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Showing papers on "Happiness published in 1994"



BookDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, Terman's Question: What Makes for Marital Happiness? The View From Observational Methods was raised from observations from physiological and behavioral methods, and a balance theory of marriage was proposed.
Abstract: Contents: Introduction. What Makes Some Marriages Magical and Some Miserable? Raising the Questions. Terman's Question: What Makes for Marital Happiness? The View From Observational Methods. Longitudinal Change in Marital Happiness: Observing Physiology as Well as Marital Interaction. Marital Processes That Predict Dissolution. In What Sense Are Regulated Couples Regulated? Is Conflict Avoidance Dysfunctional? Conflict Avoidance and the Behavior of the Listener: Toward a Typology of Marriage. There Are Two Types of Conflict Engagers. A Balance Theory of Marriage. There Are Two Types of Nonregulated Couples. Male Withdrawal From Marital Conflict. Replication and Extension. Physiology During Marital Interaction. Toward a Comprehensive Theory of Marital Stability. Eight-Year Longitudinal Follow-Up Study. Recommendations for a Stable Marriage. Epilogue. Appendix: The Observational Coding Systems.

1,409 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: For example, Hamilton et al. as mentioned in this paper found that individuals who had been induced to feel happy rendered more stereotypic judgments than did those in a neutral mood, except under conditions in which they had been told that they would be held accountable for their judgments.
Abstract: Four experiments examined the effects of happiness on the tendency to use stereotypes in social judgment. In each experiment, individuals who had been induced to feel happy rendered more stereotypic judgments than did those in a neutral mood. Experiment 1 demonstrated this phenomenon with a mood induction procedure that involved recalling life experiences. Experiments 2 and 3 suggested that the greater reliance on stereotypes evident in the judgments of happy individuals was not attributable to cognitive capacity deficits created by intrusive happy thoughts or by cognitively disruptive excitement or energetic arousal that may accompany the experience of happiness. In Experiment 4, happy individuals again were found to render more stereotypic judgments, except under conditions in which they had been told that they would be held accountable for their judgments. These results suggest that although happy people's tendency to engage in stereotypic thinking may be pervasive, they are quite capable of avoiding the influence of stereotypes in their judgments when situational factors provide a motivational impetus for such effort. Discovering the conditions under which group stereotypes are likely to be applied in forming impressions of and making judgments about individuals has been an issue of perennial interest in social psychology. Factors such as information overload (Pratto & Bargh, 1991; Stangor & Duan, 1991) and task difficulty (Bodenhausen & Lichtenstein, 1987), for example, have been shown to increase the social perceiver's reliance on stereotypic preconceptions (for a review, see Hamilton & Sherman, in press). In the present research, we investigated the role of emotion, specifically happiness, in the application of stereotypes during social information processing. Does being happy have any impact on the likelihood of stereotyping others? If so, what is the mechanism involved? It was these questions that we sought to address. Interest in the relationship between emotion and stereotyping is certainly not new. However, previous attempts to understand the role of affective experience in prejudice and stereotyping have focused almost exclusively on the impact of negative emotions. Conventional wisdom indicates that it is during times of stress, anxiety, or hostility that prejudice and stereotypes are most likely to emerge and exert their influence on social perception. Psychological research lends credence to the idea that anger, conflict, frustration, and anxiety are indeed associated with

660 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This article argued that happiness is a fixed "trait" rather than a variable "state" and argued that a better society makes no happier people, and that happiness can be expressed at both individual and societal levels.
Abstract: One of the ideological foundations of the modern welfare states is the belief that people can be made happier by providing them with better living conditions. This belief is challenged by the theory that happiness is a fixed ‘trait’, rather than a variable ‘state’. This theory figures both at the individual level and at the societal level. The individual level variant depicts happiness as an aspect of personal character; rooted in inborn temperament or acquired disposition. The societal variant sees happiness as a matter of national character; embedded in shared values and beliefs. Both variants imply that a better society makes no happier people.

396 citations


Journal ArticleDOI

254 citations


Book
01 Jan 1994
TL;DR: In this article, the authors discuss the importance of giving with care in the context of a life of service, and discuss the paradoxes of self-fulfillment, self-development and self-sacrifice.
Abstract: Preface Acknowledgments 1. Giving With Care Philosophy of Philanthropy Scope of Philanthropy Practices and Virtues Caring within Communities 2. Virtues in Giving Benevolence Justice and Reciptrcity Enlightened Cherishing Respect for Persons Self-Direction Moral Leadership 3. Responsibilities to Help Responding to Need Giving Something Back Personal Callings Professional Ideals Discretion and Good Judgement 4. Respect for Automony Freedom to Harm Tyranny of Gifts Manipulation of Givers Explotation of Women Incentives to Give 5. Mixed Motives Diverse Motives in Unified Lives Results and Reasons Psychological Egoism Cynicism Purity of Heart 6. Paradoxes of Self-Fulfillment Self-Development and Self-Sacrifice Freedom and Self-Surrender Happiness and Self-Forgetfullness Meaning and Seflessness Ambiguity and Faith in a Life of Service Notes Bibliography Index

107 citations


Book
08 Dec 1994
TL;DR: The ability to build business and personal networks can make or break a career, or a company as discussed by the authors, and the ability to create and maintain these networks is critical to success. But the ability of personal networks is not limited to individuals, but also to organizations.
Abstract: From the Publisher: The ability to build business and personal networks can make or break a career, or a company This teaches entrepreneurs, change agents, and corporate executives to boost their effectiveness, influence, and happiness by building powerful networks Named "one of the top 30 business books" of the year by Executive Book Summaries

104 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This paper explored the role of mimicry and self-perception processes in emotional contagion and found that subjects who visibly moved to mimic the behavior of the actor were significantly more likely to be those who were more responsive to self-produced cues.
Abstract: Two experiments explored the role of mimicry and self-perception processes in emotional contagion. In Study 1, 46 subjects watched two brief film clips depicting an episode of startled fear. In a separate procedure, subjects adopted facial expressions of emotion, and reported whether the expressions had caused them to feel corresponding emotions. Those who reported feeling the emotions were identified as more responsive to self-produced cues for feeling. Subjects who visibly moved to mimic the behavior of the actor were significantly more likely to be those who were more responsive to self-produced cues. In Study 2, 57 subjects watched three film clips depicting happy people. During clips when they inhibited the movements of their faces, subjects reported less happiness than during clips when they moved naturally and were able to mimic, or when they exaggerated their movements. This effect occurred only among subjects who, in a separate procedure, had been identified as more responsive to self-produced cues.

98 citations


BookDOI
01 Jan 1994
TL;DR: This book discusses Quality of Life in the Health Care Context: Analytical and Ethical Issues, and Reflections on the Notion of 'Quality of Life' A. Nordenfelt.
Abstract: Editor's Preface. Introduction. Section I: The Concept of Quality of Life. Aristotle on the Good Life and Quality of Life E. Ostenfeld. Towards a Theory of Happiness: a Subjectivist Notion of Quality of Life L. Nordenfelt. Happiness, Life and Quality of Life: a Commentary on Nordenfelt's `Towards a Theory of Happiness' P. Cattorini, R. Mordacci. On Need and Quality of Life P.-E. Liss. Needs, Rights and Resources in Quality of Life Research T. Moum. Section II: Quality of Life in the Health Care Context: Analytical and Ethical Issues. Quality of Life: Why Now? a Sociological View M. Bury. Reflections on the Notion of `Quality of Life' A. Fagot-Largeault. Changing Preferences: Conceptual Problems in Comparing Health-Related Quality of Life P. Sandoe, K. Kappel. Quality of Life and Handicapped People B. Musschenga. Section III: Measuring Quality of Life in Health Care. The Plausibility of Quality-of-Life Measures in Different Domains of Health Care R. Fitzpatrick, G. Albrecht. Analyzing Changes in Health-Related Quality of Life S. Bjoerk, P. Roos. On General and Need-Related Quality of Life: a Psychological Theory for Use in Medical Rehabilitation and Psychiatry A. Aggernaes. A Psychiatric and Interactional Perspective on Quality of Life M. Kajandi. Index.

93 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined the perceived benefits and costs of romantic relationships and found that the most important benefits associated with romantic involvement were companionship, happiness, and feeling loved or loving another.
Abstract: This investigation examined the perceived benefits and costs of romantic (i.e., reciprocal dating) relationships. In Study 1, subjects provided open-ended reports regarding the benefits and costs associated with romantic involvement. Different groups of subjects ranked (Study 2) and rated (Study 3) these benefits and costs for importance. Companionship, happiness, and feeling loved or loving another were among the most important benefits accompanying romantic involvement. The most serious costs included stress and worry about the relationship, social and nonsocial sacrifices, and increased dependence on the partner. Compared to males, females regarded intimacy, self-growth, self-understanding, and positive self-esteem as more important benefits, and regarded loss of identity and innocence about relationships and love as more important costs Alternatively, males regarded sexual gratification as a more important benefit, and monetary losses as a more serious cost than did females Implications for exchange theory are highlighted.

91 citations



Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Experts in music and nonexperts ascribed similar emotions to pieces of music and there was no difference in emotional response to music by gender, although women linked to music stronger emotions of anger than girls.
Abstract: Fragments of classical music were submitted to 80 subjects, 40 children 9 to 10 years old and 40 adults 19 to 29 years old who were divided into eight groups of ten, to induce feelings of happiness, sadness, anger, and fear. The task required linking each piece of music to one emotion, identifying at the same time the intensity of the emotional response on a scale of 1 to 3. The goal was to study how gender, age, and exposure or expertise related to emotional perceptions of music. Analysis showed (a) experts in music and nonexperts ascribed similar emotions to pieces of music, (b) there was no difference in emotional response to music by gender, although women linked to music stronger emotions of anger than girls, (c) children perceived greater feeling of happiness in music and less feeling of anger than adults, and (d) emotions of anger and fear in music were often confused with one another.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined the relative importance of 17 potential predictors of happiness in a sample of 1207 married couples who had completed a general-purpose marriage questionnaire, including measures of extraversion, neuroticism, health, education, employment, financial situation, satisfaction with housing, number of children, relationships with family and friends and a scale measuring quality of marriage.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, half of the participants completed the Menstrual Joy Questionnaire (MJQ) and the menstrual Attitude Index (MAA) to measure women's health.
Abstract: Fifty female college students participated in a study of women's health. In a counterbalanced design, half of the participants completed the Menstrual Joy Questionnaire (MJQ) and the Menstrual Atti...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Reeve as discussed by the authors argues that scientific knowledge is possible in ethics, that dialectic and understanding play essentially the same role in ethics as in an Aristotelian science, and that the distinctive role of practical wisdom is to use the knowledge of universals provided by science, dialectic, and understanding so as best to promote happiness (eudaimonia) in particular circumstances and to ensure a happy life.
Abstract: Practices of Reason is an exploration of the epistemological, metaphysical, and psychological foundations of the Nicomachean Ethics. In a striking reversal of current orthodoxy, Professor Reeve argues that scientific-knowledge (episteme) is possible in ethics, that dialectic and understanding (nous) play essentially the same role in ethics as in an Aristotelian science, and that the distinctive role of practical wisdom (phronesis) is to use the knowledge of universals provided by science, dialectic, and understanding so as best to promote happiness (eudaimonia) in particular circumstances and to ensure a happy life. Turning to happiness itself, the author develops a new account of Aristotle's views on ends and functions, exposing their twofold nature. He argues that the activation of theoretical wisdom is primary happiness, and that the activation of practical wisdom - when it is for the sake of primary happiness - is happiness of a second kind. He concludes with an account of the virtues of character, external goods, and friends, and their place in the happy life. The book will be of interest to all those who have unanswered questions about the central arguments, concepts, and presuppositions of the Nicomachean Ethics.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Leisure satisfaction correlated with happiness, and social aspects of leisure satisfaction predicted happiness in longitudinal analysis.
Abstract: 114 subjects rated their happiness, leisure satisfaction, and several dimensions of leisure activity at two points in time. Some personality differences were found between those choosing different kinds of leisure, e.g. self-esteem and voluntary work, cooperativeness and clubs, neuroticism and hobbies rather than sports. Sixty-eight percent of respondents reported being committed to a leisure activity; they found their leisure to be more absorbing, more under control, and more challenging as well as more stressful than those who were not committed to a leisure activity; and they also had greater leisure satisfaction. Leisure satisfaction correlated with happiness, and social aspects of leisure satisfaction predicted happiness in longitudinal analysis.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The authors found that even 4-year-olds knew the pleasure and arousal associated with pride, gratitude, shame, worry, and jealousy, but had no knowledge of the kind of situation that evokes it.
Abstract: Two studies are reported on the question of whether children acquire concepts for more complex emotions, such as jealousy and pride, in an all-or-nothing manner rather than feature by feature. In the first study, 96 children between 4 and 7 years of age were asked to describe situations that would evoke happiness, pride, gratitude, shame, worry, and jealousy. Children were also asked whether each emotion felt good or bad. In the second study, 4 and 5-year-olds rated the same emotions for feelings of pleasure and arousal. Together, the results suggested that before a complete concept, children attain a partial conceptualisation of each complex emotion: They understand the pleasure and arousal associated with the emotion, but have no knowledge of the kind of situation that evokes it. Even 4-year-olds knew the pleasure and arousal associated with pride, gratitude, shame, worry, and jealousy-thus demonstrating that children's understanding quickly moves beyond the simpler emotions.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This paper found that above a minimal level, income is irrelevant to one's sense of well-being, but companionship and social support increase wellbeing, since shopping and consumption are increasingly solitary activities, and watching television is not genuinely sociable.
Abstract: Since the mid‐1960s in advanced and rapidly advancing economies, there has been a rising tide of clinical depression and dysphoria, a decline in mutual trust, and a loosening of social bonds. Most studies show that above a minimal level, income is irrelevant to one's sense of well‐being, but companionship and social support increase well‐being. Since shopping and consumption are increasingly solitary activities, and watching television is not genuinely sociable, the increased time devoted to these activities may be responsible for rising levels of depression. Advanced societies are likely to increase “utility” if they maximize friendship rather than the getting and spending of wealth.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The theme that emotions following miscarriage are more varied and less uniformly negative than accounts imply is examined through a review of popular and professional literature and evidence from sixty-five women who had spontaneous abortions who were interviewed about their experiences and emotions.
Abstract: The theme that emotions following miscarriage are more varied and less uniformly negative than accounts imply is examined through a review of popular and professional literature and evidence from sixty-five women who had had spontaneous abortions who were interviewed about their experiences and emotions. Emotions remembered from immediately following the miscarriage were sadness, frustration, disappointment, and anger towards themselves. At the interview time, about four months after the miscarriage, the most common emotions were hopefulness, sadness, and happiness. Implications for health care and research are discussed.


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, four different types of self-identification were distinguished: dissociative, assmilative, acculturative, and marginal, and they were found to be associated with less self-concept stability, less happiness, and a less collectivistic orientation.
Abstract: In the present study the question is addressed as to whether among minority youth alternative ways of ethnic self-identification are equally healthy in terms of psychological well-being. Four different types of self-identification were distinguished: dissociative, assmilative, acculturative, and marginal. All four were found among Turkish and Chinese youth living in the Netherlands. As predicted, the Turkish subjects showed a stronger dissociative self-identification than the Chinese. Among the Turks an acculturative and especially a marginal orientation was associated with lower self-esteem. Among the Chinese both these orientations were associated with less self-concept stability, less happiness, and a less collectivistic orientation. Collectivism among the Chinese was also found to be positively associated with happiness, but at the same time, among the older subjects, with low self-concept stability.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This paper investigated the convergent and discriminant relationships between a children's life satisfaction measure, the Students' Life Satisfaction Scale (SLSS), and a widely used self-concept measure, Piers-Harris Self-Concept Scale (Piers, 1984).
Abstract: This study investigated the convergent and discriminant relationships between a children's life satisfaction measure, the Students' Life Satisfaction Scale (SLSS; Huebner, 1991a), and a widely used self-concept measure, the Piers-Harris Self-Concept Scale (Piers, 1984). Correlational and regression analyses demonstrated stronger relationships between the SLSS and the Piers-Harris Happiness and Satisfaction subscale compared to the other Piers-Harris subscales. The results of a conjoint principal components analysis also revealed predictable overlap between the SLSS and the Piers-Harris Happiness and Satisfaction subscale. Implications for future research are discussed.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Aristotle's political science is supremely "realistic", and its subsequent moderation of our hopes for any "best regime" to solve the problem of happiness is, in comparison with the revolutionary politics of modern "realism," sobriety itself as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: The end of Aristotle's "best regime" is, almost from the outset, action in accord with moral virtue. Aristotle subsequently casts doubt, however, on the happiness and even the justice of the city so understood, and he is led eventually to posit "leisure" as the city's goal on the grounds that it is the only politically feasible reflection of the true end, philosophy. By thus beginning from and taking seriously the attachment to moral virtue characteristic of decent citizens, Aristotle's political science is supremely "realistic," and its subsequent moderation of our hopes for any "best regime" to solve the problem of happiness is, in comparison with the revolutionary politics of modern "realism," sobriety itself.


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The structure of the lived experience of laughing and health was found to be a potent buoyant vitality sparked through mirthful engagements, prompting an unburdening delight deflecting disheartenments while emerging with blissful contentment.
Abstract: The purpose of this research was to uncover a structure of the lived experience of laughing and health using Parse's research method. Twenty men and women over 65 years of age volunteered to participate in the study. The structure of the lived experience of laughing and health was found to be a potent buoyant vitality sparked through mirthful engagements, prompting an unburdening delight deflecting disheartenments while emerging with blissful contentment. Recommendations for further research and practice are suggested.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Findings support the salience of happiness among emotional expressions and may have implications for the understanding of the brain's function in the early development of the human infant as a social organism.

Book ChapterDOI
01 Jan 1994
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors suggest a characterization of a concept of quality of life which could, hopefully, serve as a conceptual basis for the construction and evaluation of instruments designed for the measurement of quality-of-life.
Abstract: My task in this essay is to suggest a characterization of a concept of quality of life which could, hopefully, serve as a conceptual basis for the construction and evaluation of instruments designed for the measurement of quality of life. The concept to be developed is a subjectivist concept, in fact identified with happiness-with-life. Happiness is looked upon as a species of — by far the most important species of — well-being. Well-being is in its turn distinguished from welfare. Welfare is the set of states of affairs, mostly external to the subject but not necessarily so, which contribute to his well-being. Thus to a person’s welfare belongs his economic situation, his family relations, his professional situation, as well as his internal resources, in particular his health.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Internal reliability was .90, and higher scores on the Depression-Happiness Scale were associated with more internal control, higher self-esteem, and lower trait anxiety among 45 undergraduates at the University of Ulster.
Abstract: The present aim was to estimate the internal reliability and convergent validity of the Depression-Happiness Scale. Internal reliability was .90, and higher scores on the Depression-Happiness Scale were associated with more internal control (.28), higher self-esteem (.36), and lower trait anxiety (-.69) among 45 undergraduates at the University of Ulster. The results provide some evidence for the validation of the Depression-Happiness Scale as well as confirming previous research on the correlates of happiness.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a conceptualization of financial management behavior in remarriage was refined and used to study 91 remarried couples and couples were categorized into three financial management strategy groups: those having only joint accounts, only separate accounts, and a combination of joint and separate accounts.
Abstract: A conceptualization of financial management behavior in remarriage forwarded by Fishman (1983) is refined and used to study 91 remarried couples. Couples are categorized into three financial management strategy groups: those having only joint accounts, only separate accounts, and a combination of joint and separate accounts. The different groups' demographic characteristics and satisfaction and happiness regarding family life are compared. Overall few differences between groups are found on the demographic characteristics, and no differences are found on satisfaction or happiness.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This article investigated the levels of irrational thinking and self-reported negative and positive affects, and the relationships between these variables, in a sample of 382 college students in Russia and America.