Topic
Halophyte
About: Halophyte is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 2710 publications have been published within this topic receiving 81590 citations. The topic is also known as: Salt-Tolerant Plants & Salt-Tolerant Plant.
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01 Jan 1986
TL;DR: In this article, the salt-tolerance data as well as tolerance limits for boron, chloride, and sodium are presented for woody crops, which are also influenced by specific salt constituents.
Abstract: Many plant, soil, water, and environmental factors interact to influence the salt tolerance of a plant. This chapter presents the salt-tolerance data as well as tolerance limits for boron, chloride, and sodium. Plant tolerance to salinity is usually appraised in one of three ways: the ability of a plant to survive on saline soils, the absolute plant growth or yield, and the relative growth or yield on saline soil compared with that on nonsaline soil. Temperature, relative humidity, and air pollution are important climatic factors that influence plant response to salinity. The salt tolerance of woody crops is complicated because they are also influenced by specific salt constituents. Crops irrigated by sprinkler systems are subject to additional salt damage when the foliage is directly wetted by saline water. Boron is an essential plant element but it can become toxic to some plants when soil-water concentrations exceed only slightly that required for optimum plant growth.
1,061 citations
TL;DR: Differences between halophyte and gly-cophyte ion transport systems are becoming apparent and may involve ion channels and pinocytosis, in addition to Na+ and Cl− transporters.
Abstract: Although they represent only 2% of terrestrial plant species, halophytes are present in about half the higher plant families and represent a wide diversity of plant forms. Despite their polyphyletic origins, halophytes appear to have evolved the same basic method of osmotic adjustment: accumulation of inorganic salts, mainly NaCl, in the vacuole and accumulation of organic solutes in the cytoplasm. Differences between halophyte and gly-cophyte ion transport systems are becoming apparent. The pathways by which Na+ and Cl− enters halophyte cells are not well understood but may involve ion channels and pinocytosis, in addition to Na+ and Cl− transporters. Na+ uptake into vacuoles requires Na+/H+ antiporters in the tonoplast and H+ ATPases and perhaps PPi ases to provide the proton motive force. Tonoplast antiporters are constitutive in halophytes, whereas they must be activated by NaCl in salt-tolerant glycophytes, and they may be absent from salt-sensitive glycophytes. Halophyte vacuoles may have a modified...
752 citations
TL;DR: In the majority of higher plant halophytes examined proline is the major component of the amino acid pool in plants collected from the field and it is suggested that proline functions as a source of solute for intracellular osmotic adjustments under saline conditions.
Abstract: It is shown that in the majority of higher plant halophytes examined proline is the major component of the amino acid pool in plants collected from the field. In Triglochin maritima L. free proline can represent 10-20% of the shoot dry weight. Under non-saline conditions proline levels are low and increase as the salinity is raised. Comparisons of inland and coastal populations of Ameria maritima Willd. suggest that the capacity to accumulate proline is correlated with salt tolerance. It is suggested that proline functions as a source of solute for intracellular osmotic adjustments under saline conditions.
661 citations
TL;DR: Under normal growing conditions, salt cress accumulated Pro at much higher levels than did Arabidopsis, and this corresponded to a higher expression of AtP5CS in Salt cress, a key enzyme of Pro biosynthesis, which suggests that the salt tolerance in salt cressing results from mechanisms that are similar to those operating in glycophytes.
Abstract: Salt cress (Thellungiella halophila), a halophyte, is a genetic model system with a small plant size, short life cycle, copious seed production, small genome size, and an efficient transformation. Its genes have a high sequence identity (90%-95% at cDNA level) to genes of its close relative, Arabidopsis. These qualities are advantageous not only in genetics but also in genomics, such as gene expression profiling using Arabidopsis cDNA microarrays. Although salt cress plants are salt tolerant and can grow in 500 mm NaCl medium, they do not have salt glands or other morphological alterations either before or after salt adaptation. This suggests that the salt tolerance in salt cress results from mechanisms that are similar to those operating in glycophytes. To elucidate the differences in the regulation of salt tolerance between salt cress and Arabidopsis, we analyzed the gene expression profiles in salt cress by using a full-length Arabidopsis cDNA microarray. In salt cress, only a few genes were induced by 250 mm NaCl stress in contrast to Arabidopsis. Notably a large number of known abiotic- and biotic-stress inducible genes, including Fe-SOD, P5CS, PDF1.2, AtNCED, P-protein, beta-glucosidase, and SOS1, were expressed in salt cress at high levels even in the absence of stress. Under normal growing conditions, salt cress accumulated Pro at much higher levels than did Arabidopsis, and this corresponded to a higher expression of AtP5CS in salt cress, a key enzyme of Pro biosynthesis. Furthermore, salt cress was more tolerant to oxidative stress than Arabidopsis. Stress tolerance of salt cress may be due to constitutive overexpression of many genes that function in stress tolerance and that are stress inducible in Arabidopsis.
589 citations