Showing papers on "Gum arabic published in 2020"

Exudate gums: chemistry, properties and food applications - a review.

Abstract: Gums are complex carbohydrate molecules which have the ability to bind water and form gels at low concentration. These carbohydrates are often associated with proteins and minerals in their structure. Gums are of various types such as seed gums, exudate gums, microbial gums, mucilage gums, seaweeds gums, etc. Exudate gums are plant gums which ooze out from bark as a result of a protection mechanism upon injury. Exudate gums have been used by humans since ancient times for various applications due to their easy availability. The main characteristics which make them fit for use in various applications are viscosity, adhesive property, stabilization effect, emulsification action and surface-active property. Major applications of these gums are in food products, the paper, textile, cosmetics and pharmaceutical industries, oil-well drilling, etc. In the present paper, the chemistry, properties, processing and applications of commercially available exudate gums such as acacia gum or gum arabic, karaya gum, ghatti gum and tragacanth gum are discussed. Recent literature reveals that apart from the above mentioned applications, these gums also have nutritional properties which are being explored. Other gums cannot replace them because of their certain unique characteristics. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.

Postharvest application of gum arabic edible coating delays ripening and maintains quality of persimmon fruits during storage

Abstract: Hydrocolloid gums are extensively used in food industry. Recently, hydrocolloid gums such as gum arabic have been widely researched as edible coatings to extend postharvest life of fruits and vegetables. Therefore, in this study, the efficacy of gum arabic (GA)‐based edible coating was investigated for maintaining quality of persimmon fruits during ambient storage. Persimmon fruits were coated with 0 and 10% GA and stored at 20 ± 1°C and 80 ± 2% RH for 20 days. The 10% GA‐coated fruits showed significantly lower weight loss, membrane leakage, H₂O₂, and malondialdehyde content than control. GA application suppressed increase in activities of polygalacturonase, pectin methylesterase, and cellulase enzymes. GA‐coated fruits exhibited substantially higher superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, ascorbate peroxidase, and catalase activities. Moreover, coated persimmons showed markedly higher total phenolics, ascorbic acid, antioxidant activity, and titratable acidity, but reduced total carotenoids, total soluble solids, and ripening index throughout the storage. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Postharvest losses cause wastage of 40%–50% of globally produced fruits and vegetables. Among many postharvest procedures, such as irradiation, chemical treatment, heat treatment, controlled atmosphere storage; modified atmosphere packaging, etc., application of edible coating is one of the methods that reduce the spoilage of fresh fruits and vegetables. In this study, gum arabic (GA), which is already being used in processed food industry, has shown the potential to reduce fresh food losses in persimmons, a perishable climacteric fruit. GA coating extended the storage life of persimmons while maintaining quality attributes of the fruits. Using the finding of this study, application of GA‐based edible coating to persimmons stored at ambient conditions can prevent spoilage of persimmons, save energy bills of storing persimmons at low temperatures, and increase marketing window for the fruit.

Microencapsulation of Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) Essential Oil Via Spray Drying: Effects of Feed Emulsion Parameters

Abstract: The purpose of this study was to attempt the encapsulation of lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) essential oil utilizing spray drying technique. An array of process parameters including concentration of wall (15–30%), type of wall materials (maltodextrin, maltodextrin and gum Arabic mixture), and concentration of essential oil (0.5–2.0%) were thoroughly investigated. The results show that the use of sole maltodextrin as encapsulant gave microcapsules characteristics comparable to that of powder produced using maltodextrin and gum Arabic mixture. The encapsulation process that was performed with maltodextrin at the concentration of 30% as wall material and lemongrass essential oil at the concentration of 1.5% as core material showed highest drying yield (84.49%), microencapsulation yield (89.31%) and microencapsulation efficiency (84.75%). Encapsulated essential oils retained most of their major constituents in comparison with the bare essential oils without any significant compromise in product quality.

Production and characterization of synbiotic Doogh, a yogurt-based Iranian drink by gum arabic, ginger extract and B. bifidum

Abstract: The objective of this study was to determine the effects of using ginger extract and gum arabic as a prebiotic on the viability of Bifidobacterium bifidum and physico chemical properties of Doogh (yogurt drink) during storage at 4 °C for 30 days. The results showed that by increasing the amounts of gum arabic to 0.5%, B. bifidum count increased significantly (P 0.05). By increasing the amounts of gum arabic, the viscosity of the Doogh samples was increased and phase separation was reduced significantly (P < 0.05). The Doogh sample containing 0.25% gum arabic and 0.25% ginger extract had the highest number of probiotic population. Results showed that addition of B. bifidum increased acid development (°D) in Doogh samples during storage. In addition, phase separation in Doogh enriched by gum arabic was slower compared to control sample and the samples containing ginger extract. Doogh samples containing 0.25–1% gum arabic alone showed acceptable stability during storage time at 4 °C. In general, Doogh sample containing 0.25% ginger extract and 0.5% gum arabic gained the highest overall acceptability score in comparison with the other samples.

Effect of edible gum Arabic coating on the shelf life and quality of mangoes ( Mangifera indica ) during storage

Abstract: This study evaluated the effect of treatment with gum Arabic edible coatings on shelf life and quality parameters of mangoes during 20 days at room temperature. Apple variety of mangoes of uniform size were obtained from small holder farms in Makueni County, Kenya and dipped in various concentrations of gum Arabic solutions [0, 10, 15 and 20% (w/v)] for 1 h, ensuring the coating solution uniformly covered the surface. Control fruits were dipped in distilled water only. The fruits were then air-dried on trays, packed in cardboard boxes and stored at room temperature (23 ± 2 °C) and normal relative humidity (45–60%). Changes in weight loss, ascorbic acid content, s-carotene, total soluble solids (TSS), titratable acidity (TA) and pH were determined using standard methods. Gum Arabic coatings (all levels) significantly (p < 0.05) reduced weight loss, delayed increase in TSS and development of s-carotene, while retaining ascorbic acid in the mangoes during storage compared to the controls. Gum Arabic treatments resulted into higher TA that corresponded with low pH in the mangoes compared to the control. Ripening was slower with gum Arabic treatments and a shelf life of 15 days was obtained for gum Arabic-treated mangoes compared to less than 10 days for the control. Gum Arabic coatings demonstrated gas and water vapour barrier properties, hence extending the shelf life of mangoes while maintaining quality. Gum Arabic treatment can therefore serve as an alternative preservation method for mangoes at farm and transit levels without affecting quality parameters; giving farmers more revenue and reducing post-harvest losses.

Stabilizing the Oil-in-Water Emulsions Using the Mixtures of Dendrobium Officinale Polysaccharides and Gum Arabic or Propylene Glycol Alginate.

Abstract: Coconut oil-in-water emulsions were prepared using three polysaccharides: Dendrobium officinale polysaccharide (DOP), propylene glycol alginate (PGA), gum arabic (GA) and their polysaccharide complexes as emulsifiers. The effects of the ratio of the compounded polysaccharides on their apparent viscosity and interfacial activity were explored in this study. The average particle size, zeta potential, microstructure, rheological properties, and physical stability of the emulsions prepared with different compound-polysaccharides were studied. The results showed that mainly DOP contributed to the apparent viscosity of the compound-polysaccharide, while the interfacial activity and zeta potential were mainly influenced by PGA or GA. Emulsions prepared with compound-polysaccharides exhibited smaller average particle sizes, and microscopic observations showed smaller droplets and less droplet aggregation. In addition, the stability analysis of emulsions by a dispersion analyzer LUMiSizer showed that the emulsion prepared by compounding polysaccharides had better physical stability. Finally, all of the above experimental results showed that the emulsions prepared by PGA:DOP = 2:8 (total concentration = 1.5 wt%) and 2.0% GA + 1.5% DOP were the most stable.

Encapsulation of Lactobacillus acidophilus NCDC 016 cells by spray drying: characterization, survival after in vitro digestion, and storage stability.

Abstract: In the present study, probiotic cells (Lactobacillus acidophilus) were encapsulated by spray drying technology to produce a probiotic powder using 20% maltodextrin and varied concentrations of gum arabic. The effects of processing conditions such as inlet air temperature (130–150 °C) and gum arabic concentration (0–10%) on the encapsulation efficiency, physical properties, and morphology were studied. For all the tested formulae, the moisture content, water activity, encapsulation efficiency, hygroscopicity, and wettability obtained were in the range of 4.59–9.05% (w.b.), 0.33–0.52, 65–89.15%, 12 to 21.15 g H2O per 100 g dry weight, and 116 s to 353 s, respectively. The Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) results have shown that gum arabic and maltodextrin show structural stability during spray drying. The encapsulated probiotic cells exhibited better viability of 4.03, 4.68, and 5.34 log CFU g−1 after 3 h of exposure to a simulated gastric fluid (SGF) solution at pH levels of 1, 1.5, and 2, respectively, compared to free cells. The viability of encapsulated cells stored for 12 weeks under refrigerated conditions (4 °C) and at room temperature (25 °C) was found to be 6.05 log CFU g−1 and 1.24 log CFU g−1, respectively.

Encapsulation of vitamin D3 in gum arabic to enhance bioavailability and stability for beverage applications

Abstract: Delivery of vitamin D3 (VD3 ) in foods should exhibit desirable physicochemical characteristics and improves absorption. In this study, gum arabic (GA) was investigated as a VD3 carrier to encapsulate VD3 . VD3 dissolved in 5 mL ethanol corresponding to 0.3 to 6.0% mass of GA, was blended in 5.0% w/v GA solution, followed by freeze drying. The encapsulation efficiency decreased while loading capacity increased with an increased amount of VD3 . At the highest VD3 level, the loading capacity (3.47%) was the highest, and the encapsulation efficiency (61.24%) was satisfactory, and the treatment was further studied. The magnitude of negative zeta-potential increased from 3.1 to 31.0 mV at pH 2.0 to 7.4. During the 100-day storage at 3 °C of capsules reconstituted at pH 2.0 to 7.4, the hydrodynamic diameter decreased at all pH conditions, most evident for reduction to 81.3 nm at pH 7.4, and no precipitation was observed, indicating the significance of steric repulsion on capsule stability. Bioaccessibility of VD3 in capsules (95.76%) was significantly higher than the nonencapsulated VD3 (68.98%). The in vivo pharmacokinetic study in Sprague-Dawley rats after a single-dose of 300 µg VD3 showed the area-under-curve of serum 25(OHD) level in 48 hr of the encapsulation treatment was 4.32-fold of the nonencapsulated VD3 and more than twice higher than the VD3 -GA physical mixture. During 2-week supplementation of 60 µg VD3 /d, rats receiving capsules or physical mixture had 25(OH)D levels of at least 81 ng/mL higher than that of the nonencapsulated VD3 group. The studied encapsulation system holds great potential as a value-added ingredient to supplement VD3 in beverages with a wide pH range. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: The findings of this study demonstrated the improved dispersion stability and absorption of vitamin D3 after encapsulation in gum arabic. The capsules exhibited good dispersion stability across a pH range between 2.0 and 7.4, showing potential application in beverages. Furthermore, the enhanced absorption of VD3 after encapsulation highlights the nutritional benefits of the studied encapsulation system.

RETRACTED: Studies on survivability, storage stability of encapsulated spray dried probiotic powder

Abstract: Awareness about probiotic food and their health benefits is increasing tremendously. However, probiotics have to withstand the harsh conditions that come across during their processing, handling, storage, and gastrointestinal conditions. Encapsulating technologies can be used to protect the probiotics during their passage through the gastrointestinal system of the human gut. Probiotics as an ingredient in dry powder form can be easily handled, stored, and used in developing the probiotic functional products. In the present study, probiotic cells (Lactobacillus acidophilus) were encapsulated by spray drying technology to produce a probiotic powder using 20% of maltodextrin and varied concentrations of gum arabic. The effect of processing conditions such as inlet air temperature (130-150 °C) and gum arabic concentration (0-10%) on the encapsulation efficiency and physical properties were studied. Further, the free and encapsulated probiotic cells were exposed to the simulated-gastric intestinal (SGI) fluid conditions and different storage conditions for their viability. For all the tested formula, moisture content, water activity, encapsulation efficiency, hygroscopicity, and wettability obtained were in the range of 4.59-9.05% (w.b.), 0.33-0.52, 65-89.15%, 12-21.15 g H2O/100g dry weight, and 116 s-353 s, respectively. The Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) results have shown that gum arabic and maltodextrin have structural stability during spray drying. The encapsulated probiotic cells have shown a positive effect and exhibited better viability after exposure to a SGI solution at different pH levels and duration compared to free cells. The viability of encapsulated cells stored at refrigerated condition (4 °C) was found to be higher than the viability of cells stored at room temperature (25 °C).