Showing papers on "GSM published in 2018"

6G Vision and Requirements: Is There Any Need for Beyond 5G?

Abstract: To address the question in the subtitle of this article, we start by discussing earlier mobile communication systems, beginning with the first analog wireless cellular standards, then moving on to second generation (2G) [or Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM)], passing third generation (3G) and fourth generation (4G), and proceeding to fifth generation (5G) First, we present each generation's key achievements in terms of user services, each generation's technologyrelated factors of success (called innovations) as well as its relation to regulation, and each generation's potential deficiencies

Real - time water quality monitoring using Internet of Things in SCADA

Abstract: Water pollution is the root cause for many diseases in the world It is necessary to measure water quality using sensors for prevention of water pollution However, the related works remain the problems of communication, mobility, scalability, and accuracy In this paper, we propose a new Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) system that integrates with the Internet of Things (IoT) technology for real-time water quality monitoring It aims to determine the contamination of water, leakage in pipeline, and also automatic measure of parameters (such as temperature sensor, flow sensor, color sensor) in real time using Arduino Atmega 368 using Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM) module The system is applied in the Tirunelveli Corporation (Metro city of Tamilnadu state, India) for automatic capturing of sensor data (pressure, pH, level, and energy sensors) SCADA system is fine-tuned with additional sensors and reduced cost The results show that the proposed system outperforms the existing ones and produces better results SCADA captures the real-time accurate sensor values of flow, temperature, and color and turbidity through the GSM communication

Smart GSM Based Home Automation System

Abstract: This research work investigates the potential of Full Home Control, which is the aim of the Home Automation Systems in near future. The analysis and implementation of the home automation technology using Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM) modem to control home appliances such as light, conditional system, and security system via Short Message Service (SMS) text messages is presented in this paper. The proposed research work is focused on the functionality of the GSM protocol, which allows the user to control the target system away from residential using the frequency bandwidths. The concept of serial communication and AT-commands has been applied towards the development of the smart GSM-based home automation system. Homeowners will be able to receive feedback status of any home appliances under control whether switched on or off remotely from their mobile phones. PIC16F887 microcontroller with the integration of GSM provides the smart automated house system with the desired baud rate of 9600 bps. The proposed prototype of GSM based home automation system was implemented and tested with a maximum of four loads and shows the accuracy of greater or equal 98%.

A Dual Band Additively Manufactured 3-D Antenna on Package With Near-Isotropic Radiation Pattern

Abstract: Internet of Things (IoT) applications need wireless connectivity on devices with very small footprints, and in RF obscure environments. The antenna for such applications must work on multiple global system for mobile communication (GSM) bands (preferred choice for network connectivity), provide near isotropic radiation pattern to maintain orientation insensitive communication, be small in size so that it can be integrated with futuristic miniaturized IoT devices, and be low in cost to be implemented on billions of devices. This paper presents a novel 3-D dual-band near-isotropic wideband GSM antenna to fulfill these requirements. The antenna has been realized on the package of electronics through additive manufacturing to ensure efficient utilization of available space and lower cost. The proposed antenna consists of a meander line antenna that is folded on the faces of a 3-D package with two variations, $0.375\lambda $ length for the narrowband version and $0.67\lambda $ length for the wideband version. Theoretical conditions to achieve near-isotropic radiation pattern with bent wire antennas on a 3-D surface have been derived. The antenna has been optimized to operate with embedded electronics and a large metallic battery. The antenna provides 8.9% and 34.4% bandwidths, at 900 and 1800 MHz, respectively, with a decent near-isotropic radiation behavior.

Performance of Generalized Spatial Modulation MIMO Over Measured 60GHz Indoor Channels

Abstract: In this paper, we study the capacity and symbol error probability (SEP) of generalized spatial modulation (GSM) multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) using measured channels that are obtained by channel sounding in an indoor office environment at 60GHz. Spatial modulation (SM) and GSM are emerging low-complexity MIMO schemes that have been extensively researched for low-GHz (below 6GHz) communications. Recently, they have been considered and shown to be promising also for (mmWave) communications. In the simplest possible case, they require only one RF chain both at the transmitter (TX) and receiver (RX), and thus, are especially attractive for mmWave communications, in which the number of RF chains needs to be as low as possible. Despite of some early works on the theoretical analysis of SM/GSM for mmWave communications, there have been no investigations using real-world channel data. We focus on the office line-of-sight (LOS) scenario and investigate three problems: 1) the performance of GSM using the extracted LOS component of measured channels; 2) the impact of non-LOS NLOS components on the performance of GSM; and 3) possible simple modulation and reception algorithms for GSM that rely only on the LOS component of the channel. The results being reported in this paper not only validate the main claims of previous studies based on ideal pure LOS channels, but also lead to novel findings. One major conclusion is that NLOS components are harmful to the SEP of GSM and should be avoided. As another important outcome, our results strongly motivate the use of precoding in GSM systems to simultaneously improve the channel capacity and reduce the physical size of MIMO arrays (thus eliminating one major issue of LOS GSM).

A highly reconfigurable 65nm CMOS RF-to-bits transceiver for full-band multicarrier TDD/FDD 2G/3G/4G/5G macro basestations

Abstract: This paper presents a 65nm 2-TX, 2-RX RF-to-bits basestation transceiver with 200MHz large-signal BW and 450MHz DPD synthesis/observation BW, and LO frequencies from 400MHz to 6GHz. For FDD operation the TRX supports a low-IF mode that meets the dynamic range requirements of GSM basestations. It provides full-band multicarrier (MC) operation in all TDD/FDD 3GPP bands for 2G/3G/4G/5G radios. The SoC includes an 8×16Gb/s SERDES interface, two receivers, two transmitters, and a digital pre-distortion (DPD) feedback RX (FBRX) (Fig. 9.3.1). The FBRX employs a “stitching” system that combines the outputs of both RX basebands to provide 450MHz of observation BW. Three PLLs provide the digital/converter/SERDES clocks, a calibration LO, and an RF LO that meets GSM TX phase-noise requirements. Digital interpolation, decimation, AGC, TX Power control, and calibrations are managed by an integrated ARM Cortex M3. Internal calibration timing is adaptable to support 3G/4G/5G subframe timing requirements. The SoC is a single-chip solution for TDD, and a two-chip set for FDD. GSM requires an external Lo for the RX. Power dissipation in the maximum BW mode (2T/2R/1FBRX, 450/200/450MHz, 0dB RF attenuation, 50% TX/RX duty cycle for TDD) is 4.1W for TDD and 6.6W for FDD.

Integrated GSM-UWB Fibonacci-type antennas with single, dual, and triple notched bands

Abstract: This study presents four integrated Fibonacci-type Global System for Mobile (GSM) ultra-wideband (UWB) antennas with single, dual, and triple band-notched characteristics. These antennas have been designed to control potential interference in Wi-Max and WLAN bands. The antenna operates in the 900 MHz GSM band and also in the 3.2-11.9 GHz extended UWB band. The 900 MHz operating band can be further tuned to get the antenna to operate in a specific GSM band. Triple notches have been created at frequencies within several bands, such as 3.4 GHz Wi-Max (3.06-3.54 GHz), 4.23 GHz WLAN (3.59-4.86 GHz), and 6.35 GHz (5.93-7.15 GHz) with voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) levels of 7.9, 11.3, and 7, respectively. These notch bands are also tuneable to some extent. The measured gain varies from -1.92 to 10.2 dBi. Measured radiation patterns of the antenna are also presented to validate its performance. The integrated antenna has a radiation efficiency in the range of 78-98% in the UWB and 98% in the GSM band. The fidelity factor in time domain varies between 0.76 and 0.84, depending on the orientation of the antenna. This research confirms that the Fibonacci monopole can be used as a multiband antenna in GSM and UWB bands.

Sub-1GHz miniature wireless sensor node for IoT applications

Abstract: . Considering the Sub-1 GHz frequency as a solution to address the key requirements in wireless networks as it supports multiple nodes and covers longer distances in contrast to other existing and widely used wireless technologies like GSM, BLE, Bluetooth and WiFi. Consequently the Sub-1 GHz spectrum requires lower power from the transceiver than the 2.4 GHz band making it a great choice for battery operated IoT sensor devices. For deploying nodes to cover large area and long range, sensing devices must be small, energy efficient and cost effective. IoT Sensor devices using the Sub-1 GHz spectrum can handle interference better. The lower frequency ISM bands enable the Sub-1 GHz transmissions to weave better between buildings in an urban environment. This paper deals with the design and development of hardware as well as software of a Sub-1 GHz gateway and miniature sensor node for IoT applications. CC1310 SoC, a Sub-1 GHz family microcontroller is used in the design of Sub-1 GHz, 868 MHz board.

ZIGBEE Based Time and Energy Efficient Smart Parking System Using IOT

Abstract: The need of this era is a fully automated vehicle parking system using IOT. The real time notification is made possible by integrating a Micro-controller (Arduino) with a wireless communication system (ZigBee) and is feed to the driver via a smart phone. This technique provides a time and energy efficient way to communicate information between sender and receiver. Additionally, this efficient system provides a better monitoring and control application for shopping malls, restaurants, offices and hospitals. In severe cases, this system will also update crowd capacity information to ambulance service, so that they could easily tackle the situation by adopting the less crowded area towards hospital. The comparison between experimental results of ZigBee with other popular wireless technologies such as Wi-Fi and Bluetooth show that it is more energy efficient. GSM module notifies the driver about the current location of empty parking spaces via SMS or software application. The IR sensors embedded in the parking lots provide the real time scenario to user with all possible details and allowing the easy access to parking lots available, ensuring minimal human interaction.

A novel approach to provide protection for women by using smart security device

Abstract: In today's world women are less secure and have many issues regarding their security purpose. They have to undergo among various difficult situations and have to prove themselves every time in all critical conditions. So, for their security and safety purpose government has provided security through rules and regulation to the society. Although there are many existing systems for security purpose need of advanced smart security system is increased. In order to overcome such problems smart security system for women is implemented. This paper describes about safe and secured electronic system for women which comprises of an Arduino controller and sensors such as temperature LM35, flex sensor, MEMS accelerometer, pulse rate sensor, sound sensor. A buzzer, LCD, GSM and GPS are used in this project. When the women is in threat, the device senses the body parameters like heartbeat rate, change in temperature, the movement of victim by flex sensor, MEMS accelerometer and the voice of the victim is sensed by sound sensor. When the sensor crosses the threshold limit the device gets activated and traces the location of the victim using the GPS module. By using the GSM module the victim's location is sent to the registered contact number.

Metamaterial-based energy harvesting for GSM and satellite communication frequency bands

Abstract: A metamaterial-based energy harvesting structure has been designed and experimentally tested in this study. The proposed structure has square and split ring resonators placed in different angles on the back and front sides for compatible multiband operation in energy harvesting. Resonance points have been defined at 900 MHz, 1.37 GHz, 1.61 GHz, 1.80 GHz, and 2.55 GHz, by simulation and experimental methods. These points correspond to Global System for Communication (GSM) 900, GSM 1800, Universal Mobile Telecommunication System (UMTS), satellite navigation, and Industrial Scientific and Medical (ISM) band frequencies. Supporting multiband application in a single structure without changing dimensions or design is one of the properties of this study. To harvest captived electromagnetic energy, an HSMS 2860 Schottky diode has been used. For wireless power transmission efficiency, voltage across the Schottky diode has been measured by a spectrum analyzer in different points experimentally. The maximum obtained voltage across the Schottky diode is 90 mV at 1800 MHz when a 500 mV signal is applied from a 5 cm distance. Simulated and experimental results prove that the proposed structure can effectively be used in GSM, satellite communication, and UMTS electromagnetic bands for energy harvesting and filtering applications.

An Attempt to Develop an IOT Based Vehicle Security System

Abstract: As the amount of urban vehicle grows rapidly, vehicle theft has become a shared concern for all citizens. Security and safety have always become a necessity for urban population. However, present anti-theft systems lack the tracking and monitoring function. Internet of things(IOT) has been governing the electronics era with cloud services dominating the ever-increasing electronics product segment. Thus, there is a need to develop a system for providing security to the vehicle from problems like theft and towing using IOT for security of automobiles and passengers. Our system proposes a novel security system based on wireless communication and a lowcost Bluetooth module. This paper illustrates a model in which the GSM is used for sending messages. the user can control the engine/ignition and turn it off if needed. The system also employs a password through keypad (with maximum 3 chances) which controls the opening of a safety locker door as well as wearing of a seat belt. If there is a window intruder, the IR module/sensor detects the intruder, or any obstacle and it sends a signal to the micro controller. The controller is connected to a Bluetooth module and to an alarm system. The System transmits an alert signal to the dashboard (which is nothing but a mobile handset) which sends an alert signal to the user's mobile phone. The prototype also provides a solution to the problem like Towing. Thus, the system uses Bluetooth module and controller to control the security system from the user's mobile phone by means of any device with a potential Internet connection.

A Combined 90/900 MHz IC Architecture for Smart Tag Application

Abstract: In this work we present a combined 90/900 MHz Energy Harvesting Architecture for active smart tag Application. The harvester takes advantages from a dedicated diplexer and a power manager for battery life enhancement purposes. The system has been optimized in the 900 MHz frequency range by analyzing a probabilistic approach used for modeling the possible amount of Global System for Mobile communication (GSM) energy that could be harvested while a fixed power downlink scenario has been adopted for the 90MHz band. A preliminary IC system with a 0.18μm CMOS SMIC technology has been designed and optimized at 90 and 900 MHz while discrete element board, to be integrated with the proposed IC, with commercial components has been developed and tested. Concerning simulation results on the IC design they have confirmed that the integrated system handles an incoming power typically ranging from -25 dBm to 5 dBm by rectifying the variable input signals into a DC voltage source with an average 50% efficiency.

GSM and GPS Based Real-Time Remote Physiological Signals Monitoring and Stress Levels Classification

Abstract: Physiological signals are significant indicators that can help anticipate harmful underlying conditions in humans. Recent advancements in medicine and electronics have allowed monitoring of physiological signals cost effectively and noninvasively. People living in remote areas are usually deprived of basic healthcare facilities and the available remote physiological signals monitoring techniques make use of Bluetooth and WLAN technologies which are inoperable in such areas. The system proposed in this paper solves this issue by making use of GSM and GPS communication techniques due to their vast availability even at remote locations. The proposed system monitors three physiological signals namely; heart rate, skin conductance and skin temperature non-invasively and also classifies stress levels. Finally, the physiological signals and stress levels data is stored for record maintenance and sent to a doctor so that he/she may monitor the patient remotely. A rule-based fuzzy logic algorithm is used for stress classification and the results shows that it achieved the highest accuracy when compared to other algorithms found in previous works. In addition to that, a stress levels dataset is also presented in this paper which can be further refined in future research.

Compact low-loss microstrip diplexer using novel engraved semi-patch cells for GSM and WLAN applications

Abstract: This paper presents a novel microstrip diplexer constructed by integrating the engraved semi-patch cells. It operates at 1.8 GHz for global system for mobile communication (GSM) and 2.4 GHz for wireless local area network (WLAN). The introduced structure is well miniaturized so that it has a compact size of 0.022 λg2. The others advantages of the proposed diplexer are the low insertion losses less than 0.16 dB, good in-band channel isolation higher than 34 dB and two wide fractional bandwidths. Moreover, 1st, 2nd and 3rd harmonics are attenuated with the maximum level of −20 dB. A harmonic attenuation method is presented based on analyzing the resonance modes. In order to verify the simulation results, the designed diplexer is fabricated and measured. The simulation and measurement results are in a good agreement.

5G wireless technology

Abstract: 5G technology will be changing the way of most high-speed bandwidth many users can be accessed mobiles.5G networks will provide a \"fiber-like\" experience to the mobile user. 5G Technology is offered in the services of the product engineering, documentation, supporting electronics transaction (e-payment and e-transaction) etc. In this technology is heterogeneous mobile environment changes all in, either old or new wireless technologies and it is not possible of them. So, each and every solution towards the next generation smart mobiles and wireless devices should implement the service stratum, while the radio stratum accessing technology belong to transport stratum of the regarding the next generation of networks which are coming futures. A 5G cellular network is expected to meet high-speed requirements.

Design Of Tsunami Detector Based Sort Message Service Using Arduino and SIM900A to GSM/GPRS Module

Abstract: Tsunamis are one of the most unforeseen natural disasters, factors or signs of a tsunami occurring among others is the sudden reflux of seawater which is due to the broken plate of the underlying sea floor receding water, the plate fault is caused by seismic ground-based earthquakes, areas ever experienced a previous fault is likely to occur in the same quake place this is because the slabs can not coalesce or return like the original. for it needed a prototype system that can detecting the early detection of a tsunami that could cost many lives. The prototype system created is equipped with a fibration sensor to detect vibration and Ultrasonic sensors to detect distances, after of some varible detected then the data will be transmitted remotely via SIM900A as GSM / GPRS Module DOI : https://doi.org/10.26905/jeemecs.v1i1.1982

Dual-Mode Generalized Spatial Modulation MIMO for Visible Light Communications

Abstract: In this letter, we propose the optimal constellation designs of the single-mode and dual-mode generalized spatial modulation (GSM) in terms of the average optical power for indoor visible light communication systems. At receiver, an ordered-block maximum likelihood detection is performed to balance the tradeoff between the performance and the computational complexity. Our simulation results show that the dual-mode scheme outperforms SM and single-mode GSM by about 4 and 2 dB, respectively, for 5 bit/s/Hz in terms of bit error rate.

Microcontroller Based Smart Helmet Using GSM & GPRS

Abstract: The thought of developing this proposed model comes from social responsibility towards the society. Lack of immediate First Aid and Emergency medical services during accident are prime cause of death in majority of cases of accidents. The one of the main reasons for this may be late arrival of ambulance, no person at place of accident to give information to the ambulance. This thought of taking responsibility of society resulted in our proposed model “Microcontroller based smart helmet using GSM & GPRS”. The aim of this proposed model design is to inform the responsible persons at the earliest about the accident so that they can take required actions to save the life of the injured person. Our proposed system consists of Arduino as Microcontroller, GSM for calling purpose, GPRS for tracking purpose and mainly Sensors to detect the accident. Our proposed system detects the accident and sends text message along with a voice message within a minute to the registered number.

Fully generalised spatial modulation

Abstract: This paper introduces a novel multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) modulation technique named fully-generalised spatial modulation (F-GSM). The proposed F-GSM vanquishes the pivotal criticism of the conventional spatial modulation (SM) and generalised spatial modulation (GSM) techniques which constraints the data rate increment to be proportionated with the base-two logarithm of the number of the transmit antennas (N t ). This logarithmical proportion regrettably, makes the improvement in the data rate of SM/GSM is not feasible compared to the increment in the number of transmit antennas. However, the proposed F-GSM achievable data rate is linearly proportional with N t . Thus, the proposed F-GSM achieves a higher data rate with lower number of N t compared to the conventional SM and GSM as well. The average bit error rate (ABER) performance and the computational complexity of the proposed F-GSM are tested reference to the conventional GSM technique at different spectral efficiency and with different number of N t . Simulation results corroborate the surpasses of the proposed F-GSM as it provides a superior enhancement in both BER performance and achievable data rate along with a reasonable computational complexity compared to the conventional GSM.

Optimization of the Cut-Off Rate of Generalized Spatial Modulation With Transmit Precoding

Abstract: Spatial modulation (SM) and generalized spatial modulation (GSM) are emerging multiple input multiple output (MIMO) schemes that use transmitter (TX) antenna switching for data transmission. Their operating principle makes optimization of channel capacity and mutual information usually more difficult than for conventional MIMO schemes which are not based on antenna switching. We propose to use channel cut-off rate as a relevant and more tractable metric for performance optimization of spatial modulation (SM)/GSM systems, as it constitutes a practical lower-bound of channel capacity. In particular, we propose four TX precoding schemes for increasing the cut-off rate of SM/GSM systems. We show that those TX precoding schemes which are designed for increasing array gain provide the largest improvement of cut-off rate for low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). On the other hand, the TX precoding schemes that are designed for increasing the minimum Euclidean distance of GSM symbols are more suitable for application to medium to high SNR setups and correlated channels. The proposed precoding schemes are shown to be able to enhance mutual information, and the gain is shown to be of the same order of magnitude as the gain of the corresponding channel cut-off rate.

LoRaWAN based GPS tracking of city-buses for smart public transport system

Abstract: The increasing level of air-pollution due to vehicular emissions is an imminent threat to our environment. In order to tackle this situation, we need to promote and adapt public transport. Making the existing city-bus system smarter by tracking the buses is the step that can be taken immediately for making public vehicles more accessible. The main hurdle in deploying traditional GPS trackers is the maintenance cost which can significantly be reduced by using LoRaWAN instead of GSM/GPRS modules. In this paper, an end-to-end wireless tracking system based on LoRaWAN is proposed. The gateway is set up along with server and data is stored in a cloud database. Android application is built to show the current location of the transmitter to the user. The main contribution of this paper is in building a custom gateway and server which provides more flexibility in designing the network parameters when compared to the commonly used third-party gateway or server applications.

An IoT based Warehouse Intrusion Detection(E-Perimeter) and Grain Tracking Model for Food Reserve Agency

Abstract: Zambia’s agricultural sector through Food Reserve Agency (FRA) while still underdeveloped faces many challenges that range from marketing, spoilage, infestations, and theft at site, spillage and storage among others. The methods used by FRA in their business processes are largely manual as there are no systems in place. In order to help curb these problems, this paper proposed and developed novel methods that can be used to sense real-time warehouse intrusion and grain tracking within the FRA circulation. The IoT based prototype model made use of the APC220 transceiver, GSM, GPRS, RFID, PIR and cloud storage. To curb theft of grain at storage points, the system used motion sensing through the use of PIR sensors, wireless radio communication module and the GSM/GPRS technologies such that when anyone comes in the range of PIR sensor, then the sensor will send a logic signal to the microcontroller. Lastly, the RFID combined with GSM and Arduino microcontroller responsible for grain tracking. From the results obtained in the experiment conducted it is believed that once this technology is adopted, theft will be reduced and grain management in the FRA satellite Depots dotted around the country will improve.

Improved Layered Message Passing Algorithms for Large-Scale Generalized Spatial Modulation Systems

Abstract: Generalized spatial modulation (GSM) is a novel multiple-input multiple-output technique, which relies on a sparse use of radio-frequency front-ends at the transmitter. In this letter, a pair of detectors based on the layered message passing (LaMP) detector are proposed for large-scale GSM. Specifically, a threshold-aided LaMP detector (T-LaMP) is proposed with the purpose of reducing the computational complexity of LaMP detector. In addition, for the sake of achieving further GSM system performance improvements, a probability-ranking-aided LaMP detector (PR-LaMP) is also proposed. Simulation results show that T-LaMP detector is able to achieve similar performance as LaMP with lower complexity, while PR-LaMP detector is able to achieve considerable performance gain.

Cellular Network Coverage Analysis and Optimization in Challenging Smart Grid Environments

Abstract: Smart grid services require reliable and efficient communication, which can be provided by modern cellular networks. However, smart grid components are often installed in environments that are challenging for radio networks, like energy meters in basements. While grid operators need to know the availability of cellular networks before installing components, current methods for evaluating mobile network coverage in such environment usually require lengthy tests or expensive and complicated measurement equipment. In this paper, we introduce the Mobile Network Analyzer (MNA), which is an easy to use device for fast coverage analyses and network quality assessment. It can be used by grid operators to check the network coverage before deploying smart grid components. We show the applicability of the MNA in an exemplary case study on the cellular network coverage at electricity meter cabinets at 168 locations and in a six month long-term field campaign in a wind farm. We determined that the communication availability can be improved by up to 29 % by leveraging the networks of multiple cellular network operators with the help of global SIM cards or national roaming. Additionally, we examined specific smart meter gateway installations, focusing on deep indoor coverage.

A Simple Multi-Broadband Planar Antenna for LTE/GSM/UMTS and WLAN/WiMAX Mobile Handset Applications

Abstract: A simple compact low-profile multi-broadband planar antenna is proposed in this paper for LTE/GSM/UMTS and WLAN/WiMAX mobile handset applications. The proposed antenna covers multiple broad frequency bands including LTE700, GSM850, GSM900, DCS/PCS/UMTS, WLAN/WiMAX, LTE2300/2500, and LTE42/43/46. It consists of a C-shaped and U-shaped monopole on one side of a thin dielectric substrate coupled to an F-shaped strip on the other side without any lumped elements. The antenna occupies a tiny size of 15 mm $\times68$ mm $\times0.8$ mm, which makes it suitable for the popular ultra-thin smartphone applications. The antenna characteristics such as S-parameter, efficiency, peak gain, and radiation patterns are simulated by HFSS. The measured and simulated results show an excellent agreement. For more practical conditions, the antenna is stalled in a plastic housing to analyze the radiation performance. In addition, its specific absorption rate is simulated and studied by CST as well.

EC-GSM-IoT network synchronization with support for large frequency offsets

Abstract: EDGE-based EC-GSM-IoT is a promising candidate for the billion-device cellular IoT (cIoT), providing similar coverage and battery life as NB-IoT. The goal of 20 dB coverage extension compared to EDGE poses significant challenges for the initial network synchronization, which has to be performed well below the thermal noise floor, down to an SNR of −8.5 dB. We present a low-complexity synchronization algorithm supporting up to 50 kHz initial frequency offset, thus enabling the use of a low-cost ±25 ppm oscillator. The proposed algorithm does not only fulfill the 3GPP requirements, but surpasses them by 3 dB, enabling communication with an SNR of −11.5 dB or a maximum coupling loss of up to 170.5 dB.