Showing papers on "Graphics published in 1971"

Graphical automatic programming

Abstract: Invention involves a process for automatically producing a computer program in machine assembly language directly from a two-dimensional network representing the flow of data and control logic which it is desired to accomplish on a specified general purpose digital computer. The network used to represent the desired data processing to be programmed involves a fundamentally new type of graphical representation, herein referred to as "data flow circuits". A specially defined "vocabulary" of some 50 basic data processing "data circuit elements" constitute the building blocks of data flow circuits. These elements on the one hand are functionally equivalent to hardware digital processing operations, and on the other hand are exactly defined as a set of computer instructions. The automatic preparation of a computer program by this method is especially advantageous when used with a computer-driven graphics terminal which provides for rapid and interactive configuration of the data flow circuit, on-line testing and immediate output of the final computer program.

Computer graphics, computer art

Abstract: Installations and Methods.- 1 The Computer and Aesthetic Processes.- 2 The Analogue Computer.- 3 The Digital Computer.- 4 Structure of the Computer.- Microcomputers.- 5 Hardware.- Memory.- Input Devices.- Output Devices.- Graphic Output.- Mechanical Output Devices.- Electronic Output Devices.- Printing Devices.- 6 Software.- Organization of Digital Computer Processes.- Programming Languages.- Graphical Programming.- Computer Graphics in Interactive Operation.- Graphics Systems.- Mathematical Operations/Random Processes.- 7 Computer Graphics in Practice.- Graphic Data Processing.- Word Processing Systems.- Business Graphics.- CAD/CAM.- Process Supervision.- Simulation.- Animation.- Picture Processing.- Pattern Recognition.- 8 Representational Pictures in Computer Graphics.- Picture Processing in Computer Art.- New Tasks of Picture Processing.- 9 Further Artistic Applications.- Dynamic Pictures.- Cinematography.- Animation.- Video.- Sculpture.- Dance.- Music.- Literature.- Multi-Media.- The Computer and the Environment.- History of Computer Art.- 1 The Move to Computer Graphics.- Technological Progress.- Calculation Graphics.- Alienated Science.- 2 The Beginning of Computer Graphics.- 3 International Exhibitions.- 4 Publications on Computer Art.- 5 The Expansive Period HO.- 6 Recent Activities.- 7 Computer Sculpture.- 8 Computer Film.- 9 Computer Texts.- 10 Computer Music.- 11 Theater, Dance, Multi-Media.- 12 Computer Architecture.- 13 Applied Computer Art.- Design.- Games and Entertainment.- Animation.- Visualization in the Classroom.- Art Theory.- Theoretical Foundations of Computer Art.- 1 Computer Art and Art Criticism.- 2 Exact Aesthetics.- Statistical Methods.- The School of Max Bense.- Information Aesthetics.- Cybernetic Art Theory.- Practical Consequences.- 3 Experimental Aesthetics.- 4 The Random as Generative Impulse.- The Future of Computer Art.- Name Index.

The design and implementation of the GINO 3D graphics software package

Abstract: The design and implementation of a general purpose graphics software package (GINO) is described. GINO provides facilities for 3D graphics (co-ordinate transformation, clipping, intensity modulation) but is organized so that 2D facilities form a clean subset. It is device independent, permitting use of refresh CRT displays, storage tube displays and plotters. A characteristic feature is the use of small satellite computers attached to a large multiaccess computer (ATLAS 2) GINO takes the form of a subroutine library accessible from FORTRAN and other languages, and the case for this level of graphics software is argued. The reasons for not using a mandatory graphical data structure are also discussed. GINO is not biased towards any particular style of interaction, but two techniques are described; one based on the light pen and the other on teletype command languages Efficiency of implementation is achieved without loss of flexibility by use of a systems programming language (SAL).

An approach to the optimum design of computer graphics systems

Abstract: Display system designers are faced with the difficult task of selecting major subsystems in an intelligent way. Each subsystem is chosen from large numbers of alternatives; the selection is based on considerations such as system response time, system cost, and the distribution of data storage and processing between the graphics processor and its supporting data processing system. The work reported here develops an objective, quantitative design procedure and helps give a better understanding of how to configure display systems. This is accomplished by means of a mathematical model of a computer driven graphics system.The parameters of the model are functions of the capabilities of the graphics hardware and of the computational requirements of the graphics application. The model can be analyzed using numerical queueing analysis or simulation to obtain an average response time prediction. By combining the model with an optimization, the best graphics system configuration, subject to a cost constraint, is found for several applications. The optimum configurations are in turn used to find general display system design guidelines.

Low resolution graphics for crt displays

Abstract: A system for generating and displaying graphical information for interactive computer display terminals using graphic display mediums employing a raster pattern, such as a cathode ray tube. The system uses programmable character elements for constructing graphic characters in such manner that they are highly adaptable for display by conventional television monitors. Each graphic character is constructed by the character elements in an individual cell pattern and a plurality of these adjacently located cell patterns render a continuous graphic diagram. All of the cells which make up the graphic diagram are of the same size and typically eight dots by twelve dots and a plurality of graphic element or font types may be used in these cells to generate the various graphic characters. One form of traphic element cell pattern generates the graphic characters in individual cells by means of a plural-point pattern and preferably a six-point pattern and in another form the graphic elements generates the graphic character by means of a plural-bar pattern and preferably a four-bar pattern. The system includes a mimic style keyboard along with cursor controls which are used to create the continuous graphic diagram. An eight bit word representing each character is loaded into a buffer or scanned storage and after a complete diagram has been composed a page representing this diagram may then be loaded into a permanent storage. The system is operable in an origination mode, a storage mode, a presentation mode and a modification mode. A unique programmable read-only memory and associated logic including a unique gating structure permits the display of alpha-numeric data generated at an alpha-numeric keyboard, along with the display of the above mentioned graphic character patterns.

GPL/I: a PL/I extension for computer graphics

Abstract: The tools available to the professional graphics applications programmer are without a doubt in the model T stage. They are often implemented as subroutine packages that either provide limited power or place a large burden on the user of the package. In addition, in an industrial environment the cost of training an experienced programmer to become proficient with the package can be very high.

The Graphics of Prose

Abstract: in the appearance of light-skinned black models. The increase in “mixed” advertisements may be seen as a function of the integrationist philosophy of the publisher and the values of the general society, and the trend from lightto dark-skinned blacks as a growing awareness of black pride. The proportion of black (both lightand dark-skinned) advertisements has not changed drastically from 1960 to 1969: from .777 to .819. Hence, the trend from lightto dark-skinned blacks can be seen as a change within rather than between categories. Although no verbal appeal to black pride has already been noted, a few models in the 1969 advertisements wore Afro dress or hair styles. Even advertisements for black cosmetics and hair products made almost no appeals to a changed physical image. Hair straighteners and soft, silky hair appear to be still very much in style in Ebony. Overtly, Ebony appears to have rejected-at least in its advertising-any marked identification with black militancy.

Graphic Computerization of Cephalometric Data

Abstract: A computer system for storage, retrieval, and analysis of cephalometric samples, developed at the Center for Human Growth and Development and reported previously (R. L. MILLER, W. S. HUNTER, and R. E. MOYERS, J Dent Res 49:1176, 1970), has been modified to improve collection speed and accuracy. Tridea Computer Graphics, Inc.* has developed and manufactures an automated, computer-operated graphics system, designed to quickly turn line drawings into machine tool instructions for manufacturing. The device lends itself to the automatic collection of cephalometric line tracings. Cephalometric tracings consisting of anatomic contours (lines) are scanned by an automatic, computer-controlled, center of the line follower, the position of which provides X and Y coordinates for storage on magnetic or paper tape. A television view system with a X 10 magnification and a manual control allows the operator to position and monitor the line follower. The operator controls the sequencing of lines to be digitized, and manually aids the line follower where line quality or line intersections make automatic line following difficult. A special repositioning feature of the graphics system computer program permits correction of erroneous data before it appears on tape. The software also allows a wide range of output formats and digitizing accuracy; the maximum resolution is 0.025 mm. Another important software feature is the algorithm by which a point on a line is selected for inclusion in the output data. With this algorithm, curves of greater curvature have a greater number of points per unit length, and this results in improved resolution. Special console control may be used to flag certain points to indicate landmarks, end of lines, etc. The collection of a typical tracing of approximately 3,000 points requires ten minutes. The Tridea Aldraft machine can verify the data taped by plotting the digitized outlines. This graphic representation of the data (Illustration) is produced on any desired medium such as vellum, nylon, a scribe coat, or metal plate in approximately five minutes. Accuracy

Computer graphics terminals: a backward look

Abstract: Five years ago, the price of admission into Interactive Computer Graphics was spending about $50,000 or more for the Graphics Terminal and associated hardware, plus writing almost all of the applications software, as well as much of the basic software. And, only about a dozen suppliers offered commercial equipment.

The evolution of a graphics system for linked computers

Abstract: The development of a comprehensive two-dimensional graphics package for an ICL 4130 with a high-speed data link to a DEC PDP-7 with Type 340 refreshed C.R.T. display and light pen is traced from its origin as a package of ALGOL procedures for graphical output. The design criteria imposed by the requirements for light-pen tracking and identification of picture parts are described, and decisions which affected the subsequent development of the sysetm are identified and commented upon. The various types of display file editing which may be performed are described, and a facility mentioned for saving display files on the backing store of the PDP-7. The idea of a ‘fixed-function satellite’ is introduced and its potential usefulness in other operating environments discussed.

The RAND Video Graphic System - An Approach to a General User-Computer Graphic Communication System

Abstract: : Cathode-ray-tube graphic displays offer one of the most powerful and useful man-machine communication paths. The Rand Video Graphic System offers one implementation. It serves 32 consoles; each has a full range of interaction and full graphics, and accommodates up to 8 different input devices. Each console serves as the general graphic terminal for all the user's computer-based needs. The user can access several computers from any terminal. The system is based on the use of 873-line TV monitor in each terminal. Scan conversion and buffered storage are centralized to improve performance and reduce cost. The report describes system components, operating environment, hardware and software, consoles, and reliability and performance. An all-digital approach to the video system is now being designed at Rand.

Computer Graphics and Film Animation

Abstract: An investigation has been made of some techniques in the application of computer graphics to the creation of animated films Emphasis was placed on developing a facility wherean animator could work at a graphics display to create film sequences without any knowledge of programming The objective was to provide the animator with a tool to generate the basic picture elements, to specify the motion for each element and to have the facility to synchronize the motion to sound The system provides a real-time playback at the cine rate for previewing the sequences

Storage Tube Graphics a Comparison of Terminals

Abstract: There is a growing demand for low cost computer graphics for the small scale computer user or for the user who would rather have easy access to a somewhat less sophisticated console than have very limited access (a few hours per day or even a week) to a more powerful but far more expensive device. The possibility of obtaining a work station with random positioning and vector capabilities as well as character writing speeds many times in excess of a teletype is very attractive. Such a work station maybe used both as a time-sharing terminal and as an I/O device for a small mini-computer, as well as for solving conventional graphics problems at an affordable price.

A planar graph drawing program

Abstract: This paper describes a program, written in FORTRAN, for a 64K I.C.L. 4130 which will accept data describing the ordering of nodes and branches within the regions of a planar graph, and generate a two-dimensional representation, without crossovers, from these data. The program was written to provide one of the basic ‘tools’ required in the development of a printed wiring board layout program for the electronics industry The program generates display code which is sent to a satellite PDP-7 computer driving a 340 display. On completion of the automatic drawing phase an interactive phase is entered in which the user can ‘tidy’ and label the drawing, by means of keyboard and light-pen commands Brief notes are included on the hardware, the data structures package (MINIJASP, derived from ASP) and the graphics package, employed.

System and method for printing alpha-numerics and graphics

Abstract: System and method for handling a plurality of electronic signals representing both alpha-numeric characters and graphics data. The coded alpha-numeric bits are directed to a decoder for conversion to a dot matrix and then to a writing head for printing on electrosensitive paper. The coded graphics bits are not relayed to the decoder but instead are transmitted to the writing head for direct print out on the electrosensitive paper. A control circuit monitors the incoming bit stream to shift the terminal between alpha-numeric and graphics printing as the arriving data pulses require.

Advanced computer graphics : economics, techniques, and applications

Abstract: 1 Fundamental Issues Facing Computer Graphics.- The Lessons of the "60's".- Fundamental Problems Facing the Growth of Man/Computer Graphics.- Aspects of Interactive Graphic Systems.- Some Comments on Supporting Multiple Interactive Graphic Consoles in a Productive Environment.- Digital Television: a low cost approach to multi-terminal graphics.- 2 Computer Aided Design - General Applications.- An interactive Graphical System using Computers linked by Voice Grade Line.- Conversational Design of Stochastic Service Systems from a Graphical Terminal.- Anatomy of an interactive Graphics Display Project: an Engineering Tool.- Computer Graphics in the Dynamic Analysis of Mechanical Networks.- Structural Operational Data Sets from Arbitrarily Arranged Computer Graphic Symbols.- A CAD approach to Blanking Die and Technology Design.- Computer-Aided design at McDonnell-Douglas.- Graphics Oriented Fractionator Analysis and Simulation Tool (GOFAST).- A Display System for Processing Engineering Drawings.- 3 Electronic Design Applications.- A Graphic Language for Describing and Manipulating two-dimensional patterns.- Interactive Graphical Input for Circuit Analysis.- Practical Layout of Printed Circuit Boards using Interactive Graphics.- Computer Graphics for integrated Circuit Design.- 4 Civil Engineering Applications of Computer Graphics.- Perspective Views and Computer Animation in Highway Engineering.- The use of Interactive Computer Graphics in Soil Engineering Analysis and Design.- Structural Design Using Interactive Graphics.- Computer Representation Display and Interrogation of Structural Building Data.- Interactive Use of the Light-Pen in finite Element Limit Load Analysis.- Computographical Description of the Dynamics of a Turbulence Model.- 5 Architectural Applications.- Computer Aided Architectural Design.- A Generalised Program for Transforming Relationship Values into Plan Layouts.- An Associative Data Structure to Describe Building Component Assemblies.- The Computer as an aid for the Architect.- Computer Graphics System for School Design.- Computer Graphics in Architecture.- The Craft Program Improvements and Proposed Improvements.- Building Design by Computer Graphics.- 6 Nuclear and Space Science Applications.- The application of Computer Generated Graphs and Diagrams to the Development of Advanced Nuclear Reactors.- A Laboratory for Interactive Programming, Processing and Display in Space Science.- 7 Pattern Recognition Developments.- Design of an Experimental Laboratory for Pattern Recognition and Signal Processing.- Display Assisted Design of Sequential Decision Logic for Pattern Recognition.- Interactive Signal Processing.- 8 Text Processing with On-Line Visual Display.- A demonstration of magazine page layout using a graphic display terminal.- Graphic Editing of Structured Text.- On-Line text editing using visual display.- 9 Computer Generated Animation.- Generating Computer Animated Movies from a Graphic Console.- Production of Computer Animated Films from a Remote Storage Tube Terminal.- 10 Developments in Display Systems.- Project Merlin: A Graphics Operating System.- On the Application of Graph Theory to Computer Data Structures.- Design of Software and Formats for Interactive Graphics Support.- Software Capabilities of the Adage Graphics Terminals.- Storage Tube Graphics-a Comparison of Terminals.- Microcoded Multiprogramming Display Control Unit.- An Interactive Graph Theory System.- Development and Production of Design Charts Using a Digital Plotter.- 11 Graphic Languages.- A Fortran package for Interactive Graphics.- Visplay, the C.S.I.R.O. Graphical Fortran System.- Software for Satellite Graphics.- Optimum Systems Design of Computer Driven Graphics Terminals.- TDD-An Interactive Three Dimensional Drawing Program for Graphical Display and Lightpen.- Languages for Graphic Attention-Handling.- 12 Computer-generated Geometric Shapes.- Interrogation Techniques for Parametric Surfaces.- Analysis of an Efficient Homogeneous Tensor Representation of Surfaces for Computer Display.- On Linear Differences Curves.- Interactive Surface Design.- The use of Interactive Graphics for the Preliminary design of a Ship's Hull.- Some Commercially Available Computer Graphics Systems.

Software Capabilities of the Adage Graphics Terminals

Abstract: Most evaluations or descriptions of display systems concentrate heavily on the hardware characteristics, but offer little insight into the capabilities and facilities offered by the software. Since hardware/software operation is so interrelated, the true power of any system is highly dependent upon both.

Software for Satellite Graphics

Abstract: This paper is in three parts, the first comments on the size of satellite graphic configurations, the second on the software problems of effecting a link between two computers, while the last describes a software system designed for use with satellite displays. This system is currently being implemented by Marconi-Elliott Computer Systems Ltd., under A. C. T. P. Contract No. K. 78B1/306.

Gear-train design

Abstract: This paper describes how 'computer graphics' is being applied to the design of gear-trains, which are used in special-purpose machine tools, by Mulhead Limited. The graphics console allows the engineer to exercise control over the program while a design is being created, thus combining the experience of the designer with the power of the computer. As the computer also produces the finished working drawings, parts lists etc., this program produces substantial savings in time and cost over conventional methods.

A Systematic Method for the Creation of Data Structures in Computer Graphics Applications.

Abstract: : The dissertation describes a systematic method for creating data structures for applications in computer graphics. With this method the user is able to think and work abstractly, on paper, with minimal regard to computer memory structure because a distinction is made between the user's data structure and the computer's memory structure. First, the user defines his own familiar graphical symbols for his application and then he proceeds to define images in terms of these symbols. A graphical notation is presented which allows the designer to construct his models on paper in a way that is similar to drawing flowcharts for computer programs. A systematic approach is maintained throughout, from the initial formulation of the abstract model, to the final creation of the data structure in the computer. Numerous examples are given. A chapter on the representation and processing of relations is also included. (Author)

Some thoughts on Network Graphics

Abstract: The method of operation described in Note 86 was to interpret data structures to produce graphic order codes for display. This method has proven satisfactory in the past and we favor this approach. The Note 86 proposal is directed toward a particular concept of operation (i.e., minimal graphics terminal connected to computational facilities at remote sites); our remarks embrace extended operations that include smart programs at each end of the connection as well as the minimal terminal.

Some factors which a Network Graphics Protocol must consider

Abstract: After reading some of the RFC's on a network graphics protocol it seems that many are not providing general enough mechanisms to handle attention handling, picture structure, and other higher level processes involved in interactive graphics. Therefore for what it is worth I am sending out these rough introductory notes which contain ideas that I think any network graphics protocol must come to grips with. The network graphics protocol should allow one to operate the most sophisticated system with more general data structures and concepts than those described in these notes and allow very simple systems to function also.

Graphical Man/Machine Communications

Abstract: : Progress is reported concerning the use of computer controlled graphical displays in the areas of radiaton diffusion and hydrodynamics, general second order systems and autonomous third order systems of partial differential equations. Use is made of the phase plane and phase space incorporating a Rand Tablet. A subroutine has been developed to locate storage and attributes of variables in interactive FORTRAN programs. Studies are continuing on the neural mechanisms responsible for pain; a study of numerical solution of partial differential equations describing non-isothermal flow has been started; computer simulation is being used to study hemodynamics about lesions and artificial valves; equipment has been assembled to study left ventricular dynamics. Progress is continuing on the use of computer graphics in architecture. Some progress in halftone graphics is reported with no basic developments presented. Colored halftone perspective pictures are being used to represent multivariable situations. Nonlinear waveform processing is being performed on pictures and audio recordings. Abstracts of technical reports are presented.

Design of Software and Formats for Interactive Graphics Support

Abstract: This presentation will describe an environment for a user of interactive graphics applications. Then a set of programmatic facilities for building graphics applications will be outlined.1 Those facilities for representing and processing structures pertinent to graphics will be covered in greater detail. Some of the design criteria and considerations affecting the chosen structures and their formats will be given.2

Project Merlin a Graphics Operating System

Abstract: Industry statistics derived from commercial programs indicate that about 2/3 of the effort needed to develop programs is spent in programming and debugging. Only about 1/3 is spent in data gathering, conceptualization, system design and documentation. A Graphics Operating System developed under PROJECT MERLIN reduces the effort required for programming and debugging by at least a factor of 10. Because of the bootstrap features employed in the Graphics Operating System, it is generally referred to as the Meta System. The economics of effort associated with the Meta System are: The programmer is coupled to the computer through a graphic display console. He accomplishes all normal programming and debugging functions on-line. In normal circumstances he uses no cards, no listings and no dumps except for backup purposes. Meta System embodies unique concepts which allow the user to produce compilers for specialized applications, modify the computer “hardware,” and perform complex data management tasks. The ML language is similar in specification to Algol but contains special constructs which facilitate the development of graphic applications and the management of large data files.

Real-time highway display and interaction

Abstract: September, 1969 that Mr. Callan began working with CRT displays. Since then, however, he has devoted most of his working time and energy to programming the LDS-1 graphics system. Probably the most obvious of his achievements was the preparation of five demonstration programs for his company’s Spring Joint Computer Conference exhibit (1970). One of these programs, on the creation and editing of printed circuit boards, was chosen as the basis for a paper at the Fall 1970 Digital Equipment Computer Users Society (DECUS) symposium.