Showing papers on "Grounded theory published in 2006"
Book•
01 Jan 2006
TL;DR: K Kathy Charmaz's excellent and practical guide to grounded theory in nursing and how to do qualitative research in nursing is welcomed.
Abstract: An Invitation to Grounded Theory Gathering Rich Data Coding in Grounded Theory Practice Memo-Writing Theoretical Sampling, Saturation and Sorting Reconstructing Theory in Grounded Theory Studies Writing the Draft Reflecting on the Research Process
16,556 citations
TL;DR: Charmaz as mentioned in this paper presented a practical guide through qualitative analysis to construct grounded theory, using qualitative analysis, and showed that qualitative analysis can be used to understand grounded theory in a practical way.
Abstract: BOOK REVIEW: Constructing grounded theory. A practical guide through qualitative analysis Kathy Charmaz, 2006, 208 pp. London: Sage. ISBN 2005928035
11,206 citations
TL;DR: The essay addresses issues of causality, explanation, prediction, and generalization that underlie an understanding of theory, and suggests that the type of theory under development can influence the choice of an epistemological approach.
Abstract: The aim of this research essay is to examine the structural nature of theory in Information Systems. Despite the importance of theory, questions relating to its form and structure are neglected in comparison with questions relating to epistemology. The essay addresses issues of causality, explanation, prediction, and generalization that underlie an understanding of theory. A taxonomy is proposed that classifies information systems theories with respect to the manner in which four central goals are addressed: analysis, explanation, prediction, and prescription. Five interrelated types of theory are distinguished: (1) theory for analyzing, (2) theory for explaining, (3) theory for predicting, (4) theory for explaining and predicting, and (5) theory for design and action. Examples illustrate the nature of each theory type. The applicability of the taxonomy is demonstrated by classifying a sample of journal articles. The paper contributes by showing that multiple views of theory exist and by exposing the assumptions underlying different viewpoints. In addition, it is suggested that the type of theory under development can influence the choice of an epistemological approach. Support is given for the legitimacy and value of each theory type. The building of integrated bodies of theory that encompass all theory types is advocated.
3,070 citations
TL;DR: Roy Suddaby is asked to tackle another “big issue” that the editorial team has noticed with respect to qualitative submissions to AMJ: overly generic use of the term “grounded theory” and confusion regarding alternative epistemological approaches to qualitative research.
Abstract: Editor’s Note. Three years ago, I invited Robert (Bob) Gephart to write a “From the Editors” column designed to help authors improve their chances of success when submitting qualitative research to AMJ. Judging from the increasing number of qualitative studies that have been accepted and published in AMJ since that time, I would like to think that his article, “Qualitative Research and the Academy of Management Journal,” has had a positive impact. Continuing in this tradition, I asked Roy Suddaby—an excellent reviewer (and author) of qualitative research—to tackle another “big issue” that the editorial team has noticed with respect to qualitative submissions to AMJ: overly generic use of the term “grounded theory” and confusion regarding alternative epistemological approaches to qualitative research. Like Bob before him, Roy has, I believe, produced an analysis that will greatly benefit those who are relatively new to qualitative research or who have not yet had much success in getting their qualitative research published. Hopefully, Roy’s analysis will help even more authors to succeed, thus allowing AMJ and other journals to continue to increase the quality of insights provided by rich qualitative studies of individual, organizational, and institutional phenomena. Sara L. Rynes
2,598 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors aim to locate the roots of constructivist grounded theory and then trace its development, and examine key grounded theory texts to discern their ontological and epistemological orientation.
Abstract: Constructivist grounded theory is a popular method for research studies primarily in the disciplines of psychology, education, and nursing. In this article, the authors aim to locate the roots of constructivist grounded theory and then trace its development. They examine key grounded theory texts to discern their ontological and epistemological orientation. They find Strauss and Corbin’s texts on grounded theory to possess a discernable thread of constructivism in their approach to inquiry. They also discuss Charmaz’s landmark work on constructivist grounded theory relative to her positioning of the researcher in relation to the participants, analysis of the data, and rendering of participants’ experiences into grounded theory. Grounded theory can be seen as a methodological spiral that begins with Glaser and Strauss’ original text and continues today. The variety of epistemological positions that grounded theorists adopt are located at various points on this spiral and are reflective of their underlying ontologies.
1,575 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined the relationship between sensitizing concepts and grounded theory and illustrated the application of such concepts in a study of community-based antipoverty projects in Jamaica.
Abstract: Grounded theory is a qualitative research approach that uses inductive analysis as a principal technique. Yet, researchers who embrace this approach often use sensitizing concepts to guide their analysis. In this article, the author examines the relationship between sensitizing concepts and grounded theory. Furthermore, he illustrates the application of sensitizing concepts in a study of community-based antipoverty projects in Jamaica. The article contains commentary about trustworthiness techniques, the coding process, and the constant comparative method of analysis, as well as a synopsis of study findings.
1,347 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a bounded multidimensional model of social entrepreneurship is proposed to consider the unique characteristics of social entrepreneurs and the context within which they must operate, and its implications for social entrepreneurship theory, management practice, and policy directions are discussed.
1,164 citations
TL;DR: The authors pursue a more in-depth discussion of the positions of Glaser, using Glaser's work, and Strauss, using Strauss's and Strauss and Corbin's (1990) work, regarding the different phases of data analysis, specifically addressing the coding procedures, verification, and the issue of forcing versus emergence.
Abstract: Grounded theory, as an evolving qualitative research method, is a product of its history as well as of its epistemology. Within the literature, there have been a number of discussions focusing on the differences between Glaser's (1978, 1992) and Strauss's (1987, 1990) versions of grounded theory. The purpose of this article is to add a level of depth and breadth to this discussion through specifically exploring the Glaser-Strauss debate by comparing the data analysis processes and procedures advocated by Glaser and by Strauss. To accomplish this task, the authors present the article in two sections. First, they provide relevant background information on grounded theory as a research method. Second, they pursue a more in-depth discussion of the positions of Glaser, using Glaser's work, and Strauss, using Strauss's and Strauss and Corbin's (1990) work, regarding the different phases of data analysis, specifically addressing the coding procedures, verification, and the issue of forcing versus emergence.
1,070 citations
TL;DR: The authors provide an introduction to qualitative methods and an overview of tactics for ensuring rigor in qualitative research useful for the novice researcher, as well as more experienced researchers interested in expanding their methodological repertoire or seeking guidance on how to evaluate qualitative research.
Abstract: Qualitative methods for data collection and analysis are not mystical, but they are powerful, particularly when used to build new or refine existing theories. This article provides an introduction to qualitative methods and an overview of tactics for ensuring rigor in qualitative research useful for the novice researcher, as well as more experienced researchers interested in expanding their methodological repertoire or seeking guidance on how to evaluate qualitative research. We focus our discussion on the qualitative analytical technique of grounded theory building, and suggest that organizational research has much to gain by coupling of use of qualitative and quantitative research methods.
746 citations
TL;DR: Key issues for constructivist grounded theorists to consider in designing their research studies are discussed in relation to developing a partnership with participants that enables a mutual construction of meaning during interviews and a meaningful reconstruction of their stories into a grounded theory model.
Abstract: Grounded theory is a popular research methodology that is evolving to account for a range of ontological and epistemological underpinnings. Constructivist grounded theory has its foundations in relativism and an appreciation of the multiple truths and realities of subjectivism. Undertaking a constructivist enquiry requires the adoption of a position of mutuality between researcher and participant in the research process, which necessitates a rethinking of the grounded theorist's traditional role of objective observer. Key issues for constructivist grounded theorists to consider in designing their research studies are discussed in relation to developing a partnership with participants that enables a mutual construction of meaning during interviews and a meaningful reconstruction of their stories into a grounded theory model.
646 citations
TL;DR: The constant comparative method of grounded theory was first proposed by Glaser and Strauss as discussed by the authors, who were at the forefront of what can be called a "qua-qua...
Abstract: Approximately 40 years ago, Barney Glaser and Anselm Strauss and their joint research approach, the constant comparative method of grounded theory, were at the forefront of what can be called a qua...
TL;DR: In this paper, it is argued that far from providing the epistemic security promised by grounded theory, these notions constrain and distort qualitative inquiry, and that what is contrived is not in fact theory in any meaningful sense, that what ultimately materializes following grounded theory procedures is less like discovery and more akin to invention.
Abstract: Grounded theory's popularity persists after three decades of broad-ranging critique. In this article three problematic notions are discussed—‘theory,’ ‘ground’ and ‘discovery’—which linger in the continuing use and development of grounded theory procedures. It is argued that far from providing the epistemic security promised by grounded theory, these notions—embodied in continuing reinventions of grounded theory—constrain and distort qualitative inquiry, and that what is contrived is not in fact theory in any meaningful sense, that ‘ground’ is a misnomer when talking about interpretation and that what ultimately materializes following grounded theory procedures is less like discovery and more akin to invention. The procedures admittedly provide signposts for qualitative inquirers, but educational researchers should be wary, for the significance of interpretation, narrative and reflection can be undermined in the procedures of grounded theory.
TL;DR: This article illustrates how the researchers used a computer-assisted qualitative data analysis software program (CAQDAS) as a tool for moving beyond a thick description of swimming coaches' perceptions of sexual relationships in sport to an explanatory model grounded in the data.
Abstract: This article discusses the challenges of how to provide a transparent account of the use of the software program QSR*NVIVO (QSR, 2000) within a grounded theory framework (Glaser and Strauss, 1967; Strauss and Corbin, 1998). Psychology students are increasingly pursuing qualitative research projects to such an extent that the UK Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC) advise that students should have skill in the use of computer assisted qualitative data analysis software (CAQDAS) (Economic and Social Research Council, 2001). Unlike quantitative studies, rigid formulae do not exist for writing-up qualitative projects for doctoral theses. Most authors, however, agree that transparency is essential when communicating the findings of qualitative research. Sparkes (2001) recommends that evaluative criteria for qualitative research should be commensurable with the aims, objectives, and epistemological assumptions of the research project. Likewise, the use of CAQDAS should vary according to the research meth...
TL;DR: It is important for researchers to bring hermeneutic skill to the process of meta-synthesis in order to develop a comprehensive understanding of the various philosophical assumptions in which qualitative approaches are based.
Abstract: Aims. This paper discusses whether useful synthesis of research reports across different qualitative methodologies is possible, and whether qualitative meta-synthesis violates the tenets of the interpretive paradigm.
Background. Qualitative meta-synthesis is a recent development in qualitative inquiry that offers a means of enhancing the contribution of qualitative findings to the development of more formalized knowledge. However, there are a number of unanswered questions and areas that require debate.
Discussion. A brief overview of qualitative meta-synthesis as a method of inquiry is presented. The assumptions of phenomenology, ethnography and grounded theory are explored for their amenability to meta-synthesis and the possibility of coherent synthesis of findings across these methodologies. In addition, a summary of major philosophical commitments common to the interpretive paradigm is presented. Qualitative meta-synthesis as a methodology is then explored for its fit within this paradigm. An argument is made, with some caveats, for synthesis across qualitative methodologies. Gadamer's concepts of the hermeneutic circle, the fusion of horizons, and dialogue with the text are explored for the insight they provide into the place of qualitative meta-synthesis in inquiry.
Conclusion. It is important for researchers to bring hermeneutic skill to the process of meta-synthesis in order to develop a comprehensive understanding of the various philosophical assumptions in which qualitative approaches are based. The particular challenge of combining analysis and interpretation from studies with markedly different approaches and intentions may prompt synthesists to create new and innovative approaches to the presentation of meta-synthesis.
TL;DR: Grounded theory is a research methodology designed to develop, through collection and analysis of data that is primarily qualitative, a well‐integrated set of concepts that provide a theoretical explanation of a social phenomenon.
Abstract: BACKGROUND Grounded theory is a research methodology designed to develop, through collection and analysis of data that is primarily (but not exclusively) qualitative, a well-integrated set of concepts that provide a theoretical explanation of a social phenomenon. OBJECTIVE This paper aims to provide an introduction to key features of grounded theory methodology within the context of medical education research. OVERVIEW In this paper we include a discussion of the origins of grounded theory, a description of key methodological processes, a comment on pitfalls encountered commonly in the application of grounded theory research, and a summary of the strengths of grounded theory methodology with illustrations from the medical education domain. DISCUSSION The significant strengths of grounded theory that have resulted in its enduring prominence in qualitative research include its clearly articulated analytical process and its emphasis on the generation of pragmatic theory that is grounded in the data of experience. When applied properly and thoughtfully, grounded theory can address research questions of significant relevance to the domain of medical education.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present the empirical foundation for shame resilience theory, a new theory for understanding shame and its impact on women, using grounded theory methodology, 215 women were interviewed to determine why and how women experience shame and to identify the various processes and strategies women use to develop shame resilience.
Abstract: Although shame is one of the most primitive and universal of human emotions, it is often still considered a taboo topic among researchers, practitioners, and clients. This paper presents the empirical foundation for shame resilience theory-a new theory for understanding shame and its impact on women. Using grounded theory methodology, 215 women were interviewed to determine why and how women experience shame and to identify the various processes and strategies women use to develop shame resilience. The article describes the major theoretical categories, including acknowledged vulnerability, critical awareness, and mutually empathic relationships, and introduces the concept of speaking shame. Practice implications are explored, including the importance of psychoeducational group work in building shame resilience.
Book•
01 Jan 2006
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors describe abduction access action research agency alignment anti-racism assessment biography / autobiography case study categorisation causation childhood research closed and open systems coding comparative research content analysis conversation analysis correlational research critical discourse analysis critical incidents critical realism critical theory culture data display data reduction deconstruction deconstruction design determinism diaries discourse dissemination distribution documentary analysis downward conflation emotionalism empiricism empowerment epistemology / ontology ethics ethnography ethnomethodology evaluation evidence-based practice experiment fallacies fallibility feminist research focus groups gender generalisation grounded theory hermeneutics historical
Abstract: Foreword Preface Introduction A-Z of terms Subject index Author index. Complete list of headwords: abduction access action research agency alignment anti-racism assessment biography / autobiography case study categorisation causation childhood research closed and open systems coding comparative research content analysis conversation analysis correlational research critical discourse analysis critical incidents critical realism critical theory culture data display data reduction deconstruction deduction design determinism diaries discourse dissemination distribution documentary analysis downward conflation emotionalism empiricism empowerment epistemology / ontology ethics ethnography ethnomethodology evaluation evidence-based practice experiment fallacies fallibility feminist research focus groups gender generalisation grounded theory hermeneutics historical research ideal speech situation induction interpretativism interview life history linguistic discourse analysis literature review longitudinal observation studies mathematical modelling media method methodology mixed methods narrative naturalistic observation nomothetic statements objectivity observation paradigm phenomenology plagiarism positivism postmodernism power prediction publishing qualitative research quantitative research questionnaire realism reductionism refereeing reflexivity referencing systems regression analysis relativism relevance reliability replication representativeness research assessment exercise research community respondent validation retroduction sampling social constructionism statistics strategy structuralism / post-structuralism structure subjectivity survey symbolic interactionism systematic observation telephone interviews tests textuality transferability triangulation validity value-added values variable analysis virtual research writing writing for academic purposes writing as representation. Author index Subject index.
TL;DR: This paper conceptualize and demonstrate an integrated analytical method for using both qualitative and quantitative data through geographic information systems (GIS) and ethnography and uses Knigge's work on community gardens in Buffalo, New York to provide a substantive example of the proposed methods.
Abstract: Our purpose in this paper is to conceptualize and demonstrate an integrated analytical method for using both qualitative and quantitative data through geographic information systems (GIS) and ethnography. We acknowledge that the use of both types of data has been possible in GIS for some time, particularly for representation purposes. However, a recursive integration of different forms of data at the analysis level has been less explored and minimally theorized. Drawing on recent work in critical GIS and feminist perspectives, we suggest that visualization offers a strong technique for this effort but we approach it from the analytical base of grounded theory. Thus, we present an example of how grounded theory and visualization might be used together to construct an integrated analysis strategy that is both iterative and reflexive, both contextual and conceptual. We use Knigge's work on community gardens in Buffalo, New York, to provide a substantive example of the proposed methods.
TL;DR: A grounded theory analysis of the interview transcripts revealed that researchers can identify a number of boundaries in their research, including the boundaries between researcher and friend, researcher and counselor or therapist, and professional boundaries.
Abstract: Qualitative health researchers immerse themselves in the settings that they are studying. This immersion involves personal interaction with their participants, with the result that the boundaries between the researcher and the group of people under study can easily become blurred. Although health researchers have been undertaking qualitative research for many years, recognition of boundary issues inherent in this type of research have received little attention. To investigate such issues, the authors conducted interviews with 30 qualitative health researchers. A grounded theory analysis of the interview transcripts revealed that researchers can identify a number of boundaries in their research, including the boundaries between researcher and friend, researcher and counselor or therapist, and professional boundaries. The authors discuss the findings and offer recommendations for qualitative health researchers involved in researching sensitive topics, including the need for researchers to consider the impacts that undertaking research might have on them.
TL;DR: In this article, a framework that illustrates how and why third places, such as diners, coffee shops, and taverns, become meaningful in consumers' lives is offered, suggesting that some consumers patronize third places to satisfy not only their consumption needs but also their needs for companionship and emotional support.
Abstract: Using grounded theory methodology, a framework that illustrates how and why third places—that is, places such as diners, coffee shops, and taverns—become meaningful in consumers'lives is offered. The framework suggests that some consumers patronize third places to satisfy not only their consumption needs but also their needs for companionship and emotional support. These supportive needs are prevalent in older-aged consumers, who often experience events that diminish relationships. Therefore, these consumers may turn to their “commercial friendships” in third places for support. On the basis of the consumer needs that a third place satisfies, consumers identify a third place as place-as-practical, place-as-gathering, or place-as-home. The framework is verified with the Social Support Questionnaire for Transactions instrument. The data reveal that as the frequency to which consumers obtain companionship and emotional support from their commercial friendships increases, so too does their loyalty.
TL;DR: The ways parents perceive workers using power was shown to be the primary influence shaping parents' views of intervention and their reactions to it, highlighting the importance of practitioners and policy makers being aware of the impact power has on worker-parent interaction.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors aim to clarify the relationship between organisational structures and individual brand supporting behaviour by modelling the social transformation process and outlining why and how leadership is important throughout the internal brand building process.
Abstract: Purpose – The paper aims to clarify the relationship between organisational structures and individual brand supporting behaviour. It proposes modelling the social transformation process and outlining why and how leadership is important throughout the internal brand building process. The study aims to expand the domain of corporate branding by including a broader range of human resource and leadership‐related aspects than is normally found in the branding literature.Design/methodology/approach – The paper opted for an exploratory study using the open‐ended approach of grounded theory, including 30 depth interviews and one expert group discussion with employees representing middle and senior management having mainly a marketing and corporate communications background. The data were complemented by documentary analysis, including brand documents, descriptions of internal processes, and copies of employee magazine articles.Findings – The paper provides empirical insights about how change is brought about duri...
TL;DR: In this article, the authors used grounded theory methodology to develop a framework of outcomes of an innovation orientation based on interviews with executive experts, and provided guidance to practitioners considering a firm-wide innovation orientation and avenues for further study for academics.
TL;DR: The application of graphic elicitation within the broader context of the diagramming process is discussed and consideration is given to the unique characteristics of diagrams and the ways in which they are interpreted.
Abstract: Diagrams are effective instruments of thought and a valuable tool in conveying those thoughts to others. As such, they can be usefully employed as representations of a research domain and act as st...
TL;DR: An industrial case study of a distributed team in the USA and the Czech Republic that used Extreme Programming suggests that, if critical enabling factors are addressed, methodologies dependent on informal communication can be used on global software development projects.
Abstract: We conducted an industrial case study of a distributed team in the USA and the Czech Republic that used Extreme Programming. Our goal was to understand how this globally-distributed team created a successful project in a new problem domain using a methodology that is dependent on informal, face-to-face communication. We collected quantitative and qualitative data and used grounded theory to identify four key factors for communication in globally-distributed XP teams working within a new problem domain. Our study suggests that, if these critical enabling factors are addressed, methodologies dependent on informal communication can be used on global software development projects.
TL;DR: In this paper, a qualitative study was conducted with a series of focus group meetings with 54 executives across the USA in order to construct theoretical relationships with which to develop a grounded theory of supply management skills evolution in a changing business environment.
Abstract: Purpose – In the last decade there have been dramatic impacts on, and changes within, the field of purchasing/supply management. Given supply management's new strategic role, this research seeks to examine the key skills and knowledge necessary for firms to improve in order to maximize the purchasing function's contribution to the organization. The research also aims to identifies the major shifts in supply management that have occurred in the last decade.Design/methodology/approach – A qualitative study was conducted with a series of focus group meetings with 54 executives across the USA in order to construct theoretical relationships with which to develop a grounded theory of supply management skills evolution in a changing business environment.Findings – The implications from this research indicate that supply management professionals will assume a more strategic role in the future. The data indicate that there are strong trends underlying this movement. These include the need for building strategic re...
TL;DR: The revised and extended definition of the information literacy is a more appropriate one to underpin an emerging ontological perspective on information literacy and to foster an understanding of information literacy as a meta‐competency.
Abstract: Purpose – To describe the various landscapes in which information literacy has been explored and to propose new ways of thinking about information literacy.Design/methodology/approach – Draws on constructivist‐influenced grounded theory method employed during doctoral research into information literacy practices of firefighters.Findings – Information‐literate people are more usefully described as being engaged, enabled, enriched and embodied. Information literacy is conceptualized through this research as a way of knowing. The revised and extended definition is a more appropriate one to underpin an emerging ontological perspective on information literacy and to foster an understanding of information literacy as a meta‐competency.Research limitations/implications – The research was limited to an in‐depth exploration of one professional group in one geographic location over 18 months.Practical implications – The provision of a broader definition of the information literacy and the illustration of how inform...
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigated the process of knowledge sharing between individuals in different professional groups through an ethnographic study in a hospital unit, examining the individuals' involvement in networks of practice, their sharing of organizational values, and their operational proximity.
Abstract: This article investigates the process of knowledge sharing between individuals in different professional groups. Through an ethnographic study in a hospital unit, we examine the individuals’ involvement in networks of practice, their sharing of organizational values, and their operational proximity. Recent attention to networks of practice has led to a view of organizations as crossroads of networks; accordingly, boundary relations between different networks of practice are of core relevance to ensure knowledge diffusion in organizations, but empirical evidence is still lacking. Our grounded theory supports the idea that working side-by-side and having common organizational values are important bases for knowledge transfer between professional groups which belong to different networks of practice. Boundary knowledge transfer evokes new kinds of organizational citizenship behaviours. Professionals who initiate the transfer exhibit extra-role behaviours which, in turn, require the recipient to perform extra...