Showing papers on "Happiness published in 1968"

Dimensions of marriage happiness.

Abstract: This paper is concerned with the development of a theoretical model of the structure of marriage happiness that may be useful for diagnosis, analysis, and prediction. An over-all model, composed of a dimension of satisfactions and a dimension of tensions which function independently to produce happiness in marriage, is suggested. The independent dimensions correlate in the expected directions with an individual's own assessment of his marriage, but do not correlate with each other. These characteristics suggest that the difference between an individual's scores on the satisfactions and tensions indexes, called the "Marriage Adjustment Balance Scale" (MABS), is a good over-all indicator of an individual's happiness in marriage. Marriage happiness self-ratings and the MABS were found to be positively related to over-all happiness ratings. Each of the marriage happiness indexes is also related to over-all happiness in the expected direction. Finally, marriage happiness is related to over-all happiness throug...

Aristotle's ethical theory

Abstract: This is a study of Aristotle's moral philosophy as it is contained in the Nicomachean Ethics. Hardie examines the difficulties of the text; presents a map of inescapable philosophical questions; and brings out the ambiguities and critical disagreements on some central topics, inclduing happiness, the soul, the ethical mean, and the initiation of action.

Pleasure and Happiness

Abstract: First a word about my title: ‘Happiness’ is ground upon which so many angels have feared to tread that it seemed not inappropriate for me to rush in. It is a subject to which we all do give thought, not only with the force majeure of professional philosophising, but in our personal lives; however, in trying to sort the subject out a little, and it is one about which both our literature and our thinking are notoriously muddled, I fear I may rather have generated confusion than diminished it. In attempting by a somewhat roundabout method to clarify a little the sort of question, though scarcely, I am afraid, the sort of answer, that is appropriate to such thought, it has, perhaps inevitably, seemed necessary to consider in almost as much detail the more fashionable subject of Pleasure; and here too, with less excuse, the points I wish to make are abbreviated and unashamedly oversimplified. An Aunt Sally, however, has its uses, and my neck is not so precious that it cannot afford to be stuck out.

Unhappy memories of 'the happy past': studies in cognitive dissonance.

Abstract: The aim of the two studies reported was to test two extensions of the dissonance model. The hypothesis was that over longer time periods the congruence between initially dissonant emotional attitudes with regard to a past (not recent) life period will become more pronounced. The main variables were the evaluative attitude to the whole past period in terms of happiness, expressed as a ratio of unpleasant (U) to pleasant (P) checked adjectives, the ratio of U:P memories recalled from that period, U and P being judgements from the viewpoint of the present, and the wish to return to that period. The sample of Study I included 126 Kibbutz children, who were all the children in three Kibbutzim similar in child-rearing methods in the following three age-groups: 8.1–10, 10.1–12 and 12.1–14. Each child was interviewed individually according to a questionnaire about his childhood (the period 1–6 yr). The results revealed no significant differences between the groups in the U:P memories ratio (average = 2·15) or U:P adjectives ratio (average = 0·38), and no significant correlations between the variables of wish to return to childhood, U:P adjectives and U:P memories, but for the correlation between the latter two in the 8.1–10 yr old group. The results refute the hypothesis in revealing the persistence of dissonances. In Study II 35 adults in the age range 30–50 yr, chosen randomly from three localities, were interviewed in an identical manner about the period of 20–25 yr as well as about their evaluation of happiness in personal childhood, wish to return to childhood, evaluation of happiness in childhood in general and of humanity in the past. In addition to corroborating fully all the results of Study I in regard to the age of 20–25 yr it was found that evaluation of happiness in personal and general childhood are correlated, as well as the lack of wish to return to one period with that to another. Possible explanations and implications of the persistence of the dissonances are discussed.

Social Class, Social Participation, and Happiness: A Consideration of “Interaction-Opportunities’and “Investment”*

Abstract: (1969). Social Class, Social Participation, and Happiness: A Consideration of “Interaction-Opportunities” and “Investment”. The Sociological Quarterly: Vol. 10, No. 1, pp. 3-21.

Relation of Sexual Behaviors, Values, and Conflict to Avowed Happiness and Personal Adjustment:

Abstract: A questionnaire study of 68 male and 64 female college students inquired about sexual behaviors (a) experienced, (b) deemed acceptable on a date, (c) deemed acceptable if experienced previously by a fiance(e), (d) revealed to peers, and (e) revealed to parents. High scores on these measures were viewed as indicative of liberality and differences among them as indicative of conflict. These measures of sexual liberality and conflict did not correlate with measures of adjustment, avowed happiness, or religiousness. Tables indicate the per cent of Ss endorsing each item under each set. Ss reported far more sexual experiences than they had ever revealed to a peer or a parent.

Compulsory happiness. Adolescent despair.

Abstract: THE GAY, carefree days of adolescence as nostalgically reconstructed by adults is a sharp contrast to the heavy troubled expressions so frequently observed on the faces of many young men and women. To some extent a depressed outlook, although associated with affective swings, has been considered a typical adolescent mood. Many authors 1-3 have described features by which they sought to "define" adolescence in terms of psychic processes rather than merely as an entity with chronological boundaries. Although what can be generalized for the group is still a controversial subject, there seems to be agreement about some psychic mechanisms. For example, since Erikson's 4 comprehensive description of the identity crisis of adolescence, many therapists are impressed by their patients preoccupation with both the meaning of life and where they fit. They complain about not knowing who they are and the purpose of

The Courtesy Tradition and Early Schoolbooks

Abstract: AS HE PREPARED to leave office and active politics, George Washington offered the American people some advice based on a lifetime of thought and conviction. "It is substantially true that virtue or morality is a necessary spring of popular government.... Promote, then, as an object of primary importance, institutions for the general diffusion of knowledge. In proportion as the structure of a government gives force to public opinion, it is essential that public opinion should be enlightened." (i) He went on to write in the same address that religion and morality were essential to national prosperity and to stability and happiness. Washington spoke as a gentleman, a republican it is true, but nevertheless a man schooled in a long tradition of

The Meaning of Work and Jobs

Abstract: For a young child, the world of work is remote and without immediate meaning. But the grand pattern of socialization of the human animal—of inducting him into the society of which he is a part—brings the world of work into focus as early as the preadolescent years. The overriding impact of work as a way of life, as a means to an end, as an end in itself, is borne in on the individual, with the enthusiastic if misguided assistance of parents, other adults, and peers in his surroundings. The act of occupational choice becomes important; preparation for a job, entry into the ranks of the gainfully employed, and striving for some measure of success become paramount concerns. The socialization process reaches a milestone when the individual establishes himself in the world of work. The past is prologue and he and society can assess his worth. But it is hard to measure the success of a life. There are material standards of income and possessions to serve as possible yardsticks. Some men measure their lives by the power or prestige they wield. Service to others is a criterion in certain areas of the society. Success can have as many definitions as happiness.