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Grid parity
About: Grid parity is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 4970 publications have been published within this topic receiving 115070 citations.
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TL;DR: In this paper, an extensive literature review is conducted on emerging power quality challenges due to renewable energy integration, which are caused by non-controllable variability of renewable energy resources.
Abstract: Renewable energy becomes a key contributor to our modern society, but their integration to power grid poses significant technical challenges. Power quality is an important aspect of renewable energy integration. The major power quality concerns are: 1) Voltage and frequency fluctuations, which are caused by noncontrollable variability of renewable energy resources. The intermittent nature of renewable energy resources due to ever-changing weather conditions leads to voltage and frequency fluctuations at the interconnected power grid. 2) Harmonics, which are introduced by power electronic devices utilized in renewable energy generation. When penetration level of renewable energy is high, the influence of harmonics could be significant. In this paper, an extensive literature review is conducted on emerging power quality challenges due to renewable energy integration. This paper consists of two sections: 1) Power quality problem definition. Wind turbines and solar photovoltaic systems and their power quality issues are summarized. 2) Existing approaches to improve power quality. Various methods are reviewed, and the control-technology-based power quality improvement is the major focus of this paper. The future research directions for emerging power quality challenges for renewable energy integration are recommended.
518 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors model many combinations of renewable electricity sources (inland wind, offshore wind, and photovoltaics) with electrochemical storage (batteries and fuel cells), incorporated into a large grid system (72 GW).
498 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a simulation model that investigates the economic viability of battery storage for residential PV in Germany under eight different electricity price scenarios from 2013 to 2022 is presented. And the model with a large number of different PV and storage capacities is run to determine the economically optimal configuration in terms of system size.
Abstract: Battery storage is generally considered an effective means for reducing the intermittency of electricity generated by solar photovoltaic (PV) systems. However, currently it remains unclear when and under which conditions battery storage can be profitably operated in residential PV systems without policy support. Based on a review of previous studies that have examined the economics of integrated PV-battery systems, in this paper we devise a simulation model that investigates the economic viability of battery storage for residential PV in Germany under eight different electricity price scenarios from 2013 to 2022. In contrast to previous forward-looking studies, we assume that no premium is paid for solar photovoltaic power and/or self-consumed electricity. Additionally, we run the model with a large number of different PV and storage capacities to determine the economically optimal configuration in terms of system size. We find that already in 2013 investments in storage solutions were economically viable for small PV systems. Given the assumptions of our model, the optimal size of both residential PV systems and battery storage rises significantly in the future. Higher electricity retail prices, lower electricity wholesale prices or limited access to the electricity wholesale market add to the profitability of storage. We conclude that additional policy incentives to foster investments in battery storage for residential PV in Germany will only be necessary in the short run. At the same time, the impending profitability of integrated PV-storage systems is likely to further spur the ongoing trend toward distributed electricity generation with major implications for the electricity sector.
467 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigated the relationship between intermittent wind power generation and electricity price behavior in Germany using a GARCH model, and evaluated the effect of wind electricity generation on the level and the volatility of the electricity price in an integrated approach.
448 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors quantify the flexibility requirements at the operational timescale of 1-12 hours and different spatial scales across Europe and find that the flexibility requirement of a geographically large, transnational power system is significantly lower than of smaller regional systems, especially at high wind penetration.
448 citations