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Hardening (metallurgy)

About: Hardening (metallurgy) is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 25584 publications have been published within this topic receiving 376012 citations.


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TL;DR: In this paper, the authors discuss recent trends in research and development on precipitation hardened aluminum alloys and indicate where research is needed for three areas: fatigue, properties of grain boundaries and interfaces, and stability of precipitates at elevated temperatures.
Abstract: The author’s charge was to discuss recent trends in research and development on precipitation hardened aluminum alloys and to indicate where research is needed. This will be done for three areas: fatigue, properties of grain boundaries and interfaces, and stability of precipitates at elevated temperatures. Present strong precipitation hardened aluminum alloys do not have high endurance limits. One problem is that the small GP zones are cut by the dislocations giving rise to highly localized deformation which aids fatigue crack initiation. A duplex structure with relatively large uniformly spaced precipitates to give more homogeneous deformation plus small precipitates to give high yield strength is a promising approach. The structures of precipitation hardened aluminum base alloys are essentially controlled by the stabilities of the various precipitates and the interfacial energies. Precipitates with high interfacial energies tend to precipitate preferentially at grain boundaries giving embrittlement. Low interfacial energy means easy nucleation, a uniform precipitate distribution, and resistance to coarsening at elevated temperatures. For elevated temperature use, the precipitate must be stable at elevated temperatures. Precipitation hardened aluminum alloys do not have good elevated temperature properties because the hardening precipitates normally used, GP zones, are not stable at elevated temperatures. Thus a low interfacial energy, ductile precipitate, which is stable at elevated temperatures, is needed for aluminum. Possibilities for achieving such precipitates will be discussed.

110 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Based on detailed 3D local-electrode atom-probe (LEAP) tomographic measurements of the properties of Cu and M 2 C precipitates, the yield strength of a high-toughness secondary-hardening steel, BA160, as a function of aging time is predicted using a newly developed 3D yield strength model.

110 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, low-cycle fatigue tests were performed in two AlMgSi aluminium alloys with different chemical composition, namely 6082-T6 and 6060-T 6 alloys, using standard round specimens and tube specimens, respectively.

110 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, Chen et al. proposed modified kinematic hardening rules based on the Ohno-Wang rule in which accumulated plastic strain increment is contributed to the dynamic recovery term.

110 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, an integrated thermal-metallurgical-mechanical model is used to analyse and provide insights into the formation of the residual stress and the changes in microstructure and property of Al6061-T6 friction stir welds.
Abstract: An integrated thermal–metallurgical–mechanical model is used to analyse and provide insights into the formation of the residual stress and the changes in microstructure and property of Al6061-T6 friction stir welds. The simulations were conducted by means of a three-dimensional finite element model that accounts for the phenomena of frictional heating, weld microstructure and strength changes due to dissolution and reprecipitation of the hardening precipitate particles, and the mechanical workpiece/tool contact during the friction stir welding (FSW) process. The model predictions were confirmed by experimental measurement data from previous studies. For the friction stir welds investigated, it was found that the residual stress distribution is strongly dependent on the welding process parameters and the degree of material softening caused by welding. The recovery of material strength from natural aging does not increase the residual stress in the weld. The failure of friction stir weld under tensi...

110 citations


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Performance
Metrics
No. of papers in the topic in previous years
YearPapers
202250
2021989
20201,144
20191,076
20181,038
2017981