Showing papers on "Harmonic published in 1998"

Application issues of active power filters

Abstract: In this article, common nonlinear loads have been characterized into two types of harmonic sources, current-source type of harmonic source and voltage-source type of harmonic source. Compensation characteristics of both parallel active filters and series active filters have been discussed analytically and experimentally for these two types of harmonic sources. The corresponding required operation conditions, features, application issues, and adaptive harmonic sources of both filters have been presented. The fact that the traditional active filter, the parallel active filter, is not a panacea to harmonic compensation, and that one cannot use it blindly, has been clearly addressed. The parallel active filter will increase harmonic current and may cause overcurrent of the load when the load is a harmonic voltage source. Instead, it has been verified that the series active filter is better suited for compensation of a harmonic voltage source such as a diode rectifier with smoothing DC capacitor. The conclusions of this article also imply that when a parallel active filter is installed in a power system network such as at a point of common coupling, the network impedance and main harmonic sources downstream from the installation point should be investigated in order to get good performance and to minimize influence to the loads downstream. In some cases, a combined system of parallel active filter and series active filter may be necessary by utilizing the harmonic isolation function of the series active filters. No doubt active filters are superior to passive filters if used in their niche applications.

Multilevel selective harmonic elimination PWM technique in series-connected voltage inverters

Abstract: Selective harmonic elimination pulsewidth modulation (SHEPWM) method is systematically applied for the first time to multilevel series-connected voltage-source PWM inverters. The method is implemented based on optimization techniques. The optimization starting point is obtained using a phase-shift harmonic suppression approach. Another less computationally demanding harmonic suppression technique, called a mirror surplus harmonic method, is proposed for double-cell (five-level) inverters. Theoretical results of both methods are verified by experiments and simulations for a double-cell inverter. Simulation results for a five-cell (11-level) inverter are also presented for the multilevel SHEPWM method.

A shunt active filter based on voltage detection for harmonic termination of a radial power distribution line

Abstract: This paper focuses on a shunt active filter based on the detection of harmonic voltages at the point of installation. The objective of the active filter is to attenuate harmonic propagation resulting from series/parallel resonance between capacitors for power factor correction and line inductors in a power distribution line. The active filter acts as a low resistor to the external circuit for harmonic frequencies, and it is installed on the end bus of the power distribution line, just like a 50 /spl Omega/ terminator installed on the end terminal of a signal transmission line. Therefore, the function of the active filter is referred to as "harmonic termination" in this paper. Experimental results obtained from a laboratory system rated at 200 V and 20 kW verify that the active filter for the purpose of harmonic termination has the capability of harmonic damping throughout the power distribution line.

Broad-band power amplifier using dielectric photonic bandgap structure

Abstract: Two class AB GaAs field-effect transistor (FET) power amplifiers have been designed and fabricated in the 4.4-4.8 GHz range. In the first case, a dielectric PBG line was incorporated in the design to tune the second harmonic. In the second case, a 50-/spl Omega/ line is used with no harmonic tuning. The PBG structure allows broad-band harmonic tuning and is inexpensive to fabricate. A 5% improvement in power-added efficiency was achieved at the design frequency of 4.5 GHz, in both simulation and measurement.

Gyrotron traveling wave amplifier with a helical interaction waveguide

Abstract: A new microwave system in the form of a cylindrical waveguide with a helical corrugation of the inner surface is proposed for a gyrotron traveling wave tube (gyro-TWT). The corrugation radically changes the wave dispersion in the region of small axial wave numbers. This allows significant reduction in the sensitivity of the amplifier to the electron velocity spread and an increase in its frequency bandwidth. An X-band gyro-TWT operating at the second cyclotron harmonic with a 200-keV, 25-A electron beam produced an output power of 1 MW, corresponding to a gain of 23 dB and an efficiency of 20%.

Application specific harmonic performance evaluation of multicarrier PWM techniques

Abstract: Various multicarrier pulse width modulation (PWM) techniques suitable for high power converter structures and capable of generating multilevel output voltage waveforms are discussed in this paper. Several interesting characteristics of the multicarrier disposition PWM techniques are revealed. A hybrid multicarrier PWM technique combining the disposition and the phase shifted concepts is considered. The performance of the various techniques with respect to the total harmonic distortion (THD) of the output line voltage in the linear and over-modulation regions is reported. Two distortion factors associated with first- and second-order AC output filtering and for different amplitude modulation indices are presented and used as a measure of comparison for the techniques under consideration.

Reduction of the input current harmonic content in matrix converters under input/output unbalance

Abstract: This paper deals with the performance evaluation of space-vector-modulated matrix power converters under input and output unbalanced conditions. Two control strategies of the input current displacement angle are presented and compared in order to emphasize their influence on the input current harmonic content. The first is based on keeping the input current vector in phase with the input voltage vector. In the second, the input current displacement angle is dynamically modulated as a function of positive- and negative-sequence components of the input voltages. In both cases, the harmonic content and the three-phase RMS value of the input current have been evaluated analytically. The input current harmonic spectrum is quite different for the two control strategies and can be related to the input and output unbalance. It has been verified that, in the usual case of balanced output conditions, using the second method, it is possible to eliminate the harmonic components of the input current. Some numerical simulations are presented to confirm the analytical results.

A Hybrid Active Filter for Damping of Harmonic Resonance in Industrial Power Systems

Abstract: This paper proposes a hybrid active filter for the damping of harmonic resonance in industrial power systems. The hybrid filter consists of a small-rated active filter and a 5th-tuned passive filter. The active filter is characterized by detecting the 5th-harmonic current flowing into the passive filter. It is controlled in such a way as to behave as a negative or positive resistor by adjusting a feedback gain from a negative to positive value, and vice versa. The negative resistor presented by the active filter cancels a positive resistor inherent in the passive filter, so that the hybrid filter acts as an ideal passive filter with infinite quality factor. This significantly improves damping the harmonic resonance, compared with the passive filter used alone. Moreover, the active filter acts as a positive resistor to prevent an excessive harmonic current from flowing into the passive filter. Experimental results obtained from a 20-kW laboratory model verify the viability and effectiveness of the hybrid active filter proposed in this paper.

Novel architectures for high-efficiency amplifiers for wireless applications

Abstract: This paper presents three novel architectures for high-efficiency amplifiers relying on new harmonic-tuning techniques. These methods yield high-efficiency power amplifiers and reduce unwanted harmonic radiation from the transmitter front end. The first method uses the active integrated-antenna approach to perform harmonic tuning. The second method uses a nontraditional periodic microstrip filter, which allows broadband harmonic tuning. Finally, the third method combines the previous two approaches. Each technique is illustrated by a design example of a power amplifier integrated with an antenna. Guidelines for choosing the appropriate antenna structure and for designing the periodic structures are also presented. Another design issue is inclusion of the antenna and/or periodic structures into the amplifier simulation. To do this, a hybrid approach combining the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) analysis and harmonic-balance simulation is employed.

Ultrasonic harmonic imaging system and method

Abstract: A method for imaging a target includes the steps of transmitting ultrasonic energy at a fundamental frequency and receiving reflected ultrasonic energy at a harmonic of the fundamental frequency. The ultrasonic energy is transmitted in power bursts (80), each having a respective envelope shape (82), wherein the envelope shapes rise gradually to a respective maximum value and fall gradually from the respective maximum value. Utrasonic energy in the transmit beam is focused in an elongated high power region, as for example by means of a line focus.

Fundamental and Harmonic Emission in Type III Solar Radio Bursts – I. Emission at a Single Location or Frequency

Abstract: A model of type III solar radio bursts is developed that incorporates large-angle scattering and reabsorption of fundamental emission amid ambient density fluctuations in the corona and solar wind Comparison with observations shows that this model accounts semiquantitatively for anomalous harmonic ratios, the exponential decay constant of bursts, burst rise times, and the directivity of fundamental emission It is concluded that the long emission tail on interplanetary type III bursts is mostly fundamental emission, while much of the anomalous time delay of fundamental relative to harmonic emission from a given location must be ascribed to other causes

A general analytical method for determining the theoretical harmonic components of carrier based PWM strategies

Abstract: The analysis of pulse width modulation schemes for switched power converters has been a major research area for several decades, and considerable effort has gone into attempting to develop analysis techniques which allow one scheme to be evaluated against another for various fundamental and carrier frequencies and at different modulation depths. Except for a limited number of analytical solutions developed for specific modulation strategies, this analysis is generally done by digital simulation of the switched waveform and subsequent FFT or performance index calculation. This approach can require substantial computing capacity, and also has a significant potential for inaccuracies caused by subtle programming errors, which may cause erroneous comparisons to be made between different PWM schemes under particular operating conditions when the performance differences are slight. This paper presents a general method for determining the theoretical harmonic components of all major known variations of PWM. The method identifies appropriate inner and outer integral limits of the double Fourier integral solution of the switched waveform to suit each modulation strategy, and then solves this double integral using Jacobi-Anger expansions to establish closed form solutions. The method is applicable irrespective of the pulse ratio between the carrier and the fundamental, and the computational requirements are essentially constant irrespective of the absolute value of the carrier frequency.

Four-wire current-regulated PWM voltage converter

Abstract: Shunt active power filters are connected in parallel with the electricity supply network. If the AC mains has a neutral conductor, it is desirable to compensate the mains harmonic currents zero-sequence components. This can be achieved with a four-wire pulsewidth modulation voltage converter connected to the AC mains. In this case, the three-phase and the neutral AC currents must be controlled. A generalization of the space-vector-based current controller in the /spl alpha//spl beta/o coordinate system is presented in this paper. With this current controller, all the current harmonic systems of positive, negative, and zero sequence can be injected by the converter and, thus, compensated on the AC mains. The system is also useful to compensate unbalanced currents of fundamental frequency. A useful benefit of this system is that it is possible to control the converter four-wire currents with equal hysteresis errors. Simulation and experimental results are presented.

Temporal phase control of soft-x-ray harmonic emission

Abstract: We report a strong dependence of the soft-x-ray spectra generated by high harmonic emission on the chirp of the excitation pulse, when an ultrashort laser drives the process. For identical pulse durations, distinct harmonic peaks can be observed for positively chirped excitation pulses, while for negatively chirped pulses, the harmonic peaks become irregular. This behavior is explained by simulations that combine the chirp of the laser with the intrinsic phase shift of the harmonics. This work resolves an outstanding discrepancy between theory and experiment by demonstrating that high-order harmonic generation driven by short-duration pulses can result in distinct harmonic peaks. This work conclusively demonstrates the role of the intrinsic phase in determining harmonic emission spectra, and control this phase during the emission process.

Modeling and Parameter Identification of Harmonic Drive Systems

Abstract: The unique performance features of harmonic drives, such as high gear ratios and high torque capacities in a compact geometry, justify their widespreaa industrial application. However, harmonic drive can exhibit surprisingly more complex dynamic behavior than conventional gear transmission. In this paper a systematic way to capture and rationalize the dynamic behavior of the harmonic drive systems is developed. Simple and accurate models for compliance, hysteresis, and friction are proposed, and the model parameters are estimated using least-squares approximation for linear and nonlinear regression models. A statistical measure of variation is defined, by which the reliability of the estimated parameter for different operating condition, as well as the accuracy and integrity of the proposed model is quantified. By these means, it is shown that a linear stiffness model best captures the behavior of the system when combined with a good model for hysteresis. Moreover, the frictional losses of harmonic drive are modeled at both low and high velocities, The model performance is assessed by comparing simulations with the experimental results on two different harmonic drives. Finally, the significance of individual components of the nonlinear model is assessed by a parameter sensitivity study using simulations.

Design and performance of active power filters

Abstract: This article has demonstrated the feasibility of a three phase active filter based on a half-bridge topology. Design guidelines for the power circuit have been derived and applied to a 5 kVA IGBT laboratory prototype. In the single phase mode, the active filter can reduce the low frequency harmonic content in the AC line to below 1% excluding the harmonics due to switching action of the converter. In the three phase mode, line currents are corrected under balanced and unbalanced conditions. The neutral current is reduced significantly.

An iterative algorithm for decomposition of speech signals into periodic and aperiodic components

Abstract: The speech signal may be considered as the output of a time-varying vocal tract system excited with quasiperiodic and/or random sequences of pulses. The quasiperiodic part may be considered as the deterministic or periodic component and the random part as the stochastic or aperiodic component of the excitation. We discuss issues involved in identifying and separating the periodic and aperiodic components of the source. The decomposition is performed on an approximation to the excitation signal, instead of decomposing the speech signal directly. The linear prediction residual signal is used as an approximation to the excitation signal of the vocal tract system. Speech is first analyzed to determine the voiced and unvoiced parts of the signal. Decomposition of the voiced part into periodic and aperiodic components is then accomplished by first identifying the frequency regions of harmonic and noise components in the spectral domain. The signal corresponding to the noise regions is used as a first approximation to the aperiodic component. An iterative algorithm is proposed which reconstructs the aperiodic component in the harmonic regions. The periodic component is obtained by subtracting the reconstructed aperiodic component signal from the residual signal. The individual components of the residual are then used to excite the derived all-pole model of the vocal tract system to obtain the corresponding components of the speech signal. Experiments were conducted using synthetic speech. They demonstrated the ability of the algorithm for decomposition of a synthetic speech signal made of a mixture of periodic and aperiodic components. Application to natural speech is also discussed.

Time-varying harmonics. I. Characterizing measured data

Abstract: This paper represents Part I of a two-part article which summarizes the probabilistic aspects of harmonics in electric distribution systems. This first part reviews the problems associated with direct application of the fast Fourier transform to compute harmonic levels of nonsteady state distorted waveforms, and various ways to describe recorded data in statistical terms. Each statistical description is applied to a set of recorded data for illustration purposes.

Numerical methods for SAW propagation characterization

Abstract: Due to more and more stringent requirements on SAW filter performance, it is mandatory to precisely characterize the SAW propagation characteristics as a function of manufacturing variations (metal thickness, mark-to-space ratio, etc.). Several authors have already proposed experimental characterizations using sets of test devices. One of the main difficulties of this experimental approach is the accuracy of both the geometrical and electrical measurements. On the other hand, precise numerical methods have been developed to advantageously replace experiments. Generally speaking, these methods are CPU time consuming. However, due to the continuing improvement of computer power, they are becoming more and more time efficient when applied to the analysis of SAW filters. The overall efficiency depends on the numerical integration methods used. In this paper we present a review of the numerical programs that have been developed during the past few years. For both infinite and finite grating modeling, we developed numerical mixed FEM/BEM (Finite Element Method-Boundary Element Method) models using an efficient interpolation function basis that takes into account the singularity at both edges of each electrode. First we propose a model for the simulation of finite transducers with arbitrary geometries. This numerical code has been successfully used to analyze a SPUDT (Single Phase UniDirectional Transducer) on the Y+36/spl deg/ cut of LiTaO/sub 3/. For an infinite periodic grating, it is convenient to solve the propagation problem in the Fourier domain (wave number space and harmonic excitation) and important efforts have been spent to properly integrate the so-called periodic harmonic Green's function. Using this numerical model together with the general P-matrix formalism, it is possible to compute all the basic parameters with a very good accuracy: these consist of the single strip reflectivity, acoustic wave-phase velocity, and phase offset between reflection and transduction centers. Simulations and comparisons with experiments are shown for each model.

Human induced loading on staircases

Abstract: Over the last decade it has become increasingly popular to provide large public areas with gracefully designed 'flexible' staircases. One inherent characteristic of this type of construction is a low stiffness to mass ratio and hence a low natural frequency when compared to more traditional designs. A number of staircases have been found to be dynamically responsive to pedestrian traffic resulting in costly repairs. The objective of this thesis was to investigate the differences between human induced loading on floors with that on stairs. Experimental work carried out on a purpose built staircase showed that forces up to 3 times the static body weight were generated during fast descents while forces up to 2.5 times the static body weight were generated during fast ascents. The work also showed that first harmonic values generated while ascending were slightly higher than for descending whilst second harmonic values were up to 3 times greater for fast descents than for fast ascents. When compared with floor testing, stair testing produced first harmonic values nearly 2.5 times greater with second, third and fourth harmonic values nearly 3 times greater. The harmonic results for the flat testing were also incorporated into a new mathematical expression to predict peak accelerations on simply supported floors and footbridges. The experimental results were duplicated analytically by developing a computer program to calculate the vertical ground reaction forces from body segment positional data. Following a Newtonian approach, the predicted first harmonic values were 20% to 30% lower than actual while the second harmonic values were approximately the same. Monte Carlo simulation techniques were also used to model the effects of group loading on stairs. The simulations predicted enhancement factors (a multiplier on single subject loading) of 3 to 6 for smaller groups( 25 people). If the experimental/analytical results are combined with the group loading predictions, the harmonic values for groups ascending or descending flexible staircase could be substantially increased. These results demonstrate that loading data from floors is highly inappropriate for staircase design.

Modular static power converter connected in a multi-level, multi-phase, multi-circuit configuration

Abstract: In the particular embodiments described, an unlimited voltage static power converter includes an array of multi-level phase drivers consisting of a plurality of H-bridge power modules connected in series. The midpoint node of the series-connected power semiconductors is connected to corresponding midpoint nodes in adjacent H-bridges to achieve a desired high output voltage using available power switch ratings. A three-dimensional multi-level, multi-phase, multi-circuit array of H-bridges permits the use of the static power converter for high power applications, while providing a high degree of power quality. The power semiconductor switches are operated in accordance with a two-dimensional interleaved pulse width modulation algorithm which produces a waveform with a switching frequency that can be more than an order of magnitude higher than the switching frequency of a single power switch. PWM complementary triangle carrier waves are used for individual PWM control of each H-bridge in each multi-level phase driver, resulting in a two-dimensional interleaved control algorithm. Injection of harmonic or non-harmonic content into the PWM reference waveform further reduces harmonic and non-harmonic content of the output voltage waveforms. Part-load efficiency is increased using unique load partitioning methods, five of which are described herein.

Investigation and mitigation of harmonic amplification problems caused by single-tuned filters

Abstract: This paper investigates the harmonic amplification problems in a plastics plant and the appropriate mitigation methods. Four single-tuned filters (LC filters) were installed to eliminate the harmonic currents from three 6-pulse rectifiers. However, after the capacitance reduction of some filter capacitors, the driving point impedance at the frequency of 8th order harmonic increased severely and the harmonic current of this order was amplified. There were many failures of the power filter capacitors. Field measurements and computer simulations are used to verify the disturbance problems. Finally, two high-pass damped filters are recommended to replace the original single-tuned filters. The amplification problems at some even-order harmonics can be avoided.

The pitch of a mistuned harmonic: Evidence for a template model

Abstract: A harmonic of a periodic complex tone can be heard out as a separate entity if the harmonic is slightly mistuned from its correct frequency. Pitch matching experiments show that the pitch of such a mistuned harmonic differs systematically from its frequency. The shift in pitch is found to be an exaggeration of the frequency mistuning. This article considers two classes of model for the pitch shift. In the first class are tonotopically local interaction models which attribute the pitch shift to interactions between the mistuned harmonic and neighboring harmonics, where the neighborhood is established by peripheral filtering. The second class of model attributes the pitch shift to a contrast between the mistuned harmonic and a broadband harmonic template. This article describes six pitch matching experiments using complex tones having spectral gaps, strategically chosen to compare local interaction and template models. The results show that when a competition is set up between local interactions and a template, the template proves to be dominant. A parallel between the pitch shifts of mistuned harmonics and periodicity pitch, also attributed to a harmonic template, is seen as the frequency range of the mistuned harmonic is changed. Tonotopically local influences are evident in several experiments, but they are of secondary importance.

Phase locked backward wave oscillator pulsed beam spectrometer in the submillimeter wave range

Abstract: We have developed a new submillimeter wave pulsed molecular beam spectrometer with phase stabilized backward wave oscillators (BWOs). In the frequency ranges of 260–380 and 440–630 GHz, the BWOs output power varies between 3 and 60 mW. Part of the radiation was coupled to a novel designed harmonic mixer for submillimeter wavelength operation, which consists of an advanced whiskerless Schottky diode driven by a harmonic of the reference synthesizer and the BWO radiation. The resulting intermediate frequency of 350 MHz passed a low noise high electron mobility transistor amplifier, feeding the phase lock loop (PLL) circuit. The loop parameters of the PLL have been carefully adjusted for low phase noise. The half power bandwidth of the BWO radiation at 330 GHz was determined to be as small as 80 MHz, impressively demonstrating the low phase noise operation of a phase locked BWO. A double modulation technique was employed by combining an 80 Hz pulsed jet modulation and a 10–20 kHz source modulation of the BWO and reaching a minimum detectable fractional absorption of 2×10−7. For the first time, a number of pure rotational (Ka=3←2, Ka=4←3) and rovibrational transitions in the van der Waals bending and stretching bands of the Ar–CO complex were recorded.

Single-stage single-switch isolated PFC regulator with unity power factor, fast transient response and low voltage stress

Abstract: In this paper, a simple control method is presented for a single-stage single-switch isolated power-factor-correction (PFC) regulator that can simultaneously achieve unity power factor and fast output voltage regulation while keeping the voltage stress of the storage capacitor low. The converter topology comprises essentially a cascade combination of a discontinuous-mode boost converter and a continuous-mode forward converter. The proposed control utilizes variation of both duty cycle and frequency. The role of varying the duty cycle is mainly to regulate the output voltage. Changing the frequency, moreover, can achieve unity power factor as well as low-voltage stress. Basically, the switching frequency is controlled such that it has a time periodic component superposed on top of a static value. While the time periodic component removes the harmonic contents of the input current, the static value is adjusted according to the load condition so as to maintain a sufficiently low-voltage stress across the storage capacitor. The theory is first presented which shows the possibility of meeting all three requirements using a combined duty cycle and frequency control. An experimental prototype circuit is presented to verify the controller's functions.

An analysis of midpoint balance for the neutral-point-clamped three-level VSI

Abstract: The three level voltage source inverter (VSI) is a good topology for high voltage and high power applications where no semiconductor devices are available. However, it has an inherent problem of midpoint charge balance. The problem becomes critical when the load is nonlinear and/or has large phase angle and harmonics. If it exceeds the critical points, there is no way to control the midpoint voltage by itself. The midpoint balancing problem is analyzed with respect to the reactive loads with harmonic currents and a way to solve the problem is suggested.

Harmonic impedance measurement using three-phase transients

Abstract: In this paper, a technique is presented for measuring the harmonic impedances of an unbalanced three-phase distribution feeder. The technique uses transients in bus voltages and feeder currents generated by several close-trip operations of the shunt capacitor bank. The work is based on the assumption that the impedance of the feeder does not change over time during which the switching operations are performed. Mathematical development of the technique is verified with the laboratory and the field tests. The technique provided good measurements of the harmonic impedances up to 1.5 kHz for the given capacitor sizes. Statistical indices were developed to assess the accuracy of the estimated impedance values.