Topic
Hardening (metallurgy)
About: Hardening (metallurgy) is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 25584 publications have been published within this topic receiving 376012 citations.
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TL;DR: In this article, a finite element method for the shakedown assessment of sheets under combined thermal and mechanical loads is presented, where the generalized standard material model is adopted allowing for a certain class of kinematical hardening materials; it is realized by a simple two-surface yield condition.
107 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a combination of complementary techniques including one-dimensional and three-dimensional atom probe, energy-filtered transmission electron microscopy and conventional transmission electron microscope was used to assess the precipitation reactions at 475 °C in a 12%Cr-9%Ni-4%Mo-2%Cu precipitation hardening stainless steel.
107 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the deformation behavior of wrought α-uranium was studied using electron backscattered diffraction and crystal plasticity modeling, and the authors reported stress-strain response and texture evolution for 12 different cases corresponding to tension and compression tests performed on three different initial textures: straight-rolled, clock-rolled and swaged.
107 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the deformation induced vacancies in SPD materials have been measured by combined evaluation of resistometry, calorimetry and X-ray diffraction, and the density of vacancies during and after SPD deformation is found to be markedly higher than in cases of conventional deformation and/or coarse grained material which may be partly attributed to the particular conditions of SPD, namely the enhanced hydrostatic pressure and the changes in deformation path.
Abstract: In discussing hardening characteristics in terms of crystalline lattice defects, in most cases the properties and kinetics of dislocations and their arrangement have been considered. However, during plastic deformation also vacancies and/or vacancy type defects are produced in very high densities which are typically close to those of vacancies in thermal equilibrium at the melting point. The effect of high vacancy concentrations on the hardening characteristics is twofold: (i) direct effects by impeding the movement of dislocations (ii) indirect one by inducing climbing and annihilation of edge dislocations leading to softening or even absolute decreases in strength. This paper presents first measurements of deformation induced vacancies in SPD materials which have been achieved by combined evaluation of resistometry, calorimetry and X-ray diffraction. The density of vacancies during and after SPD deformation is found to be markedly higher than in cases of conventional deformation and/or coarse grained material which may be partly attributed to the particular conditions of SPD namely the enhanced hydrostatic pressure as well as the changes in deformation path. It is suggested to make this high vacancy concentration responsible for both dynamic and static recovery and/or recrystallisation processes recently found during and after SPD, being potential reasons for enhanced ductility and superplasticity which only occur with nanomaterials originating from SPD. Recent publications show that in alloys, SPD induced vacancies can also enable the existence of phases which do not appear in the equilibrium diagram.
107 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the microstructural features occurring in CO 2 laser hardened En18 steel are discussed with the use of optical microscopic and scanning electron microscopic analysis, and the correlation between the surface temperature and cooling rate on the resulting hardness is explained.
107 citations