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Showing papers on "Head (linguistics) published in 1987"


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is argued for two main points: (1) that IHRCs have at S-structure phonologically null heads which are coindexed with a nominal inside the modifying clause that is interpreted as the head; and (2) that at LF the nominal interpreted asThe head has been raised from the modifying Clause into head position.
Abstract: In this paper I have argued for two main points: (1) that IHRCs have at S-structure phonologically null heads which are coindexed with a nominal inside the modifying clause that is interpreted as the head; and (2) that at LF the nominal interpreted as the head has been raised from the modifying clause into head position. Evidence for the proposed S-structure is based on anomalies in the distribution of IHRCs cross-linguistically, and on the implications of the proposed structure for subjacency in the Quechua languages. IHRCs also provide the basis for an argument that in at least some languages both precedence and command are relevant to binding.

118 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The use of the notion of head in X-bar syntax dates back to the early 1970s, when it was used in Generalised Phrase Structure Grammar (Gazdar & Pullum, 1981; Gazdar et al., 1985) as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: An interesting development in the last decade or so has been the increasing use that theoretical linguists have made of the notion ‘head’ – or rather, in order not to beg the question, of notions to which they have given the name ‘head’. The term has been around for a long time in linguistics, of course – for example Bloomfield uses it in relation to endocentric constructions (1933: 195), where the head is the daughter constituent which has the same distribution as the mother. Before that, Sweet had used ‘head-word’ to refer to any word to which another is subordinate (1891: 16, quoted in Matthews, 1981: 165). However, theoretical linguists made very little use of the term, or of the constellation of associated concepts, until quite recently. Its present status is due largely to work on X-bar syntax dating from Chomsky (1970), and especially to its recent manifestation in Generalised Phrase Structure Grammar (Gazdar & Pullum, 1981; Gazdar et al., 1985)–and even more so in the ‘head-driven’ variant of this (Pollard, 1985). But the improved status of ‘head’ is also due to some extent to the renewed interest in dependency grammar (Anderson, 1971, 1977; Matthews, 1981; Atkinson, et al, 1982; Hudson, 1984; Nichols, 1986). All these treatments agree not only in using the term ‘head’, but also in using it to refer to the element in some construction to which all the other parts of that construction are (in some sense) subordinate.

115 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The fewer the changes children had to make in the forms of head nouns, the earlier they mastered that compound pattern, and children who produced novel compounds correctly were also able to interpret novel compounds, but not vice versa.
Abstract: The present study examined the types of linguistic knowledge that affect children's ability to understand and produce novel compounds in Hebrew. Sixty children aged 3;0–9;0, and 12 adults, were asked to interpret and to produce novel Noun + Noun compounds. Their comprehension was in advance of their production. In comprehension, morphological form of head nouns had little effect: from age four, children did equally well on all the compound forms tested; they identified head nouns and also possible relations between heads and their modifiers. In production, though, knowledge of morphological form was crucial. The fewer the changes children had to make in the forms of head nouns, the earlier they mastered that compound pattern. Finally, children who produced novel compounds correctly were also able to interpret novel compounds, but not vice versa.

91 citations


Book ChapterDOI
01 Jan 1987
TL;DR: Within recent theories of Generative Grammar, UG has taken the form of a parameterized system, where the parameters of UG express the limited range of variation which is permitted with respect to a set of core principles.
Abstract: Within recent theories of Generative Grammar, UG has taken the form of a parameterized system. The parameters of UG express the limited range of variation which is permitted with respect to a set of core principles. For example, the X-Bar schemata given in (1) specifies that the categorial rules must conform to an ‘endocentric requirement’; that is, each phrase must contain a lexical head of its own feature specification. However, languages may vary as to the linear position of the head with respect to its complements (represented by ...) (Stowell, 1981).

56 citations



01 Jan 1987

29 citations


Journal Article

12 citations



01 Sep 1987
TL;DR: A new reduction order for the lambda calculus, called head order, is introduced, which lends itself to a graph reduction implementation and automatically exposes concurrent processes.
Abstract: This paper introduces a new reduction order for the lambda calculus, called head order. It lends itself to a graph reduction implementation. The head normal form of a lambda expression corresponds closely to K. J. Greene's lazy normal form of his LNF-calculus, that is, the head order normal form will have the same variable (respectively, constant) as head and the same number of arguments as its normal form. In the context of future implementations, the head normal form is also called the head normal form skeleton (respectively, outline). This skeleton is produced first. Then the normal forms of the arguments are obtained and inserted into this skeleton concurrently, since they do not interact anymore. Head order reduction automatically exposes concurrent processes.

8 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This paper addresses the issue of "COMP Accessibility" in free relative constructions, initially raised by Groos and van Riemsdijk in a 1979 paper, and proposes a refinement of it in terms of the notion "Pseudo Head" (PH).
Abstract: This paper addresses the issue of \"COMP Accessibility\" in free relative constructions, initially raised by Groos and van Riemsdijk in a 1979 paper, and proposes a refinement of it in terms of the notion \"Pseudo Head\" (PH). The proposed theoretical refinement is motivated through a detailed discussion of a hitherto unanalyzed type of free relative construction found in Rumanian (and referred to in the text as the CEL-ΌΈΕ. construction), with respect to which earlier COMP Accessibility proposals make incorrect predictions. The usefulness of the notion PH is further demonstrated with respect to constructions other than free relatives; in particular, it is argued that this notion plays a role in deciding the distribution of interrogative complement clauses within the framework of the strict version of X-bar theory proposed in Chomsky (1986, forthcoming).

5 citations



Patent
30 Jun 1987

01 Jan 1987
TL;DR: One approach to ASR is based on the Hearsay II architecture which utilises a nurober of phonetic and linguistic knowledge sources in its recognition process, which has been used with a Danish speech project.
Abstract: One approach to ASR is based on the Hearsay II (ref 1) architecture which utilises a nurober of phonetic and linguistic knowledge sources in its recognition process. The fundamental ideas behind the Hearsay II architecture has been used with a Danish speech project, which is aiming for industrial applications implemented into a Standard microprocessor system to demonstrate a continuous speech, speaker dependent recognition system (ref 4).





Patent
25 Feb 1987
TL;DR: In this article, the authors proposed a method to select the desired KANJI (Chinese character) data at a high speed by using a means which extracts the kanJI data corresponding to the reading data coincident with the input reading of kANJi out of a phrase block and selecting the data as a candidate of conversion.
Abstract: PURPOSE:To select the desired KANJI (Chinese character) data at a high speed by using a means which extracts the KANJI data corresponding to the reading data coincident with the input reading of KANJI out of a phrase block and selecting the data as a candidate of conversion. CONSTITUTION:A reading character string extracting part 23 extracts a character string less than the maximum reading length 6 in a phrase dictionary 10 at the head of a reading input buffer 22. The start address of a reading table 12 corresponding to the reading head character and the reading length is obtained out of a reading index table 11. In the same way, the start address of the corresponding phrase block 14 is obtained out of a phrase index table 13 and stored. The reading data code is extracted out of the corresponding address of the table 12. Then a group of phrase candidates are read out of the block 14 when the coincidence is obtained between the extracted reading and the reading of the table 12. Thus the replacement is possible with the increment value fixed in relation to the reading length. As a result, a subject of conversion is retrieved at a high speed.


Dissertation
01 Jan 1987
TL;DR: The role of the head and eye coordination in gaze stabilization has been studied in infants as discussed by the authors, showing that the head played an important role, whether the target or subject was moving.
Abstract: From a very early age, infants use their heads, eyes and hands to explore the world of objects around them. The infant therefore has to develop a hierarchy of stabilized systems: trunk, head and eyes must work in coordination to allow effective control of the arms and hands. In particular gaze has to be stable. Previous research into the stabilization of gaze has mainly concentrated on how eye movements compensate for head movements. There is little information on the role of the head in gaze stabilization, either for adults or for infants. The head and eye coordination of a group of adults was tested under two situations; when tracking a moving target and when compensating for body movement while gaze was fixed on a stationary target. Movement of the target or subject could be either predictable or unpredictable. It was found that the head played an important role, whether the target or subject was moving. Head control was equally good under both conditions, but was superior when movement was predictable. A group of infant subjects were tested longitudinally on the same tasks in order to chart the development of the role of the head in looking. Testing was at three week intervals between the ages of 10 and 28 weeks. As with the adults, the head was found to play an important role, control improved over the tested period, showing a surge around 16-20 weeks. Unlike adults, the performance of the infants was much better when they rather than the target were moving. Deficiencies in the development of gaze stabilization would have serious implications for perceptuo-motor development. A brain-damaged infant was tested under similar conditions in an exploratory longitudinal study between the ages of 21-28 weeks. He was shown to be principally deficient in head rather than eye control, particularly in the visual tracking task.


Patent
25 May 1987
TL;DR: The set comprises a mask (2) which is detachably connected to a backing (3) serving as packaging, and a doll's head (4) which can be inserted into the interior of the mask as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: The set comprises a mask (2) which is detachably connected to a backing (1) serving as packaging. A doll's head (5) can be inserted into the interior of the mask, which head fits positively into the interior of the mask (2).

Journal ArticleDOI
01 Mar 1987


Patent
19 Nov 1987
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors proposed to increase the correct answer ratio of KANJI (Chinese character) conversion by string data on the kanjI mixed words together with the connection information between respective words.
Abstract: PURPOSE:To increase the correct answer ratio of KANJI (Chinese character) conversion by string data on the KANJI mixed words together with the connection information between respective words. CONSTITUTION:In S1, the head of a character string to execute the conversion from a cursor address is retrieved, and in S2, a pointer is set to a head character position. In S3, a word which can be the last word of a segment, is retrieved with the longest coincidence method by referring to a dictionary memory. In S5, the pointer is updated, in S6, it is decided whether or not the word becomes the last of the segment. If the answer is NO, the next word is retrieved in the same way as previously, and in S8, the connection information with the previous word is decided on the basis of the connection information. When a word which can comes to be the last of the segment is found in S6, the word retrieving is executed concerning the next continuous character string in S9, and when in S11 and S12, it is decided that the word found by the word retrieving in S9 can be connected with the previous word and comes to be the head of the segment, the words, which are decided in S6 to form the segment are selected as the candidate character string in S13.

Patent
21 Apr 1987

Journal ArticleDOI
28 Mar 1987-BMJ
TL;DR: My experience suggests that a little attention to the size of racquet and other handles can work wonders in the relief and permanent cure of this tiresome condition in tennis players, gardeners, and other sufferers.
Abstract: tight hand grip the wrist is straighter, increasing the tension at the common extensor origin and in the extensor radialis brevis. I have no doubt that the other factors referred to by Mr Wadsworth can be contributory in some cases, but my experience suggests that a little attention to the size of racquet and other handles can work wonders in the relief and permanent cure of this tiresome condition in tennis players, gardeners, and other sufferers.