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Hardening (metallurgy)
About: Hardening (metallurgy) is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 25584 publications have been published within this topic receiving 376012 citations.
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TL;DR: Based on the extensive new experimental results, a yield criterion is proposed to describe the anisotropic yield behavior and tension compression asymmetry characteristics of an electron beam single melt Ti-6Al-4V alloy as mentioned in this paper.
156 citations
TL;DR: In this article, an anisotropic hardening model was applied to the study of inelastic, undrained clay response under cyclic loading conditions, and a cyclic degradation parameter was introduced which grows with accumulated deviatoric deformation and induces additional growth of pore pressure and softening of the material.
Abstract: This Paper applies and extends an anisotropic hardening model to the study of inelastic, undrained clay response under cyclic loading conditions. Besides kinematic and isotropic hardening rules, a cyclic degradation parameter is introduced which grows with accumulated deviatoric deformation and induces additional growth of pore pressure and softening of the material. As a result, strain amplitudes and accumulated strains increase in the course of cyclic loading. A modified two-surface model and a model with an infinite number of hardening surfaces are discussed and applied in the study of undrained, cyclic response of normally consolidated and overconsolidated clays in triaxial tests. The number of cycles to failure, pore pressure variation, growth of accumulated strain and the static strength after cyclic loading are predicted by these models and compared with experimental data. Cette communication a trait au developpement d'un modele d'ecrouissage durcissant anisotrope et son application a l'etude du co...
156 citations
TL;DR: In this article, an analysis of the relationship between yield strength and grain size in submicron-grained stainless steels indicates a classical Hall-petch behavior, and when the yield dependence on annealing temperature is considered, the results show that the Hall-Petch relation is due to an interplay between finegrained austenite, solid solution strengthening, precipitate hardening and strain hardening.
Abstract: An ultra-fine-grained AISI 301LN austenitic stainless steel has been achieved by heavy cold rolling, to induce the formation of martensite, and subsequent annealing at 800 °C, 900 °C, and 1000 °C, from 1 to 100 seconds. The microstructural evolution was analyzed using transmission electron microscopy and the yield strength determined by tension testing. Ultra-fine austenite grains, as small as ∼0.54 μm, were obtained in samples annealed at 800 °C for 1 second. For these samples, tensile tests revealed a very high yield strength of ∼700 MPa, which is twice the typical yield strength of conventional fully annealed AISI 301LN stainless steels. An analysis of the relationship between yield strength and grain size in these submicron-grained stainless steels indicates a classical Hall–Petch behavior. Furthermore, when the yield dependence on annealing temperature is considered, the results show that the Hall–Petch relation is due to an interplay between fine-grained austenite, solid solution strengthening, precipitate hardening, and strain hardening.
155 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the flow stress of solution hardened single crystals and polycrystals is analyzed with respect to its dependence on temperature and strain rate, and the effect of the solutes is postulated to be equivalent to a continuous locking of the dislocations along their entire length, during every waiting period.
Abstract: The flow stress of solution hardened single crystals and polycrystals is analyzed with respect to its dependence on temperature and strain rate. An evaluation of literature data, especially at low temperatures and low concentrations in fcc alloys, reveals that the interaction between dislocations and discrete, atomic-sized obstacles (or fixed clusters of them) cannot be responsible for solution hardening. A “trough” model is favored in which the effect of the solutes is postulated to be equivalent to a continuous locking of the dislocations along their entire length, during every waiting period. The macroscopic features of this model are similar to Suzuki’s chemical-hardening model. It can also explain the strong interaction of solution hardening and strain hardening at elevated temperatures, as well as basic features of dynamic strain-aging, in particular its strain dependence.
155 citations
TL;DR: The microstructure and hardness of binary Al-Zn and Al-Mg alloys were studied both in the as-cast state and after high-pressure torsion (HPT) with 5 torsions (shear strain about 6).
155 citations