developed and validated an instrument for assessing person-organization fit, the Organizational Culture Profile (OCP). Results suggest that the dimensionality of individual preferences for organizational cultures and the existence of these cultures are interpretable. Further, person-organization fit predicts job satisfaction and organizational commitment a year after fit was measured and actual turnover after two years. This evidence attests to the importance of understanding the fit between individuals' preferences and organiza...

Governing by numbers: Figuring out democracy☆

Abstract: This review essay considers the relations between quantification and democratic government. Previous studies have demonstrated that the relation between numbers and politics is mutually constitutive: the exercise of politics depends upon numbers; acts of social quantification are politicized; our images of political life are shaped by the realities that statistics appear to disclose. The essay explores the specific links between democracy , as a mentality of government and a technology of rule, and quantification, numeracy and statistics. It argues that democratic power is calculated power, calculating power and requiring citizens who calculate about power. The essay considers the links between the promulgation of numeracy in eighteenth-century U.S. and programmes to produce a certain type of disciplined subjectivity in citizens. Some aspects of the history of the census are examined to demonstrate the ways in which the exercise of democratic government in the nineteenth century came to be seen as dependent upon statistical knowledge and the role that the census had in “making up” the polity of a democratic nation. It examines the case of National Income Accounting in the context of an argument that there is an intrinsic relation between political problematizations and attempts to make them calculate through numerical technologies. And it considers the ways in which neo-liberal mentalities of government depend upon the existence of a public habitat of numbers, upon a population of actors who calculate and upon an expertise of number. Democracy, in its modern mass liberal forms, requires numerate and calculating citizens, numericized civic discourse and a numericized programmatics of government.

The new politics of pollution

Abstract: Idioms of analysis the politics of ecological modernization controlling pollution in the round turning government green implementation, economic instruments and public participation international dimension idioms of experience.

Toward Better Theories of the Policy Process

Abstract: Any theory of the manner in which governmental policies get formulated and implemented, as well as the effects of those actions on the world, requires an understanding of the behavior of major types of governmental institutions (legislatures, courts, administrative agencies, chief executives), as well as the behavior of interest groups, the general public, and the media. The dominant paradigm of the policy process, the stages heuristic popularized by Jones (1970), Anderson (1975), and Peters (1986), has outlived its usefulness and must be replaced, in large part because it is not a causal theory. In the course of their empirical work, policy scholars have highlighted a number of phenomena that need to be incorporated into theories of the policy process. The development of such theories requires an integration ‘of both political scientists’ knowledge of specific institutions and behavior and policy scholars' attention to policy communities, substantive policy information, etc.Innovations by Policy Scholars in Understanding the Policy ProcessAt least since World War II, most political scientists have tended to focus on either a specific type of institution (legislatures, the presidency, courts, interest groups, administrative agencies, local governments, political parties) or on specific types of political behavior outside those institutions (public opinion, voting, political socialization). These have become the standard subfields within the discipline.In contrast, scholars interested in public policy have not been able to stay within these subfields because the policy process spans all of them. In the course of empirical work, policy scholars have highlighted a number of phenomena often neglected by political scientists without a policy focus:a) The importance of policy communities/networks/subsystems involving actors from numerous public and private institutions and from multiple levels of government;b) The importance of substantive policy information;c) The critical role of policy elites vis-a-vis the general public;d) The desirability of longitudinal studies of a decade or more;e) Differences in political behavior across policy types.

Bureaucracy: What Government Agencies Do And Why They Do It

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Applied Software Measurement: Assuring Productivity and Quality

Abstract: Addressing the massive measurement changes wrought by new technologies and paradigms, as well as outsourcing and reengineering, this second edition fully discusses software metrics in relation to areas of acute interest today. Examples are rooted in real-life case studies, with stat newly culled from more than 6,000 corporate and government projects.

Income Redistribution in a Common Labor Market

Abstract: When households are mobile among jurisdictions, income redistribution by individual jurisdictions creates fiscal externalities. A model of interjurisdictional migration is used to study the nature of this redistributive externality. Analysis of optimal redistribution and optimal corrective subsidies from higher-level governments shows that benefit levels for the recipients of income transfers and tax rates on mobile taxpayers should be equalized across jurisdictions. A system of jurisdictions with a common labor market can achieve welfare improvements through coordination of "domestic" redistributive policy or through the intervention of a higher-level government. Copyright 1991 by American Economic Association.

International Law and the Use of Force by States

Abstract: This book is intended for scholars and students of international law and international relations; military personnel and advisers to Government departments.

Policy Entrepreneurs: Their Activity Structure and Function in the Policy Process

Abstract: "Public entrepreneurship" is the process of introducing innovation--the generation, translation, and implementation of new ideas-into the public sector. The research described here focuses on "policy entrepreneurs." These are public entrepreneurs who, from outside the formal positions of government, introduce, translate, and help implement new ideas into public practice.

Policy Domains: Organization, Culture, and Policy Outcomes

Abstract: Sociologists interested in politics have increasingly turned in recent years to the study of policy domains—components of the political system organized around substantive issues. This review focuses on the process leading to legislative enactment of policy change and assesses issues and findings in three aspects of the political process: agenda setting. the development of policy proposals, and the struggle for adoption of particular proposals. Quite a bit is known about adoption of proposals, but relatively little work has been done on agenda setting, and the task of understanding the development of policy proposals has barely begun. Policy change is affected most directly by formal organizations whose activities are channeled and given meaning by culture; government organizations play an active role in formulating policy and deciding how it will be implemented as well.

Trigger Points and Budget Cuts: Explaining the Effects of Fiscal Austerity

Abstract: We propose and solve an optimizing model which explains counterintuitive effects of fiscal policy in terms of expectations. If government spending follows an upward-trending stochastic process which the public believes may fall sharply when it reaches specific "trigger" points, then optimizing consumption behavior and simple budget-constraint arithmetic imply a nonlinear relationship between private consumption and government spending. This theoretical relation is consistent with the experience of several countries. (JEL E62, E21) Textbook aggregate-demand models suggest simple relationships between the government budget and economic activity: a cut in the government deficit, for example, depressing consumption and output. Though such models heavily influence the design of stabilization policies, their micro foundations are unclear, and their sharp predictions are not always consistent with reality. In many countries, large cuts in government spending carried out as part of stabilization programs have led to expansions rather than contractions in economic activity. The absence of simple relationships be

Reasonable doubt and the optimal magnitude of fines: should the penalty fit the crime?

Abstract: Models of the enforcement-compliance relationship have assumed that both the probability and magnitude of fines are independent choice variables of policy makers. These models indicate that it may be optimal to monitor with lowfrequency but to inflict uniformly maximal penalties for all infractions detected. This article shows that if the judicial system is built on the "reasonable doubt test," then the penalty and the probability of conviction are not independent. In particular, as the penalty increases, the probability of conviction falls. As a result, uniformly maximal penalties may actually encourage crime rather than deter it. This article shows that optimal fines should rise with the severity of the infraction, that is, the penalty should 'fit the crime." * Models of the enforcement-compliance relationship generally treat both the probability and magnitude of fines as independent choice variables of the government. This approach has led Becker ( 1968) and others' to conclude that it is optimal to set uniformly maximal penalties for all crimes, and to set the probability of conviction at the minimum level necessary to enforce compliance with the law. While this normative prescription is natural and intuitive, there still remains a larger positive question of why in most nations of the world penalties are not uniformly high, but rather rise with the severity of the crime. One possible resolution of the positive and normative questions may lie in the fact that penalties and probabilities of conviction are not generally independent. Convictions are typically determined by judges or jurors who are instructed to convict only if the evidence convinces them "beyond a reasonable doubt" that the accused is guilty. Psychologists, however, have found that a juror's willingness to convict may be influenced by more than just the evidence. Jurors are very sensitive to the potential penalties that defendants may pay,

Consumer Satisfaction, Dissatisfaction, and Complaining Behavior

Abstract: Research on consumer satisfaction, dissatisfaction, and complaining behavior, as a consumer-protection social issue, began in response to government public policy needs. How it developed into a valuable approach for public policy and private business decision making is the focus of this article. Topics discussed include alternative definitions of satisfaction and dissatisfaction, special groups of vulnerable consumers, situations where satisfaction is legally constrained, and how dissatisfaction can lead to social change. The error of treating dissatisfaction as cognitive rather than emotional is emphasized. Three dissatisfaction outcomes (voice, exit, and retaliation) are described, along with a discussion of longer run consumer grudge holding.

A spatial bargaining theory of government formation in parliamentary systems

Abstract: 1 theory of government formation in parliamentary systems is developed from a model incorporating policy-oriented parties with spatial preferences and a formation process in which parties are selected in sequence to attempt to form a government. A government is formed when the policy proposed by the party selected is sustained on a vote of confidence. The equilibria identify the government and the policy it will implement and depend on the configuration of preferences and on the government formation process. For example, in a political system with two large parties and one small party and in which one of the two large parties will be selected to attempt to form a government, the government will be formed by a large party with the support of the small party. The policy will reflect the preferences of the small party but will be closer to the ideal point of the large party.

The Technology Pork Barrel

Abstract: American public policy has had a long history of technological optimism. The success of the United States in research and development contributes to this optimism and leads many to assume that there is a technological fix for significant national problems. Since World War II the federal government has been the major supporter of commercial research and development efforts in a wide variety of industries. But how successful are these projects? And equally important, how do economic and policy factors influence performance and are these influences predictable and controllable? Linda Cohen, Roger Noll, and three other economists address these questions while focusing on the importance of R& D to the national economy. They examine the codependency between technological progress and economic growth and explain such matters as why the private sector often fails to fund commercially applicable research adequately and why the government should focus support on some industries and not others. They also analyze political incentives facing officials who enact and implement programs and the subsequent forces affecting decisions to continue, terminate, or redirect them. The central part of this book presents detailed case histories of six programs: the supersonic transport, communications satellites, the space shuttle, the breeder reactor, photovoltaics, and synthetic fuels. The authors conclude with recommendations for program restructuring to minimize the conflict between economic objectives and political constraints.

The child and the state in India : child labor and education policy in comparative perspective

Abstract: India has the largest number of non-schoolgoing working children in the world. Why has the government not removed them from the labor force and required that they attend school, as have the governments of all developed and many developing countries? To answer this question, this major comparative study first looks at why and when other states have intervened to protect children against parents and employers. By examining Europe of the nineteenth century, the United States, Japan, and a number of developing countries, Myron Weiner rejects the argument that children were removed from the labor force only when the incomes of the poor rose and employers needed a more skilled labor force. Turning to India, the author shows that its policies arise from fundamental beliefs, embedded in the culture, rather than from economic conditions. Identifying the specific values that elsewhere led educators, social activists, religious leaders, trade unionists, military officers, and government bureaucrats to make education compulsory and to end child labor, he explains why similar groups in India do not play the same role.

Nature tourism: managing for the environment.

Abstract: Nature Tourism provides practical advice and models for planning and developing a nature tourism industry, evaluating economic benefits, and marketing nature tourism. Using examples of successful nature tourism programs in Kenya, Costa Rica, the United States, and elsewhere, the book examines the roles of government and the private sector, explores nature tourism's potential as a tool for developing countries, and outlines ways for local residents to get involved.

National Saving and Economic Performance

Abstract: The past decade has witnessed a decline in saving throughout the developed world the United States has the dubious distinction of leading the way. The consequences can be serious. For individuals, their own economic security and that of their families is jeopardized. For society, inadequate rates of saving have been blamed for a variety of ills decreasing the competitive abilities of American industry, slowing capital accumulation, increasing our trade deficit, and forcing the sale of capital stock to foreign investors at bargain prices. Restoring acceptable rates of saving in the United States poses a major challenge to those who formulate national economic policy, especially since economists and policymakers alike still understand little about what motivates people to save. In "National Saving and Economic Performance," edited by B. Douglas Bernheim and John B. Shoven, that task is addressed by offering the results of new research, with recommendations for policies aimed to improve saving. Leading experts in diverse fields of economics debate the need for more accurate measurement of official saving data; examine how corporate decisions to retain or distribute earnings affect household-level consumption and saving; and investigate the effects of taxation on saving behavior, correlations between national saving and international investment over time, and the influence of economic growth on saving. Presenting the most comprehensive and up-to-date research on saving, this volume will benefit both academic and government economists."

What Risks Are People Concerned About

Abstract: An unusual questionnaire was used to explore what risks concern laypeople. It asked respondents to list, in their own words, as many risks of personal concern as they could. They then selected the five risks of greatest concern and answered a set of specific questions about each. A coding scheme was developed for categorizing these responses and was shown to have good reliability. The questionnaire was administered to a heterogeneous convenience sample of subjects. They reported a very broad range of risks of concern, which differed in plausible ways as a function of their gender and age. Females and student-age subjects were generally more concerned about the environment, whereas males and older subjects were more likely to mention health and safety risks. Both the extent of the risk-reduction actions that they reported and their expressed willingness to pay for future risk reductions were greater for risk that presented a direct personal threat (e.g., health risks) than for risks that posed a diffuse threat to the environment or to people in general (e.g., pollution). Respondents perceived themselves as bearing primary responsibility for managing threats to their own health, but generally saw government as bearing a heavier responsibility for managing environmental risks (especially for pollutants) and war. The questionnaire instrument and coding structure developed for this work are well-suited to a variety of future research applications. They provide a way to identify the risks that concern lay groups, as well as to track the evolution of those concerns over time.

Disaster management: A disaster manager's handbook

Abstract: FOCUSrnThe focus of the handbook is primarily on countries of Southeast Asia and the Pacific region. It draws on factual disaster management activities withing this

Legal Mobilization as a Social Movement Tactic: The Struggle for Equal Employment Opportunity

Abstract: This article attempts to establish theoretical and methodological links between work on social movements and work on the mobilization of law by analyzing legal mobilization as a social movement tactic-the pursuit of movement goals through "proper channels." Focusing on the movement for equal employment opportunity (EEO), the article considers how often minorities and women mobilize federal EEO laws in their fight for equal treatment in the marketplace, how often they with their cases, and how victory is related to thier ability to organize and to get help from the federal government. Analysis of one aspect of the mobilization of EEO laws-in the federal appellate courts-leads to some conclusions very much in keeping with recent work on social movements. They are that the relationship between grievances and mobilization is problematic, that blacks remain central to the struggle for equality in the United States, that resources matter for challengers of the status quo, and that the federal government can be ...

Who cares for America's children? : child care policy for the 1990s

Abstract: Few issues have aroused more heated public debate than that of day care for children of working parents. Who should be responsible for providing child care--government, employers, schools, communities? What types of care are best? This volume explores the critical need for a more coherent policy on child care and offers recommendations for the actions needed to develop such a policy. Who Cares for America's Children? looks at the barriers to developing a national child care policy, evaluates the factors in child care that are most important to children's development, and examines ways of protecting children's physical well-being and fostering their development in child care settings. It also describes the "patchwork quilt" of child care services currently in use in America and the diversity of support programs available, such as referral services. Child care providers (whether government, employers, commercial for-profit, or not-for-profit), child care specialists, policymakers, researchers, and concerned parents will find this comprehensive volume an invaluable resource on child care in America.

Reshaping the state : New Zealand's bureaucratic revolution

Abstract: Between 1984 and 1990 the fourth Labour Government embarked upon the reform of the structure, operation, and role of the public sector. That reform was the most thorough in New Zealand's history, and the changes rank amongst the most radical and comprehensive undertaken anywhere in the world. Not only were the scope and scale of the changes remarkable (involving commercialization, corporatization, privatization, the restructuring of numerous departments, the introduction of a new form of financial management, major changes to industrial relations, and an attempt to provide culturally more sensitive and responsive public services) but they were implemented with breathtaking speed and vigour. This book provides a systematic and critical analysis of these changes. It explores the theoretical basis of the reform programme, the nature and content of the changes, the management of the change process, and the problems of implementation. Particular attention is given to three pivotal pieces of legislation: the State Owned Enterprises Act 1986, the State Sector Act 1988, and the Public Finance Act 1989. The book also examines the effect of the reforms and evaluates their costs and benefits. This work is aimed at teachers and advanced students of politics, policy studies, public administration, accounting, public economics and industrial relations, as well as public servants.

The Informal Economy—Studies in Advanced and Less Developed Countries

Abstract: A New York roofer requests payment in cash. A Bogota car mechanic sets up "shop" on a quiet side street. Four Mexican immigrants assemble semiconductors in a San Diego home. A Leningrad doctor sells needed medicine to a desperate patient. All are part of a growing worldwide phenomenon that is widely known but little understood. The informal or underground economy is thriving today, not only in the Third World countries where it was first reported and studied but also in Eastern Europe and the developed nations of the West. The Informal Economy is the first book to bring together studies from all three of these settings and to integrate them into a coherent theoretical framework. Taking an international perspective, the authors dispel a number of misconceptions about the informal economy. They make clear, for instance, that it is not solely a province of the poor. Cutting across social strata, it reflects a political and economic realignment between employers and workers and a shift in the regulatory mission of the government. Throughout, the authors' theoretical observations serve not only to unify material from diverse sources but also to map out directions for further research.