Showing papers on "Grounded theory published in 2007"

Foundations of Qualitative Research: Interpretive and Critical Approaches

Abstract: Chapter 1: World Views, Paradigms, and the Practice of Social Science Research Case 1. Quantitative Research Case 2. Qualitative Research Thinking about the Foundations and Practice of Research What This Book Is and Is Not About. What Warrants Our Attention? The Traditional Canon Alternative Paradigms New Techniques or New Paradigms? Chapter 2: History and Context of Paradigm Development Positivism: A Response to Metaphysical and Magical Explanations Critical Theory: A Response to Inequities in Society Interpretivism: A Response to the Excesses of "Scientific" Social Science The Special Cases of Postmodernism and Feminism Chapter 3: Foundational Issues: Postpositivist and Critical Perspectives Social Science Research: The View from the Postpositivist Paradigm Social Science Research: The View from the Critical Theory Paradigm Chapter 4: History and Foundations of Interpretivist Research (1) Nature of Reality. (2) Purpose of Research. (3) Acceptable Methodology/Data. (4) The Meaning of Data (5) Relationship of Research to Practice. The Implications of an Interpretivist Approach What Sorts of Research are Worthwhile? Examples of Interpretive Research Chapter 5: Frameworks for Qualitative Research Postpositivist Research "Moments" of Qualitative Research Some General Frameworks for Qualitative Research Chapter 6: General Guidelines for Qualitative Research Guidelines for Qualitative Research Situated or Contextual Understanding, Not Truth, is the Purpose of Research Accept Multiple Sources of Influence Take A Foundational Rather Than Technique Perspective Practice Recursive (Iterative ) and Emergent Data Collection and Analysis Use Multiple Sources of Data Think of Research as a Reflective Process The Researcher is the Primary Tool for Data Collection and Analysis An Emphasis on Participatory versus Nonparticipatory Research. Adopt an Open Approach Deal With Bias Directly Select Natural Contexts for Research Research Should be Holistic, Not Atomistic Research Involves More Than Induction and Deduction: Analogical Reasoning, Abduction, and Family Resemblances Alternatives to Postpositivist Criteria for Believability: Validity and Reliability Alternative Approaches to Validity and Reliability: Triangulation and More Conclusions? Aren't They Generalizations? Chapter 7: Methods of Qualitative Research Case 1: Action Research on a Pediatric Surgical Ward Established Qualitative Research Methods Ethnography Case Studies: Another Form of Qualitative Observation Interview Research Historigraphy Historiography: The Research Methods of History Innovative Methods Participatory Qualitative Research Emancipatory Research Critical Emancipatory Action Research Chapter 8: Approaches to Data Analysis and Intepretation The Purpose of Research General Theory Objective Description Hermeneutic (Verstehen) Understanding Story telling/Narrative Data Analysis Families Eyeballing the Data Connoisseurship: A Global Perspective Hermeneutics as a Data Analysis Method Grounded Theory Analytic Induction A Final Topic: The Ethics of Research Chapter 9: 21st Century Social Science: Peering into the Future Will the Cacophony Continue? Why Can't Social Science Converge on The Answer? Competition Linearity Dialog as an Alternative to Competition Three Approaches to Knowing in Greek Thought Plato Aristotle The Humanities Choices 20th Century Social Science Made Suppose We Chose Badly Two Theories That May Help Us Build 21st Century Social Science Poetic Logic Chaos and Complexity Theory: Another Route to a Nonlinea Social Science

Choose Your Method: A Comparison of Phenomenology, Discourse Analysis, and Grounded Theory

Abstract: The purpose of this article is to compare three qualitative approaches that can be used in health research: phenomenology, discourse analysis, and grounded theory. The authors include a model that summarizes similarities and differences among the approaches, with attention to their historical development, goals, methods, audience, and products. They then illustrate how these approaches differ by applying them to the same data set. The goal in phenomenology is to study how people make meaning of their lived experience; discourse analysis examines how language is used to accomplish personal, social, and political projects; and grounded theory develops explanatory theories of basic social processes studied in context. The authors argue that by familiarizing themselves with the origins and details of these approaches, researchers can make better matches between their research question(s) and the goals and products of the study.

Qualitative Research Designs: Selection and Implementation

Abstract: Counseling psychologists face many approaches from which to choose when they conduct a qualitative research study. This article focuses on the processes of selecting, contrasting, and implementing five different qualitative approaches. Based on an extended example related to test interpretation by counselors, clients, and communities, this article provides a detailed discussion about five qualitative approaches— narrative research; case study research; grounded theory; phenomenology; and participatory action research—as alternative qualitative procedures useful in understanding test interpretation. For each approach, the authors offer perspectives about historical origins, definition, variants, and the procedures of research.

Qualitative Data Analysis: An Introduction

Abstract: PART ONE: GENERAL APPROACHES TO COLLECTING AND ANALYZING QUALITATIVE DATA Introduction Design Methodologies, Data Management and Analytical Approaches Incorporating Data from Multiple Sources: Mixing Methods PART TWO: TRADITIONAL ANALYTICAL APPROACHES Classical Ethnography Critical Ethnographic Approaches Feminist Approaches Grounded Theory Phenomenology PART THREE: NEWER QUALITATIVE APPROACHES Postmodern Influences on Society and Qualitative Research Auto-Ethnography Poetic Inquiry Ethnodrama and Performative Art Cyber-Ethnography and E-Research PART FOUR: ANALYTIC APPROACHES FOR EXISTING DOCUMENTATION Structuralism and Post-Structuralism Semiotic Structural and Post-Structural Analysis (Deconstruction) Content Analysis of Texts Content Analysis of Visual Documentation Narrative Analysis Conversation Analysis Discourse Analysis PART FIVE: DATA MANAGEMENT USING QUALITATIVE COMPUTER PROGRAMMES Coding An Overview of Qualitative Computer Programs PART SIX: INTERPRETING AND PRESENTING QUALITATIVE DATA Theorizing from Data Innovative Data Display

Qualitative Methods for Family Studies & Human Development

Abstract: Chapter 1: Qualitative Research and the Art of Learning to See Learning to See The Paradox of Learning to See Paradox of Control and our Ability to See Lessons From the Art World: Positioning Ourselves to See Fully Drawing Informs Research: The Cultivation of Perceptual Skills Chapter 2: Epistemological Considerations in Qualitative Research Epistemology Paradigms Epistemology and Paradigms: Implications for Doing Qualitative Research Chapter 3: Paths of Inquiry for Qualitative Research Deduction Induction Abduction Induction, Deduction and Abduction in Practice: Cycles of Inquiry Chapter 4: Ontology of the Human Realm: Theoretical Foundations for Qualitative Inquiry Ontology and the Nature of Human Reality Ontological Assumptions About Human Development Ontological Assumptions About Families Ontology Shapes Inquiry Chapter 5: Methodology: How Theory Shapes Inquiry Ethnography and the Study of Culture Phenomenology: The Study of Conscious Experience Grounded Theory Methodology Narrative Inquiry: The Study of Story Critical Approaches: The Tradition of Feminist Inquiry and the Example of Participatory Action Research Chapter 6: Methods of Data Collection and Creation Observation Interviews Focus Groups Chapter 7: Research design: Constructing a Research Proposal What Kind of Chef Are You? Level I: Philosophical and Methodological Positioning Level II: Developing a Research Proposal Overview of the Research Plan: Practical Considerations Chapter 8: Positioning the Self: Role Considerations and the Practices of Reflexivity Dimensions of Reflexive Practice Why Do We Do Reflexivity? Reflexivity in Family Research Reflexivity and Social Positioning Balancing Vulnerability and Researcher Presence Chapter 9: Analytical Strategies What is Analysis in Qualitative Research? Analysis for What? Transcription as Part of Analysis Analytic Approaches in Various Methodologies The Diamond Approach: A Theory Development Model for Qualitative Data Analysis Chapter 10: Integrity Practices: Ethics, Credibility and Politics of Conducting Qualitative Research Ethical Guidelines Informed Consent Protecting Participants Through Confidentiality and Anonymity Accountability Credibility issues Conclusion

Research Methods in Information

Abstract: The handbook takes the reader through the whole research process in four parts: * Part 1: Starting the research process: major research paradigms literature reviewing defining the research the research proposal sampling ethics in research * Part 2: Research methods: case studies surveys experimental research ethnography Delphi study action research historical research grounded theory * Part 3: Data collection techniques interviews questionnaires observation diaries focus groups usability testing * Part 4: Data analysis and research prevention: qualitative analysis quantitative analysis overview of software presenting the research. Part 5 supports the text with a comprehensive glossary and further reading.

The role of music in adolescents' mood regulation:

Abstract: The aim of this study was the exploration and theoretical clarification of the role of music in adolescents' mood regulation. The phenomenon was approached through an inductive theory construction. The data were gathered from eight adolescents by means of group interviews and follow-up forms, and were then analysed using constructive grounded theory methods. The analysis resulted in a theoretical model, which describes mood regulation by music as a process of satisfying personal mood-related goals through various musical activities. The general nature of the mood regulation is described, the goals and strategies of mood regulation are examined, and finally the specific role of music in mood regulation is discussed.

Theoretical Sampling and Category Development in Grounded Theory

Abstract: Theoretical sampling is a hallmark of grounded theory methodology, and yet there is little guidance available for researchers on how to implement this process. A review of recently published grounded theory studies in Qualitative Health Research revealed that researchers often indicate that they use theoretical sampling to choose new participants, to modify interview guides, or to add data sources as a study progresses, but few describe how theoretical sampling is implemented in response to emergent findings. In this article, two issues that arose relative to theoretical sampling in an ongoing grounded theory study are discussed. A theoretical sampling guide that was developed by the authors' research team to facilitate systematic decision making and to enhance the audit trail relative to theoretical sampling is described, and an example of how the guide was used to develop a category is presented.

Experience‐based learning: a model linking the processes and outcomes of medical students' workplace learning

Abstract: OBJECTIVE To develop a model linking the processes and outcomes of workplace learning. METHODS We synthesised a model from grounded theory analysis of group discussions before and after experimental strengthening of medical students' workplace learning. The research was conducted within a problem-based clinical curriculum with little early workplace experience, involving 24 junior and 12 senior medical students. RESULTS To reach their ultimate goal of helping patients, medical students must develop 2 qualities. One is practical competence; the other is a state of mind that includes confidence, motivation and a sense of professional identity. These 2 qualities reinforce one another. The core process of clinical workplace learning involves 'participation in practice', which evolves along a spectrum from passive observation to performance. Practitioners help students participate by being both supportive and challenging. The presentation of clear learning objectives and continuous periods of attachment that are as personal to the student(s) and practitioner(s) as possible promote workplace learning. CONCLUSIONS The core condition for clinical workplace learning is 'supported participation', the various outcomes of which are mutually reinforcing and also reinforce students' ability to participate in further practice. This synthesis has 2 important implications for contemporary medical education: any reduction in medical students' participation in clinical practice that results from the patient safety agenda and expanded numbers of medical students is likely to have an adverse effect on learning, and the construct of 'self-directed learning', which our respondents too often found synonymous with 'lack of support', should be applied with very great caution to medical students' learning in clinical workplaces.

Abduction: the logic of discovery of Grounded Theory

Abstract: This essay is a contribution to the question whether grounded theory methodology (in the variant of STRAUSS & CORBIN) contains an abductive research logic as developed in the work of Charles Sanders PEIRCE. After going through the works of STRAUSS and CORBIN I answer the question with a resounding yes. But it does not only contain the logic of abductive reasoning but also that of qualitative induction. URN: urn:nbn:de:0114-fqs1001135

Grounded theory research: literature reviewing and reflexivity.

Abstract: Title. Grounded theory research: literature reviewing and reflexivity Aim. This paper is a report of a discussion of the arguments surrounding the role of the initial literature review in grounded theory. Background. Researchers new to grounded theory may find themselves confused about the literature review, something we ourselves experienced, pointing to the need for clarity about use of the literature in grounded theory to help guide others about to embark on similar research journeys. Discussion. The arguments for and against the use of a substantial topic-related initial literature review in a grounded theory study are discussed, giving examples from our own studies. The use of theoretically sampled literature and the necessity for reflexivity are also discussed. Reflexivity is viewed as the explicit quest to limit researcher effects on the data by awareness of self, something seen as integral both to the process of data collection and the constant comparison method essential to grounded theory. Conclusion. A researcher who is close to the field may already be theoretically sensitized and familiar with the literature on the study topic. Use of literature or any other preknowledge should not prevent a grounded theory arising from the inductive–deductive interplay which is at the heart of this method. Reflexivity is needed to prevent prior knowledge distorting the researcher’s perceptions of the data.

Doing the Things We Do: A Grounded Theory of Academic Procrastination.

Abstract: The authors conducted a grounded theory study of academic procrastination to explore adaptive and maladaptive aspects of procrastination and to help guide future empirical research. They discuss previous research on the definition and dimensionality of procrastination and describe the study in which interview data were collected in 4 stages, identifying 33 initial categories and 29 macrothemes. Findings were validated by member checks. The authors describe in detail informants' perceptions of procrastination, which were used to construct a 5-component paradigm model that includes adaptive (i.e., cognitive efficiency, peak experience) and maladaptive (i.e., fear of failure, postponement) dimensions of procrastination. These dimensions, in turn, are related to conditions that affect the amount and type of procrastination, as well as cognitive (i.e., prioritizing, optimization) and affective (i.e., reframing, self-handicapping) coping mechanisms. The authors propose 6 general principles and relate them and the paradigm model to previous research. Limitations of the research are discussed, as well as implications for future theory development and validation.

Technological Embeddedness and Organizational Change

Abstract: While various theories have been proposed to explain how technology leads to organizational change, in general they have focused either on the technology and ignored the influence of human agency, or on social interaction and ignored the technology. In this paper, we propose a new theory of technology-mediated organizational change that bridges these two extremes. Using grounded theory methodology, we conducted a three-year study of an enterprise system implementation. From the data collected, we identified embeddedness as central to the process of change. When embedded in technology, organizational elements such as routines and roles acquire a material aspect, in addition to the ostensive and performative aspects identified by Feldman and Pentland (2003). Our new theory employs the lens of critical realism because in our view, common constructivist perspectives such as structuration theory or actor network theory have limited our understanding of technology as a mediator of organizational change. Using a critical realist perspective, our theory explains the process of change as a three-stage cycle in which the ostensive, performative, and material aspects of organizational elements interact differently in each stage.

What drives car use? A grounded theory analysis of commuters’ reasons for driving.

Abstract: A grounded theory analysis of reasons for driving to work was undertaken following semi-structured interviews with 19 regular private car commuters in a small English city. Five core motives were identified: journey time concerns; journey-based affect; effort minimisation; personal space concerns; and monetary costs. An underlying desire for control underpinned many of these motives. The analysis revealed misconceptions regarding journey times and control in relation to car and public transport use, systematic underestimation of car-related monetary costs, and the importance of self- and identity-relevant consequences in relation to transport policy acceptance. Drivers' motives and misconceptions are discussed in light of transport demand management policies.

A descriptive framework for the field of data mining and knowledge discovery

Abstract: As our abilities to collect and store various types of datasets are continually increasing, the demands for advanced techniques and tools to understand and make use of these large data keep growing. No single existing field is capable of satisfying the needs. Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery (DMKD), which utilizes methods, techniques, and tools from diverse disciplines, emerged in last decade to solve this problem. It brings knowledge and theories from several fields including databases, machine learning, optimization, statistics, and data visualization and has been applied to various real-life applications. Even though data mining has made significant progress during the past fifteen years, most research effort is devoted to developing effective and efficient algorithms that can extract knowledge from data and not enough attention has been paid to the philosophical foundations of data mining. The objective of this research is to provide a conceptual framework that identifies major research areas of data mining and knowledge discovery (DMKD) for students and beginners and describe the longitudinal changes of DMKD research activities. Using the textual documents collected from premier DMKD journals, conference proceedings, syllabi, and dissertations, this study is intended to address the following issues: What are the major subjects of this field? What is the central theme? What are the connections among these subjects? What are the longitudinal changes of DMKD research? To answer these questions, this research uses a combination of grounded theory and document clustering. The result will represent previous and current DMKD research activities in the form of a framework. The resulting framework should allow people to comprehend the entire domain of DMKD research and assist identification of areas in need of more research efforts.

Critical Literacy and Urban Youth: Pedagogies of Access, Dissent, and Liberation

Abstract: Critical Literacy and Urban Youth offers an interrogation of critical theory developed from the author’s work with young people in classrooms, neighborhoods, and institutions of power. Through cases, an articulated process, and a theory of literacy education and social change, Morrell extends the conversation among literacy educators about what constitutes critical literacy while also examining implications for practice in secondary and postsecondary American educational contexts. This book is distinguished by its weaving together of theory and practice. Morrell begins by arguing for a broader definition of the "critical" in critical literacy – one that encapsulates the entire Western philosophical tradition as well as several important "Othered" traditions ranging from postcolonialism to the African-American tradition. Next, he looks at four cases of critical literacy pedagogy with urban youth: teaching popular culture in a high school English classroom; conducting community-based critical research; engaging in cyber-activism; and doing critical media literacy education. Lastly, he returns to theory, first considering two areas of critical literacy pedagogy that are still relatively unexplored: the importance of critical reading and writing in constituting and reconstituting the self, and critical writing that is not just about coming to a critical understanding of the world but that plays an explicit and self-referential role in changing the world. Morrell concludes by outlining a grounded theory of critical literacy pedagogy and considering its implications for literacy research, teacher education, classroom practice, and advocacy work for social change.

Meta-synthesis of caring in nursing

Abstract: Aim. The aim of this investigation was to enhance the understanding of the concept of caring. Background. Despite many analyses and studies of caring, the concept is not fully understood. This lack of clarity is unsettling given that caring is suggested to be the essence of nursing and a component of nursing's guiding paradigm. Meta-synthesis methods offer a way to push the understanding of caring forward using existing research findings. Design. Qualitative meta-synthesis. Method. Meta-synthesis and grounded theory strategies were adapted to synthesize findings from 49 qualitative reports and six concept analyses of caring. Results. Results from this work indicate that caring is a context-specific interpersonal process that is characterized by expert nursing practice, interpersonal sensitivity and intimate relationships. It is preceded by a recipient's need for and openness to caring, and the nurse's professional maturity and moral foundations. In addition, a working environment that is conducive to caring is necessary. Consequences include enhanced mental well-being among nurses and patients, and improvements in patients’ physical well-being. Relevance to clinical practice. It appears that caring has the potential to improve the well-being of patients and nurses. It is recommended that healthcare agencies and educational institutions devote more resources to cultivate the caring among employees and students. Conclusions. The findings explicate a cohesive process of caring. They provide insight into the human attributes and clinical milieu that are necessary for caring to emerge. They also offer clarity regarding the therapeutic benefits of caring.

How residents learn: qualitative evidence for the pivotal role of clinical activities

Abstract: OBJECTIVES Medical councils worldwide have outlined new standards for postgraduate medical education. This means that residency programmes will have to integrate modern educational views into the clinical workplace. Postgraduate medical education is often characterised as a process of learning from experience. However, empirical evidence regarding the learning processes of residents in the clinical workplace is lacking. This qualitative study sought insight into the intricate process of how residents learn in the clinical workplace. METHODS We carried out a qualitative study using focus groups. A grounded theory approach was used to analyse the transcribed tape recordings. A total of 51 obstetrics and gynaecology residents from teaching hospitals and affiliated general hospitals participated in 7 focus group discussions. Participants discussed how they learn and what factors influence their learning. RESULTS An underlying theoretical framework emerged from the data, which clarified what happens when residents learn by doing in the clinical workplace. This framework shows that work-related activities are the starting point for learning. The subsequent processes of 'interpretation' and 'construction of meaning' lead to refinement and expansion of residents' knowledge and skills. Interaction plays an important role in the learning process. This is in line with both cognitivist and sociocultural views on learning. CONCLUSIONS The presented theoretical framework of residents' learning provides much needed empirical evidence for the actual learning processes of residents in the clinical workplace. The insights it offers can be used to exploit the full educational potential of the clinical workplace.

Management control, culture and ethnicity in a Chinese Indonesian company

Abstract: This study explores socio-cultural aspects of management control in a Chinese Indonesian manufacturing company. Ethnographic data collection methods were combined with grounded theory data analysis to explore how cultures, ethnic differences, history, politics, and commercial considerations shaped management controls. A combination of emic and etic methods were used to generate grounded comparisons with nomethetic research on culture and control in a cultural contingency tradition. Chinese Indonesians own most Indonesian private domestic capital despite being an ethnic minority (3–4% of population) and having suffered extensive discrimination. The case links the Chinese businessmen’s values to socialisation during childhood and then examines how their interaction with the Javanese culture of pribumi employees, ethnic tensions between employers and employees, and organisational and economic factors affected management control. Consistent with previous cultural contingency research the Chinese owners’ preferences resided with controlling behaviour through personnel and behavioural controls, low budget participation, centralisation, subjective rather than objective controls, and tentatively, few rewards tied to results and the use of group rewards. Whether Chinese managers exhibited longer term orientations concerning planning and rewards could not be ascertained. However, ethnic tensions and commercial considerations mitigated the owners’ ability to control according to cultural preferences. Based upon these findings reflections on past research and suggestions for further developments are made with respect to methods, methodology, and incorporating a broader range of theories and issues, especially ethnicity, politics, and history.

“Researcher Saturation”: The Impact of Data Triangulation and Intensive-Research Practices on the Researcher and Qualitative Research Process

Abstract: Theoretically and methodologically sound qualitative research demands an extended period of fieldwork and the use of multiple methods to achieve data saturation and develop the grounded theory. Little is known about the experiences of researchers who conduct such studies. The authors explore these matters by drawing on their experiences of conducting a 3-year qualitative study with women about their gynecological cancer journey. Their fieldwork consisted of participant observation and in-depth interviews with women and health professionals. They demonstrate that researchers who are involved in all phases of emotionally demanding research; that is, data collection (recruiting, observing, expanding field notes, and interviewing), transcription, and data analysis repeatedly relive difficult events, which might potentially compromise the researchers' well-being and, in turn, the research process and data validity. The authors discuss how researchers can deal effectively with these matters during fieldwork and propose a more formal approach to debriefing.