Showing papers on "Gum arabic published in 2008"
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors compared the emulsifying properties of sugar beet pectin (SBP), soybean soluble polysaccharide (SSPS), and gum arabic (GA) in O/W emulsions.
266 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a three-factor central composite design (CCD) was employed to determine the effect of Arabic gum content, xanthan gum content and orange oil content on the overall response.
155 citations
TL;DR: It has been concluded that the enzyme did not fully hydrolyze all of the protein present and that the AGP component of gum arabic consists of carbohydrate blocks of approximately 4.5 x 10 (4) Da linked to a polypeptide chain consistent with the wattle blossom structure.
Abstract: The structural characteristics of the gum exudate of Acacia senegal (gum arabic) have been investigated by monitoring the composition and physicochemical properties before and after treatment with proteolytic enzyme and various alkaline systems. Molecular mass ( M w) and radius of gyration ( R g) measurements were performed using gel permeation chromatography (GPC) coupled to refractive index, UV absorbance, and multiangle light scattering detectors and indicated that the macromolecules present have a compact structure. It was found that treatment with proteolytic enzyme caused the arabinogalactan-protein component (AGP) with average molecular mass approximately 2 x 10 (6) Da to degrade, yielding material of molecular mass approximately 4 x 10 (5) Da, whereas the bulk of the material corresponding to the protein-deficient arabinogalactan component (AG) with molecular mass 4 x 10 (5) remained unaffected. Barium hydroxide was found to hydrolyze the polysaccharide component (AG) itself in addition to the proteinaceous component as demonstrated in control experiments using dextran. However, sodium borohydride/sodium hydroxide treatments were unable to hydrolyze dextran and were assumed to hydrolyze only the proteinaceous component of gum arabic. The AGP component was completely degraded, yielding material of molecular mass approximately 4.5 x 10 (4) Da. It has been concluded, therefore, that the enzyme did not fully hydrolyze all of the protein present and that the AGP component of gum arabic consists of carbohydrate blocks of approximately 4.5 x 10 (4) Da linked to a polypeptide chain consistent with the wattle blossom structure. Because the AGP was degraded to differing extents using a mild and more severe sodium borohydride/sodium hydroxide treatment, it was concluded that the polysaccharide moieties were linked through both O-serine and O-hydroxyproline residues. The gum arabic sample was deglycosylated by treatment with anhydrous hydrogen fluoride and revealed the presence of two putative core proteins of approximately 3 x 10 (4) and approximately 5 x 10 (3) Da, respectively, which correspond to proteins of approximately 250 and 45 amino acids in length. A new model for the structure of the AGP component has been proposed.
154 citations
TL;DR: It is concluded that gum arabic establishes prebiotic efficacy, at least as good as inulin, and the optimal daily dose was found to be 10 g: the optimal dose being around 10 g.
Abstract: The present study was undertaken to determine the prebiotic efficacy of gum arabic upon consumption by man for up to 4 weeks and, if any, to establish the dose-effect relationship. Human healthy volunteers consumed various daily doses (5, 10, 20, 40 g) of gum arabic (EmulGold) in water for up to 4 weeks. Daily consumption of water was taken as the negative control and that of 10 g inulin as the positive control. At 0, 1, 2 and 4 weeks quantification of bacterial numbers in stool samples was performed via real time-PCR techniques and questionnaires were filled in to account for potential drawbacks. The genera of Bifidobacteria and Lactobacilli were taken as potentially beneficial bacteria and those of Bacteroides, Clostridium difficile and Enterococci as potentially non-beneficial, this distinction was dependent on the issue of these numbers being or becoming out of balance in the host. Compared with the negative control the numbers of Bifidobacteria and Lactobacilli 4 weeks after consumption were significantly higher for gum arabic: the optimal dose being around 10 g. Moreover, at this dose the numbers of Bifidobacteria, Lactobacilli and Bacteroides were significantly higher for gum arabic than for inulin. No significant drawback was encountered during the study. It is concluded that gum arabic establishes prebiotic efficacy, at least as good as inulin. The optimal daily dose was found to be 10 g.
148 citations
TL;DR: The model proposed is a breakthrough in the field of arabinogalactan-protein-type macromolecules and concerning the site of biosynthesis of these macromolescules, the structural dimensions found in this study would be in agreement with a phloem-mediated long-distance transport.
92 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors used the Codex Alimentarius draft definition of dietary fiber as a food additive, and used exudate gum as a case study to determine whether it conforms to the requirements of the Codex definition.
86 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a spray-drying microencapsulation of Lippia sidoides essential oil was investigated and the best thermal efficiency and powder recovery were found at 160°C.
Abstract: Spray drying microencapsulation of Lippia sidoides essential oil was investigated. Maltodextrin DE10 and gum arabic at different proportions (4:1, 3:2, 2:3, 0:1 m/m) was used as a carrier. The content of essential oil related to the carrier was 20 and 25% in weight and the emulsions were atomized from 30% up to 60% (m/m) of total solid concentration. Spray dryer inlet temperatures varied from 140 to 160°C and the best thermal efficiency and powder recovery were found at 160°C. Product properties and process performance were assessed on the basis of microscopic features of the powder (shape and size of microparticles), moisture content, and powder recovery. Encapsulation efficiency was estimated through determination of the content of essential oil in the microcapsules. The best encapsulation efficiency was related to experimental parameters as follows: solid content of the encapsulating composition of 50% (m/m), maltodextrin:gum arabic ratio of 0:1 (m/m) and carrier:essential oil ratio of 4:1 (m/m). Antif...
79 citations
TL;DR: A matured gum arabic, (Acacia (sen) SUPER GUM™) was investigated as an emulsifier to aid in the stabilisation of water-in-oil-inwater (W/O/W) emulsions as mentioned in this paper.
74 citations
TL;DR: The effect of concentration, ageing and enzyme degradation on the interfacial rheology at the liquid/air and liquid/liquid interface of aqueous solutions of the gum exudates from Acacia senegal and Acacia seyal have been studied in this paper.
70 citations
TL;DR: It is concluded that oral administration of gum arabic could conceivably alleviate adverse effects of chronic renal failure and should be considered as a potential treatment option for CRF.
67 citations
TL;DR: Gum arabic increased 24-h creatinine clearance and urinary antidiuretic hormone excretion, and decreased daily urine output, i.e., effects favorable in renal insufficiency.
TL;DR: In this paper, non-starch polysaccharides (NSPs) and celite (used as inert filler) were incorporated into wheat flour and wheat starch paste preparations at levels of 1, 2.5, and 5% in both addition and replacement modes.
Abstract: Non-starch polysaccharides (NSPs) and celite (used as inert filler) were incorporated into wheat flour and wheat starch paste preparations at levels of 1, 2.5, and 5% in both addition and replacement modes. Pasting properties of gums were compared using a Rapid Visco Analyser. Use of guar gum and locust bean gum elevated the peak and final viscosities of the resulting pastes (when used in either addition or replacement modes), whereas arabic gum significantly reduced the peak and final viscosity properties of the pastes. Samples which comprised wheat starch yielded higher peak and final viscosity characteristics compared to wheat flour containing samples, however higher breakdown and setback values were observed for samples using wheat flour as a base compared to wheat starch. The firmness of the gels (as determined using a texture analyser) increased with the use of wheat starch compared to wheat flour. Little significant difference was observed between NSP used and mode of application (replacement or addition). In vitro starch degradation was conducted on the wheat flour gels. Guar gum and locust bean gum reduced the amount of starch degradation in these gels, whereas arabic gum and celite increased the amount of starch hydrolysis (or were similar to the control). The rate of starch hydrolysis appears to be related to the viscosity altering behaviour of the NSPs in a starch-rich system. The results indicate that selection of NSPs is important as gum arabic has the potential to increase starch hydrolysis compared to the control.
TL;DR: Gum arabic enhanced the remineralization of caries-like enamel lesions in vitro, suggesting its inhibitory effects towards dental caries.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors applied static headspace gas chromatography to evaluate the partitioning and release of limonene and trans-2-hexenal from oil-in-water emulsions.
TL;DR: Dilute solution properties of two specially matured gum arabic samples (EM1 and EM2) were compared to the conventional gum (EM0) using static light scattering to show a constant increase of the association from EM0 to EM2 with increasing concentration.
01 Jan 2008
TL;DR: The rate of successfully grafted shoots was influenced by both scion length and rootstock age, and the success of the micrografting was independent of the nature and concentration of growth regulator used in shoot initiation medium and the time period for induction of shoots.
Abstract: Khalafalla M. M. and Daffalla H. M. 2008. In Vitro Micropropagation and Micrografting of Gum Arabic Tree [Acacia senegal (L.) Wild]. Int. J. Sustain. Crop Prod. 3(1):19-27 In order to find a reproducible method for in vitro multiplication of gum Arabic tree (Acacia senegal (L.) Wild). A protocol for in vitro micropropagatin and micrografting was developed at the laboratory of plant tissue culture, Commission for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Khartoum, Sudan, during the period of October 2006 to October 2007 Multiple shoots were regenerated from cotyledonary node derived from 7-daysold in vitro raised seedlings and nodal segment derived from 12-months-old plant growing in a greenhouse. Explants were cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 0.5–5.0 mgL -1 of either benzyladenine (BA) or kinetin (Kn) alone or in combination with 0.5 mgL -1 α-naphthalene acetic acid (NAA). The maximum number of shoots per cotyledonary node (8.3 ±0.3) and nodal segment (5.3 ±0.7) explants were obtained on MS medium supplemented with 1.0 mg/l BA after 4 weeks of culture. In vitro regenerated shoots were either rooted in vitro on MS medium supplemented with auxins or micrografted on in vitro induced rootstock. Only 25% of the shoots formed roots after being transferred to MS medium containing 1.0 mgL 1 indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) after 28 days of culture under dark condition.The rate of successfully grafted shoots was influenced by both scion length and rootstock age. 100% successful graft was obtained with scion length of 3.0 cm and rootstock of 14-days-age. In vitro rooted shoots and successful grafts were transplanted to plastic pots containing autoclaved garden soil and sand (3:1), then hardened off and transferred to greenhouse where grown to maturity with 100% success. The success of the micrografting was independent of the nature and concentration of growth regulator used in shoot initiation medium and the time period for induction of shoots. This efficient plant regeneration system provides a solid basis for large scale reforestation and genetic improvement of this important multipurpose leguminous tree.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: The biological potential of different microbial antagonists viz., Bacillus thuringiensis, Rhizobium meliloti, Aspergillus niger and Trichoderma harzianum was examined and gum arabic was found more effective in reducing infection by root rot fungi.
Abstract: The biological potential of different microbial antagonists viz., Bacillus thuringiensis, Rhizobium meliloti, Aspergillus niger and Trichoderma harzianum was examined by coating the seeds with gum arabic, glucose, sugar and mollases in the suppression of root rot fungi viz., Macrophomina phaseolina, Rhizoctonia solani and Fusarium spp., on okra and sunflower plants. All biocontrol agents enhanced the germination and growth of plant as compared to control. Shoot length, shoot weight, root length, root weight were significantly increased in both okra and sunflower. Maximum plant height was observed where seeds of okra and sunflower were coated with T. harzianum using 2% of glucose followed by gum arabic, mollases and sugar solution. Gum arabic was found more effective in reducing infection by root rot fungi viz., M. phaseolina, R. solani and Fusarium spp. Of the different microbial antagonists used, T. harzianum was found more effective followed by B. thuringiensis, R. meliloti and A. niger in the control of root rot fungi.
TL;DR: In this article, the main objectives were the rheological characterization of dispersions and emulsions used in the microcapsules preparation and the micro-capsules obtain from gum arabic (A), gellan gum (G) and mesquite seed gum (M) to keep lactic bacteria (Lactobacillus sp.) viable using the interfacial polymerization technique (IP).
Abstract: The main objectives of this work were the rheological characterization of dispersions and emulsions used in the microcapsules preparation and the microcapsules obtain from gum arabic (A), gellan gum (G) and mesquite seed gum (M) to keep lactic bacteria (Lactobacillus sp.) viable using the interfacial polymerization technique (IP). Dispersions of A, G and M were prepared to obtain microcapsules, as well as binary mixtures of gum arabic and gellan gum (AG), gum arabic and mesquite seed gum (AM) and gellan gum and mesquite seed gum (GM); these dispersions exhibited a shear thinning non-Newtonian behavior. The emulsions were prepared using sunflower oil as the oily phase in a 1:1, 1:3 and 1:5 ratio with the disperse phase; the oily phase was added with Span 85 (surfactant) at 1, 2 and 3% concentrations; the emulsions A (1:5 and 3% Span 85) and GM (1:5 and 2% Span 85) showed higher viscosity and stability. Microcapsules were obtained using 0.05 mol L−1 glutaraldehyde (crosslinking agent) with a reaction time of 3 min. The mean diameter of the microcapsules obtained was 30.17, 16.86 and 10.34 μm according to the AG, AM and GM mixtures, respectively. In the AG and AM dispersions, the microcapsules diameters became larger as the viscosity increased. The microorganism microencapsulates using gum arabic, gellan gum, and mesquite seed gum, was possible. The highest viability (46.7%) of Lactobacillus sp. was obtained with the GM mixture.
TL;DR: Gum Arabic (Acacia senegal ) from Kordofan (Central Sudan) and Damazin (Blue Nile, Western Sudan) were used in this paper to study physicochemical properties of gum samples.
Abstract: Gum Arabic (Acacia senegal ) from Kordofan (Central Sudan) and Damazin (Blue Nile, Western Sudan) were used in this study. Physicochemical properties of gum samples were studied (moisture, ash, nitrogen, total soluble fiber, specific rotation, relative viscosity, refractive index and pH). Results show significant differences in moisture content, protein content and relative viscosity between Kordofan and Damazin gums. Damazin gum contained higher protein (3%) and characterized by higher viscosity (24.81) compared to Kordofan gum. Stability of Acacia gum emulsion in regard to type of refined oil (sesame, groundnut, cotton seed, sunflower and corn), temperature, stirring time, concentration and gum grade was also investigated. Results revealed that emulsion stability is significantly affected by the type of oil used. Cotton seed oil gave the most stable emulsion while groundnut resulted in the lowest stable emulsion. Increase in the length of the stirring time is significantly increased stability of the emulsion. Also emulsion stability was affected by gum grades. Other factors of concentration and temperature did not significantly influence emulsion stability.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors evaluated the performance of single-phase, and emulsions containing modified starch and gum arabic as surface active hydrocolloids, as well as xanthan and tragacanth gums as stabilizers using a control stress rheometer.
Abstract: Rheological properties of single-phase, and emulsions containing modified starch and gum arabic as surface active hydrocolloids, as well as xanthan and tragacanth gums as stabilizers were evaluated under steady and dynamic shear testing conditions using a control stress rheometer. Emulsions were formed by 9% and 14% gum concentrations with oil concentration maintained at 9% thus giving a 1:1 and 1.5:1 surface active agent to oil ratio, respectively. The rates of droplet coalescence and creaming, for a total of 8 emulsions, as a function storage time before and after dilution in a simulated fruit beverage were then investigated. Steady shear (flow curve) were well described by the Carreau model at shear stress ranging from 0.01 to 100 Pa. All prepared water phases indicated a zero-shear viscosity plateau followed by shear thinning behavior with flow behavior index (n) ranging from 0.51 to 0.79 for 14% starch-0.3% xanthan and 14% gum arabic-0.8% tragacanth stabilized emulsions, respectively. The water phase...
TL;DR: The physico-chemical properties of cashew gum (CG) collected from four cashew growing districts, Sampa, Wenchi, Bole and Jirapa in Ghana were studied to help promote the utilization of Cashew gum in the food industry.
Abstract: The physico-chemical properties of cashew gum (CG) collected from four cashew growing districts, Sampa, Wenchi, Bole and Jirapa in Ghana were studied to help promote the utilization of cashew gum in the food industry. The gum was collected from trees of two different age groups, those that were 10 years and below and those above 10 years. Physico-chemical properties of CG were compared to those of gum Arabic. Parameters studied included pH (3.8 - 4.2), total ash (0.5 - 1.2%), protein content (1.27 - 1.80%), total sugars (0.96 - 2.10 mg/g), total phenols (0.21 - 2.26%), moisture content (9.8 - 13.2%) and insoluble matter (1.9 - 4.8%). Gum from mature trees was generally found to have higher levels of protein, moisture, sugars and phenols than that from young trees, with the exception of pH which was lower in gum from mature trees. There were also variations in some of the physico-chemical properties of the CG from the different locations. The predominant minerals in cashew tree gum were Ca, K, Na and Fe and their nutritional benefits is discussed. This study showed that CG possesses good physico-chemial properties and high levels of minerals
Key words: Cashew gum, physico-chemical, gum Arabic, nutritional benefits.
08 Oct 2008
TL;DR: In this paper, Cashew gum is used as a substrate core to evaluate microencapsulation with cashew gum from Anacardium occidentale L. In Brazil, cashew gums are a low-cost alternative to the traditional Arabic gum.
Abstract: Microencapsulation of materials rich in volatile compounds by spray drying presents the challenge of removing water by vapourization without loss of odour and/or flavour components. Crioconcentrated coffee extracts rich in odour components were used as a substrate core to evaluate microencapsulation with cashew gum from Anacardium occidentale L. In Brazil, cashew gum is a low cost alternative to the traditional Arabic gum. A suspension containing coffee extract and the wall material was dissolved in water and then passed through a spray dryer. Core microcapsules were microwave-assisted extracted (MAE) and the aroma protection of the microcapsules produced was evaluated using gas chromatography and mass spectroscopy (GC/MS). The external morphology and size distribution of the microcapsules were obtained by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and light scattering techniques, respectively. When comparing Arabic and cashew gum microencapsulation of coffee extracts both wall materials were observed to have similar aroma protection, external morphology and size distribution. Sensory analysis was employed to examine flavour protection and consumer preference with microencapsulation. These biochemical, sensory and structural data suggest that low cost cashew gum is a well suited alternative for odour microencapsulation to the more costly Arabic gum currently used in Brazil.
TL;DR: In this paper, Bacillus subtilis spores were immobilized in activated charcoal and tapioca and filled with acacia gum and tested for spore stability during storage at temperatures ranging from 40°C to 90°C.
Abstract: Bacillus subtilis spores were immobilized in activated charcoal and tapioca and filled with acacia gum. These formulations were tested for spore stability during storage at temperatures ranging from 40°C to 90°C and for bacterial release. Thermodynamic analysis showed that immobilization of spores in acacia gum significantly increased their viability compared with unprotected spores. The viability was further increased when suspensions of spores in acacia gum were added to granules of charcoal and tapioca. The number of the spores released after storage was also increased when spores were treated with acacia gum prior to immobilization in tapioca and charcoal. Formulations of Bacillus spores with acacia gum and porous carriers (charcoal and tapioca) prolong the anticipated shelf-life of spores even under ambient temperature and provide slow and steady bacterial release consistent with their high viability.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: In this paper, the effects of commercial and lab-generated gellan gums on the textural properties, structure, and aging of wheat and maize starch gels were investigated using a rapid visco-analyzer (RVA), rheometer, scanning electron microscope (SEM), and X-ray diffractometer.
Abstract: Effects of commercial and lab-generated gellan gums on the textural properties, structure, and aging of wheat and maize starch gels were investigated using a rapid visco-analyzer (RVA), rheometer, scanning electron microscope (SEM), and X-ray diffractometer. Gellan and guar gums increased the peak and final viscosities, but xanthan gum and gum arabic reduced them. The maize starch had higher breakdown viscosity than the wheat starch, regardless of the type of gum. The hardness of all starch gels increased during storage, but their cohesiveness and springiness decreased. The degree of the gel hardness showed higher in maize starch than in wheat starch and the effect of gum addition had a difference with gum type. The wheat starch-guar and -gellan gum mixed gels showed higher elasticity and cohesiveness after storage. The starch-gellan gum mixed gels had dense and stable network structures, and were well maintained even after 7 days of storage. Most of the gums had anti-aging effect on X-ray diffraction pattern of starch gels.
01 Jan 2008
TL;DR: In this paper, the equilibrium phase was subjected to acid hydrolysis, and evaluation of the produced monosaccharides was done by HPLC, where the composition of the coacervate phase was computed by mass balance.
Abstract: Formation of a complex coacervate between gum Arabic and chitosan produces a spontaneous separation into a coacervate (precipitated) phase coexisting with an equilibrium (soluble) phase. The relative concentrations between the polysaccharides in these two phases, is difficult to quantify. In this work, the equilibrium phase was subjected to acid hydrolysis, and evaluation of the produced monosaccharides was done by HPLC. Composition of the coacervate phase was computed by mass balance. These results were compared with those obtained previously for the same system, where the coacervate phase was analyzed by elementary analysis. Results obtained using both procedures were non-significantly different.
01 Aug 2008
TL;DR: Gum acacia is a potent drug having diverse pharmacological effects and wide therapeutic potential used in diarrhoea and dysentery, irritations and ulcers of the stomach and intestine, and it is also used in haemoptysis, bleeding piles, menorrhagia, leucorrhoea and spermatorrhoeA.
Abstract: Gum acacia is a potent drug having diverse pharmacological effects and wide therapeutic potential. It is used in diarrhoea and dysentery, irritations and ulcers of the stomach and intestine. It is also used in haemoptysis, bleeding piles, menorrhagia, leucorrhoea and spermatorrhoea. Keeping in view the high medicinal importance physico-chemical studies of the drug obtained from Dawakhana Tibbiya College, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh has been done. The parameters applied for the present study include extractive value, ash value, moisture content, TLC, pH value, qualitative phytochemical studies and fluorescent analysis.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: In this article, a complex coacervate between gum Arabic and chitosan produces spontaneous separation into a precipitated phase coexisting with an active phase, resulting in a spontaneous separation between the two phases.
Abstract: Formation of a complex coacervate between gum Arabic and chitosan produces a spontaneous separation into a coacervate (precipitated) phase coexisting with an...
TL;DR: Results of these studies indicate that modified gum acacia does not possess mutagenic potential and that animals are not adversely affected by acute or subchronic exposure to modified Gum acacia.
TL;DR: In this paper, a study conducted among harvesters, traders and other actors involved in the development and business of the gum arabic industry in Kenya has shown and confirmed the results of other researches, that the supply chain is currently under-developed.
Abstract: SUMMARY Gum arabic, a natural exudate produced by Acacia Senegal trees, is available in abundance in Kenya, mainly in the northern part of the country, but its exploitation is marginal. This study, conducted among harvesters, traders and other actors involved in the development and business of the gum arabic industry in Kenya has shown and confirmed the results of other researches, that the supply chain is currently under-developed. Harvesters do not collect sufficient quantities of gum arabic because they are not linked to buyers, and when they are the low prices they receive discourage them from developing that income generating activity. Pastoralists currently only collect gum when they see it, and do not use modern harvesting techniques. They stand to benefit from that activity if they are more organized and if that business was more developed in the country. Recognizing the unmet international demand for gum arabic and the largely untapped reserves growing in the wild and in abundance in the northern...