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Showing papers on "Gum arabic published in 1990"


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The availability of well-preserved gum arabic samples, collected between 1904 and 1939, has enabled invaluable data to be added to those derived from samples from the most recent crops, and the resulting analytical data substantiate and greatly extend the quantitative information available previously for the chemical characterization of gumArabic for regulatory and trade purposes.
Abstract: The regulatory specifications for gum arabic (Acacia senegal) are superficial and inadequate to ensure that it is not adulterated with non-permitted gums from other botanical sources. Moreover, the existing specifications do not give the consumer the essential assurance, fundamental to food safety evaluation principles, that the nature and quality of gum arabic used in foodstuffs always conforms to that of the Test Article selected for the toxicological studies which justified the current status ('ADI not specified') of gum arabic as a permitted food additive. The availability of well-preserved gum arabic samples, collected between 1904 and 1939, has enabled invaluable data to be added to those derived from samples from the most recent crops. The resulting analytical data substantiate and greatly extend the quantitative information available previously for the chemical characterization of gum arabic for regulatory and trade purposes. The data confirm that good-quality commercial gum arabic was used previously as the Test Article. There is no evidence that the specific rotation of gum arabic has become significantly less negative in recent years.

64 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A simple and sensitive method for the estimation of microbial lipase activity is described and results with various lipase activities showed gum arabic to be the best among various solubilizers used to prepare the emulsified substrate.

42 citations


Patent
31 Jul 1990
TL;DR: An improved process for absorbing oils and especially separating and recovering oils from an aqueous medium or aaqueous/wetted medium using an absorbent oleophilic biodegradable sponge material comprised of essentially fat-free, foamable natural products, such as gelatin, collagen, egg white albumen, gum agar, gum arabic, gum karaya, and locust bean gum, which absorb oils at a rate of at least about 30 times their weight.
Abstract: An improved process for absorbing oils and especially separating and recovering oils from an aqueous medium or aqueous/wetted medium using an absorbent oleophilic biodegradable sponge material comprised of essentially fat-free, foamable natural products, specifically animal proteins or plant polysaccharides, such as gelatin, collagen, egg white albumen, gum agar, gum arabic, gum karaya, and locust bean gum, which absorb oils at a rate of at least about 30 times their weight.

42 citations


Patent
21 Mar 1990
TL;DR: In this article, a combination of gum arabic and pectin has a degree of esterification of at least 50%, at a level to provide at least 2 grams of fiber per 8 fluid ounce serving.
Abstract: Beverages including a liquid carrier and a combination of gum arabic and pectin having a degree of esterification of at least 50%, at a level to provide at least 2 grams of fiber per 8 fluid ounce serving.

42 citations


Book
01 Jan 1990
TL;DR: Gum arabic and exudate gums starch gelatin microbial polysaccharides marine polysacchides pectins cellulosics and seed gums.
Abstract: Gum arabic and exudate gums starch gelatin microbial polysaccharides marine polysaccharides pectins cellulosics and seed gums.

34 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The anatomical site of gummosis in Acacia senegal was demonstrated by comparison of the carbohydrate analysis of the tissues from the inner bark, the cambial zone and the xylem of a gum-producing branch with the corresponding tissues of a branch which did not produce gum.

33 citations


Patent
10 May 1990
TL;DR: In this article, the 1,4-alpha-D-glucosidic linkages from the non-reducing ends of a starch molecule are degraded using beta-amylase.
Abstract: Modified starches useful for emulsifying industrial products, especially foods and beverages containing flavor oils, are prepared by enzymatic degradation of the 1,4-alpha-D-glucosidic linkages from the non-reducing ends of a starch molecule, preferably employing beta-amylase, which may be carried out before or after the preparation of a starch derivative containing a hydrophobic group or both hydrophilic and hydrophobic substituent groups. The enzymatic degradation provides a starch emulsifier whose emulsions are characterized by improved shelf stability, which emulsifier may be used as a replacement for gum arabic and in other industrial applications.

31 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This paper presents data for the gums from a further six Combretum species that have negative optical rotations similar to that of food grade gum arabic, and concludes that it is no longer sufficient to rely solely on an optical rotation measurement to confirm the identity of gumArabic.
Abstract: Combretum gums, readily available at low prices in East and West Africa, may be offered for sale as 'gum arabic'. Vigilance is necessary to detect such misrepresentations because Combretum gums differ greatly from gum arabic (Acacia senegal (L.) Willd.) in terms of quality, solution properties and value. Moreover, because there is no toxicological evidence for their safety in use, Combretum gums are not included in any of the international lists of permitted food additives. Food manufacturers and regulatory authorities therefore require data that characterize Combretum gums so that their use in foodstuffs can be prevented. This paper presents such data for the gums from a further six Combretum species. All of these have negative optical rotations similar to that of food grade gum arabic. It is no longer sufficient, therefore, to rely solely on an optical rotation measurement to confirm the identity of gum arabic. The additional analyses necessary to differentiate between Combretum gums and gum arabic are discussed.

29 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The addition of small amounts of whey proteins increased the functionality of gum arabic in model soft drink emulsions as discussed by the authors, but the effect of the whey protein concentrates on the emulsion activity index was limited.

27 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the influence on droplet size of ethanol present during homogenization was investigated for emulsions stabilized by macromolecular emulsifiers: sodium caseinate, whey protein isolate, gelatin and gum arabic.
Abstract: The influence on droplet size of ethanol present during homogenization was investigated for emulsions stabilized by macromolecular emulsifiers: sodium caseinate, whey protein isolate, gelatin and gum arabic. Emulsions produced with polysaccharide gum arabic had increasing droplet size as ethanol concentration increased, in contrast to the protein-stabilized emulsions which had decreasing droplet size (up to 20 % ethanol for gelatin and 30 % ethanol for the milk proteins), followed by increasing droplet size with increasing ethanol concentration. Interfacial tension measurements indicated that the emulsifying property of the macromolecules depended on adsorption at the oil-water/alcohol interface during emulsification.

24 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, single droplets of various saccharide solutions containing emulsified lipids, methyl linoleate or linoleic acid, were dried and the amount of lipid that appeared on the surface was measured.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Analytical data is presented for the gum exudates from Atalaya hemiglauca, Cassine aethiopica, Combretum paniculatum, Sclerocarya birrea, and Pseudocedrela kotschyi that may have local technological applications, but are not recommended for addition to foodstuffs.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the Fourier transform 13 C-NMR spectra were used to distinguish between A.paolii and A.senegal gums in terms of their specific rotations; viscosities; nitrogen, methoxyl and rhamnose contents; and galactose/ arabinose ratios.


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Chemical and spectroscopic data indicate that their gum exudates, and that from the Tanzanian sample, are analytically and structurally distinct from that of A. senegal (L.) Willd.

Patent
21 May 1990
TL;DR: A mixture of skim milk or low fat milk and (A) 0.18-0.80% by weight based on the weight of the milk of a mixture of (a) 88-89 % by weight of microcrystalline cellulose and (b) 11-12% by value of carboxy-methyl cellulose was used by as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: A mixture of skim milk or low fat milk and (A) 0.18-0.80% by weight based on the weight of the milk of a mixture of (a) 88-89% by weight of microcrystalline cellulose and (b) 11-12% by weight of carboxy-methyl cellulose and (B) 0.1-1.0% by weight based on the weight of the milk of gum arabic.


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Aqueous solutions of gum arabic have been photolysed with UV light from a low pressure mercury lamp (maximum emission at 254 nm) and it was found that a fluence of ~450 J/m2 reduced the bacterial concentration in a 200 g/dm3 gum arabi solution which has a 254 nm absorbance of 0.8 by 90%.

Patent
19 Feb 1990
TL;DR: In this article, the subject gum arabic without necessity of additive such as thickener for enhancing emulsifying function has been obtained by performing thermal denaturation of arabbic acid.
Abstract: PURPOSE:To obtain the subject gum arabic without necessity of additive such as thickener for enhancing emulsifying function having exceedingly high emulsifying function by performing thermal denaturation of arabic acid. CONSTITUTION:Arabic acid is thermally denaturated preferably at 105-140 deg.C to obtain the aimed gum arabic having 15-4000cps viscosity of 10% aqueous solution.

Patent
31 Jan 1990
TL;DR: The litter material is of shredded waste-paper formed into granules, with a bonding agent as discussed by the authors, and the latter is of one or more plastics and/or natural products, e.g. PVC, PVP, cornflour or gum arabic.
Abstract: The litter material is of shredded waste-paper formed into granules, with a bonding agent. The latter is of one or more plastics and/or natural products, e.g. PVC, PVP, cornflour or gum arabic. It can also contain an odour-absorbent and/or a dung-degrading enzyme released by the moisture. ADVANTAGE - Low cost, and easy incineration or composting.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the usefulness of a commercially available ELISA system for the detection of these compounds in food was studied as a screening technique for gum arabic, and the results confirmed that the assay system was capable of determining aflatoxin in the concentration range 2.0-200 p.p.b.

Patent
23 Aug 1990
TL;DR: In this paper, a binder, for example, starch or powder of gum arabic is added by 0.5-10wt.%, and the powder material is shaped in a die and dried by high frequency heating, etc.
Abstract: PURPOSE:To obtain shape salt at low cost which is convenient for measuring and cooking and can not easily crumble by adding a binder to the salt and shaping. CONSTITUTION:A binder, for example, starch or powder of gum arabic is added by 0.5-10wt.%, preferably 1-2wt.%, to pure sodium chloride or natural salt produced from sea water or rock salt. Then the powder material is shaped in a die and dried by high frequency heating, etc., to obtain the shaped salt.

Patent
13 Feb 1990
TL;DR: In this paper, the gum arabic is used as the hydrophilicity impartation component of the contact lens and the content of the gum is specified to be between 0.1 to 10.0% and more preferably to about 0.3 to 5.0%.
Abstract: PURPOSE: To allow the safe and simple execution of the treatment for hydrophilicity impartation of the contact lens by consisting this soln. of an aq. soln. contg. gum arabic as a hydrophilicity impartation component and forming this aq. soln. so as not to contain a surfactant. CONSTITUTION: The gum arabic is used as the hydrophilicity impartation component of the contact lens. Namely, the gum arabic is absorbed extremely well even on the surface of the contact lens having a high hydrophobic property. The gum arabic is no longer absorbed on the lens surface in the case when the surfactant is made to coexist therein. The content of the gum arabic is preferably specified to 0.1 to 10.0wt.% and more preferably to about 0.3 to 5.0wt.%. The surface of the contact lens having the high hydrophobic property, such as non-hydrous contact lens having high oxygen permeability is well imparted with the hydrophilicity in this way in accordance with the absorption of the gum arabic. COPYRIGHT: (C)1991,JPO&Japio

Patent
05 Oct 1990
TL;DR: In this paper, water or hot water is mixed with coffee powder prepared by cooling and roughly crushing roasted coffee beans, extracting the crushed coffee with hot water under pressure and drying the extract or cocoa powder prepared from roasting cacao beans, removing a part of oil and fat from cotyledon and pulverizing the beans or a mixture of the above powders and a binder (e.g. gum arabic or mannan).
Abstract: PURPOSE:To prepare FURIKAKE (seasoned dried powder for sprinkling over cooked rice) having unique taste and flavor by adding coffee powder, cocoa powder and a binder to water, etc., kneading the mixture to obtain a paste having a specific water-content and granulating the paste. CONSTITUTION:Water or hot water is mixed with (A) coffee powder prepared by cooling and roughly crushing roasted coffee beans, extracting the crushed coffee with hot water under pressure and drying the extract or cocoa powder prepared by roasting cacao beans, removing a part of oil and fat from cotyledon and pulverizing the beans or a mixture of the above powders and (B) a binder (e.g. gum arabic or mannan). The mixture is heated optionally under stirring to obtain a paste having a water-content of 10-65wt.%. The objective food can be prepared by granulating the paste.

Patent
23 Jul 1990
TL;DR: Water-soluble dyestuffs suitable for use in inks employable in writing instruments or markers are obtained by reacting a reactive dyestuff (A), for example a vinyl sulphone reactive dystuff, with a water-ssoluble polymer or resin component (B) chosen from polyethylene glycols, starches, gum arabic, polyalkylene oxides, polyvinylpyrrolidone, glycol ethers and hydroxyl terminated surfactants.
Abstract: Water-soluble dyestuffs suitable for use in inks employable in writing instruments or markers are obtained by reacting a reactive dyestuff (A), for example a vinyl sulphone reactive dyestuff, with a water-soluble polymer or resin component (B) chosen from polyethylene glycols, starches, gum arabic, polyalkylene oxides, polyvinylpyrrolidone, glycol ethers and hydroxyl terminated surfactants

Patent
08 Jun 1990
TL;DR: In this article, the aim is to obtain an octacosanol-containing water soluble composition having excellent disperse stability and capable of preserving for a long period by dispersing octacanosanol into a mixture of a specific gum, oil soluble emulsifier, and water solvers.
Abstract: PURPOSE:To obtain an octacosanol-containing water soluble composition having excellent disperse stability and capable of preserving for a long period by dispersing octacosanol into a mixture of a specific gum, oil soluble emulsifier and water soluble emulsifier. CONSTITUTION:The aimed composition obtained by dispersing (D) octacosanol obtained by extraction, separation and concentration from a natural and plant such as wheat embryo oil, beeswax and canderilla wax into a mixture of water soluble emulsifier which is one or more kind selected from (A) a gum which is gum arabic, (B) oil soluble emulsifier which is one or more kind selected from polyglycerin-condensed ricinoleic acid ester and polyglycerin fatty acid ester having <=3 HLB value and (C) one or more kind of compounds selected from monoester of polyglycerin having 4-10 polymerization degree with oleic acid and having extremely high disperse stability.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In the early Colonial period' colo res de Castilla' were imported from Spain but later almost all the pigments were produced in America as mentioned in this paper The restoration of these paintings is a constant bundle of surprises, and sometimes a great challenge.
Abstract: Colonial painting techniques of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries are very different to those encountered in Europe and North America The restoration of these paintings is a constant bundle of surprises, and sometimes a great challenge Paintings were executed on one or more pieces of canvas sewn together, either hand-woven locally or reutilized pieces of merchandise bundles from Spain The ground usually consisted of a mixture of chalk, brown or red earth, ashes (used as a fungicide) and very strong animal glue This layer is usually thick, very hard, sensitive to water, and sometimes presents deep cracks The paint layer consisted of colours made from organic and inorganic pigments They were extracted from plants (eg indigo), insects (eg cochineal) and minerals (eg 'alballalde' or lead white) During the early Colonial period' colo res de Castilla' were imported from Spain but later almost all the pigments were produced in America [1] Glazes were transparent pigments dissolved in resins or gums that are very sensitive to water Since pigments were mostly locally produced and varied from area to area, often pigments which appear similar react very differently to solvents during the cleaning process [2] Mediums were also locally prepared by the painters The most common combination was a mixture of egg yolk with linseed or walnut oil Others were gums extracted from fruit trees, gum tragacanth, gums or mucilages extracted from cactus plants, and resins such as copals Very often the paintings were not varnished Both the paint layer and the protective layer contained substances like polysaccharide gums and mucilages Among those commonly found are acacia gum (gum arabic) and gum tragacanth, as well as Senegal gum, cherry gum, plum-tree gum, willow-tree seed and other unknown gums awaiting further research Some of them were most likely mixed with alcohol Their most important characteristics are that they dry out, do not crystallize and are only partially soluble in water Moreover they are prone to attack by fungi and other microorganisms Proteinaceous or albuminous materials like white of egg, casein and egg yolk are found mixed with oils or gums, which become very hard They darken and give a grey tone that 'kills' the brilliance of the original colours, leaving an almost irreversible layer over the entire painting When oils were used, they often contained impurities like dust or plant mucilages that appear as small rough dark spots deeply ingrained in the paint layer The resins found include Peruvian balsam and Tolu balsam,