Showing papers on "Government published in 2016"
Posted Content•
TL;DR: The impact of government size on economic performance and growth is discussed in this article, where the authors identify some points of view that assign to the government a critical role in the process of economic development, and argue that a larger government size is likely to be a more powerful engine of economic growth.
Abstract: A study of the impact of government size on economic performance and growth is important. Theoretically, one point of view suggests that a larger government size is likely to be detrimental to efficiency and economic growth because, for example, (i) government operations are often conducted inefficiently, (ii) the regulatory process imposes excessive burdens and costs on the economic system, and (iii) many of government's fiscal and monetary policies tend to distort economic incentives and lower the productivity of the system. At the other extreme, one can identify some points of view that assign to the government a critical role in the process of economic development, and could argue that a larger government size is likely to be a more powerful engine of economic development. There are several arguments on which the latter point of view is based. These include, besides others, (i) role of the government in harmonizing conflicts between private and social interests, (ii) prevention of exploitation of the country by foreigners, and (iii) securing an increase in productive investment and providing a socially optimal direction for growth and development.
949 citations
TL;DR: Modeled estimates of US spending on personal health care and public health showed substantial increases from 1996 through 2013; with spending on diabetes, ischemic heart disease, and low back and neck pain accounting for the highest amounts of spending by disease category.
Abstract: Importance US health care spending has continued to increase, and now accounts for more than 17% of the US economy. Despite the size and growth of this spending, little is known about how spending on each condition varies by age and across time. Objective To systematically and comprehensively estimate US spending on personal health care and public health, according to condition, age and sex group, and type of care. Design and Setting Government budgets, insurance claims, facility surveys, household surveys, and official US records from 1996 through 2013 were collected and combined. In total, 183 sources of data were used to estimate spending for 155 conditions (including cancer, which was disaggregated into 29 conditions). For each record, spending was extracted, along with the age and sex of the patient, and the type of care. Spending was adjusted to reflect the health condition treated, rather than the primary diagnosis. Exposures Encounter with US health care system. Main Outcomes and Measures National spending estimates stratified by condition, age and sex group, and type of care. Results From 1996 through 2013, $30.1 trillion of personal health care spending was disaggregated by 155 conditions, age and sex group, and type of care. Among these 155 conditions, diabetes had the highest health care spending in 2013, with an estimated $101.4 billion (uncertainty interval [UI], $96.7 billion-$106.5 billion) in spending, including 57.6% (UI, 53.8%-62.1%) spent on pharmaceuticals and 23.5% (UI, 21.7%-25.7%) spent on ambulatory care. Ischemic heart disease accounted for the second-highest amount of health care spending in 2013, with estimated spending of $88.1 billion (UI, $82.7 billion-$92.9 billion), and low back and neck pain accounted for the third-highest amount, with estimated health care spending of $87.6 billion (UI, $67.5 billion-$94.1 billion). The conditions with the highest spending levels varied by age, sex, type of care, and year. Personal health care spending increased for 143 of the 155 conditions from 1996 through 2013. Spending on low back and neck pain and on diabetes increased the most over the 18 years, by an estimated $57.2 billion (UI, $47.4 billion-$64.4 billion) and $64.4 billion (UI, $57.8 billion-$70.7 billion), respectively. From 1996 through 2013, spending on emergency care and retail pharmaceuticals increased at the fastest rates (6.4% [UI, 6.4%-6.4%] and 5.6% [UI, 5.6%-5.6%] annual growth rate, respectively), which were higher than annual rates for spending on inpatient care (2.8% [UI, 2.8%–2.8%] and nursing facility care (2.5% [UI, 2.5%-2.5%]). Conclusions and Relevance Modeled estimates of US spending on personal health care and public health showed substantial increases from 1996 through 2013; with spending on diabetes, ischemic heart disease, and low back and neck pain accounting for the highest amounts of spending by disease category. The rate of change in annual spending varied considerably among different conditions and types of care. This information may have implications for efforts to control US health care spending.
752 citations
Posted Content•
01 Jan 2016
TL;DR: The second edition of Corruption and Government updates Susan Rose-Ackerman's 1999 book to address emerging issues and to rethink old questions in light of new data as mentioned in this paper, with a special attention to political corruption and to instruments of accountability.
Abstract: The second edition of Corruption and Government updates Susan Rose-Ackerman's 1999 book to address emerging issues and to rethink old questions in light of new data The book analyzes the research explosion that accompanied the fall of the Berlin Wall, the founding of Transparency International, and the World Bank's decision to give anti-corruption policy a key place on its agenda Time has vindicated Rose-Ackerman's emphasis on institutional reform as the necessary condition for serious progress The book deals with routine payoffs and with corruption in contracting and privatization It gives special attention to political corruption and to instruments of accountability The authors have expanded the treatment of culture as a source of entrenched corruption and added chapters on criminal law, organized crime, and post-conflict societies The book outlines domestic conditions for reform and discusses international initiatives - including both explicit anti-corruption policies and efforts to constrain money laundering
529 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors discuss the challenge being put forth to business actors by the SDGs, reflecting on both the potential for more sustainable and responsible practices and on the limits to change.
Abstract: In September 2015, world leaders gathered in New York to endorse the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs): Ban Ki-moon asserts that the SDGs signal a ‘paradigm shift for people and the planet’ (UN 2014: para. 24). Significantly, under this new agenda there are expectations that businesses, government and civil society actors will be equally responsible for progressing a more sustainable path forward. Many assert that the private sector has particular strengths to bring to bear in delivering on the SDGs, including innovation, responsiveness, efficiency and provision of specific skills and resources. Interestingly, the business sector had a strong role in influencing development of the SDGs. In this paper we discuss the challenge being put forth to business actors by the SDGs, reflecting on both the potential for more sustainable and responsible practices and on the limits to change. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment
433 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a causal relationship between the flattening of a government hierarchy and economic performance was examined by exploiting a panel data set on government reorganization in China from 1995 to 2012.
419 citations
TL;DR: Zhang et al. as mentioned in this paper analyzed the evolution and challenge for land-centered urbanization, and way forward for people-oriented urbanization in China, and proposed eight suggestions from two perspectives for achieving new-type urbanisation in China.
358 citations
TL;DR: The authors argue that the principles of clinical investigation need to be applied to address the many unanswered questions in personalized oncology.
Abstract: The widespread dissemination of the idea of personalized oncology has spread faster than the underlying science. The authors argue that the principles of clinical investigation need to be applied to address the many unanswered questions.
319 citations
TL;DR: Mont et al. as mentioned in this paper analyzed existing academic knowledge on nudge and choice architecture, and investigated lessons about effectiveness of applied nudge tools and approaches in consumption domains of energy use in the home, food and mobility, and discussed opportunities and limitations for devising more successful nudge in the three consumption domains.
314 citations
TL;DR: It is concluded that an ecosystem approach to planning and design can be widely used to assess existing conditions and to consider policies, strategies, and relationships that address realistic barriers and stimulate desired benefits.
272 citations
TL;DR: In this article, an organization theory-based approach is used to study the performance of a well-functioning governmental crisis management system, and how this can be studied using an organization theoretic approach.
Abstract: What makes a well-functioning governmental crisis management system, and how can this be studied using an organization theory–based approach? A core argument is that such a system needs both governance capacity and governance legitimacy. Organizational arrangements as well as the legitimacy of government authorities will affect crisis management performance. A central argument is that both structural features and cultural context matter, as does the nature of the crisis. Is it a transboundary crisis? How unique is it, and how much uncertainty is associated with it? The arguments are substantiated with empirical examples and supported by a literature synthesis, focusing on public administration research. A main conclusion is that there is no optimal formula for harmonizing competing interests and tensions or for overcoming uncertainty and ambiguous government structures. Flexibility and adaptation are key assets, which are constrained by the political, administrative, and situational context. Furthermore, a future research agenda is indicated.
259 citations
TL;DR: Wang et al. as mentioned in this paper investigated the effects of government R&D programs on firm innovation outputs, which are measured by the number of patents, sales from new products, and exports.
TL;DR: It is argued that smartness should be conceptualized in a broad and multifaceted way and serves as a foundation to understand and measure smartness in government and provides guidelines for the comprehensive development of smart governments.
TL;DR: It is found that firms whose executives have ascribed bureaucratic connections are more likely to use their connections as a buffer from governmental donation pressure, particularly in competitive industries and less market-oriented regions, whereas in state-monopolized industries this buffering effect is reduced.
Abstract: Do political connections buffer firms from or bind firms to the government? To examine this theoretical puzzle, we distinguish two types of managerial political connections, ascribed and achieved, ...
01 Jan 2016
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a pattern of democracy government forms and performance in thirty six countries, but end up in infectious downloads, instead of reading a good book with a cup of tea in the afternoon, instead they are facing with some malicious bugs inside their laptop.
Abstract: Thank you for reading patterns of democracy government forms and performance in thirty six countries. Maybe you have knowledge that, people have look numerous times for their chosen novels like this patterns of democracy government forms and performance in thirty six countries, but end up in infectious downloads. Rather than reading a good book with a cup of tea in the afternoon, instead they are facing with some malicious bugs inside their laptop.
Posted Content•
TL;DR: The main drivers for PV technology transfer from the global innovation system to China are global market formation policy, international mobilization of talent, the flexibility of manufacturing in China, and belated policy incentives from China's government as mentioned in this paper.
TL;DR: This article studied the political fall-out from systemic financial crises over the past 140 years and found that after a crisis, voters seem to be particularly attracted to the political rhetoric of the extreme right, which often attributes blame to minorities or foreigners.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors used the stochastic frontier model and a unique panel data set of 17 high-tech industries in China spanning the 2001-2011 period to explore how government grants affect the innovation performance of these industries.
TL;DR: The finding of the analysis indicates that e-government users react against failures, while e- government projects will impact and attract opinion makers' attention that influence audience behavior.
TL;DR: The authors examines how government agencies use evidence about policy and program effectiveness, with attention to four themes: (1) the prospects for improving "evidence-informed" policy making, (2) the diversity of practices concerning evidence utilization and evaluation across types of public agencies and policy arenas, (3) recent attempts to institutionalize evaluation as a core feature of policy development and budget approval, and (4) the relationships between public agency and nongovernmental sources of expertise.
Abstract: The quality of public decision making depends significantly on the quality of analysis and advice provided through public organizations. Champions of “evidence-informed” policy making claim that rigorous evaluation practices can significantly improve attainment of cost-effective outcomes. After decades of experience, performance information is more sophisticated, but evaluation practices and capabilities vary enormously. Public agencies gather and process vast amounts of information, but there has been little analysis of how this information is actually utilized for policy and program improvement. This article examines how government agencies use evidence about policy and program effectiveness, with attention to four themes: (1) the prospects for improving “evidence-informed” policy making, (2) the diversity of practices concerning evidence utilization and evaluation across types of public agencies and policy arenas, (3) recent attempts to “institutionalize” evaluation as a core feature of policy development and budget approval, and (4) the relationships between public agencies and nongovernmental sources of expertise.
TL;DR: In this paper, a list of construction delay causes gathered from literature having different types of construction, different countries, different periods and different numbers of delay causes and delay groups is presented.
Abstract: Construction delays are a common phenomenon in civil engineering projects in Egypt including road construction projects. Therefore, it is essential to study and analyze causes of road construction delays. This paper studied a list of construction delay causes gathered from literature having different types of construction, different countries, different periods and different numbers of delay causes and delay groups. A questionnaire and personal interviews have formed the basis of this paper listing 293 delay causes. The questionnaire survey was distributed to 500 construction participants and 389 were received who represent consultants, contractors and site/design engineers excluding the owner representing the government in road projects as one party only. Relative Importance Index (RII) is calculated and according to the highest values the top twenty and the least twenty delay causes of construction projects in Egypt are determined. A case study is analyzed and compared to the most important delay causes in the paper. The test results reveal good correlation of causes and groups between contractors and site/design engineers and between consultants and site design engineers and a somewhat low correlation between contractors and consultants. So there are no root causes that can be taking for granted to be most or least effective delay causes. Proposed model for predicting actual road construction project duration was developed; a real case study tested the accuracy of proposed model. According to the analysis of case study, the most contributing causes and groups to delays were discussed, and some future recommendations were proposed in order to control and minimize delays in road construction projects. These findings can be helpful for project managers to mitigate the road construction delays in Egypt. In order to effectively overcome the road construction delays in developing countries, suggestions are made for fundamental and large‐scale reforms in procurement systems and stakeholders’ management. Also, this paper is useful for both researchers and road construction parties and allows detailed and repeatable analysis of the progress of a road construction project in order to facilitate and achieve a competitive level of time, cost and quality for effective road construction projects.
TL;DR: The results indicate that the proposed unified model for e-government adoption by this research has outperformed all other theoretical models by explaining highest 66% variance on behavioral intentions, adequately acceptable levels of fit indices, and significant relationships between each hypothesis.
01 Jan 2016
TL;DR: Using the policy cycle as a generic model for policy processes and policy development, a new look on how policy decision making could be conducted on the basis of ICT and Big Data is presented in this article.
Abstract: Although of high relevance to political science, the interaction between technological change and political change in the era of Big Data remains somewhat of a neglected topic. Most studies focus on the concept of e-government and e-governance, and on how already existing government activities performed through the bureaucratic body of public administration could be improved by technology. This article attempts to build a bridge between the field of e-governance and theories of public administration that goes beyond the service delivery approach that dominates a large part of e-government research. Using the policy cycle as a generic model for policy processes and policy development, a new look on how policy decision making could be conducted on the basis of ICT and Big Data is presented in this article.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors argue for mosaic governance to work with the heterogeneous array of people, institutions, and spatial practices associated with active citizenship, aiming to enhance relationships between the diversity of landscapes and communities across cities.
TL;DR: Li et al. as mentioned in this paper investigated the influence of government subsidies on enterprises' research and development (R&D) investment behavior, particularly in China's renewable energy sector, and found that government subsidies have a significant crowding out influence on enterprises's R&D investment behavior and that the influence is further moderated by the attributes of enterprise ownership.
TL;DR: Although high health care costs were concentrated in a small minority of the population, these related to a diverse set of patient health care needs and were incurred in a wide array of health care settings.
Abstract: Background: Characterizing high-cost users of health care resources is essential for the development of appropriate interventions to improve the management of these patients. We sought to determine the concentration of health care spending, characterize demographic characteristics and clinical diagnoses of high-cost users and examine the consistency of their health care consumption over time. Methods: We conducted a retrospective analysis of all residents of Ontario, Canada, who were eligible for publicly funded health care between 2009 and 2011. We estimated the total attributable government health care spending for every individual in all health care sectors. Results: More than $30 billion in annual health expenditures, representing 75% of total government health care spending, was attributed to individual costs. One-third of high-cost users (individuals with the highest 5% of costs) in 2009 remained in this category in the subsequent 2 years. Most spending among high-cost users was for institutional care, in contrast to lower-cost users, among whom spending was predominantly for ambulatory care services. Costs were far more concentrated among children than among older adults. The most common reasons for hospital admissions among high-cost users were chronic diseases, infections, acute events and palliative care. Interpretation: Although high health care costs were concentrated in a small minority of the population, these related to a diverse set of patient health care needs and were incurred in a wide array of health care settings. Improving the sustainability of the health care system through better management of high-cost users will require different tactics for different high-cost populations.
TL;DR: In this paper, the effects of corruption and government spending on economic growth were investigated in 106 countries and the results showed that the interactions between corruption and investment and corruption and military spending have strong negative impacts on economic development.
TL;DR: Findings call for developing crisis communication theory that is more focused on how publics communicate with each other rather than with organizations about disasters and predict a wider variety of crisis communication outcomes.
Abstract: This study provides insights that can inform disaster communication management, policymaking, and theory building through a nationally representative field experiment (N = 2,015 U.S. adults) grounded in media richness theory, information and communication technologies (ICTs) succession theory, and the social-mediated crisis communication (SMCC) model. Key findings include the following: (1) Significant main effects of disaster information source were detected on how likely participants were to seek further disaster information from TV, local government websites, and federal government websites; (2) regardless of information form and source, participants reported strongest intentions to immediately communicate about the disaster predominately via offline interpersonal forms rather than through online organizational and personal forms; and (3) regardless of information source, participants reported strong intentions to evacuate if instructed to do so by the government. These findings call for developing cri...
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors explore an optimal (pre-committed or ex-ante) environmental tax policy in a three-stage game in which polluting firms strategically choose the location of their plants after the government has chosen the optimal emission tax rate.
Abstract: This study explores an optimal (pre-committed or ex-ante) environmental tax policy in a three-stage game in which polluting firms strategically choose the location of their plants after the government has chosen the optimal emission tax rate. We show not only that the optimal emission tax is non-decreasing with the declining cost of relocation (e.g., setup or fixed costs), or else, the progress of globalization but also that the firms may move back their relocated plants to the home country, causing the resulting welfare to decline. As a consequence, the domestic welfare varies in a non-monotonic way. We also show that such a counterintuitive non-monotonic relationship does not arise under time-consistent (ex-post) emission taxes.