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Showing papers on "Head (linguistics) published in 1990"


Journal ArticleDOI
01 Mar 1990-Language
TL;DR: It is shown that, as constraints on phrase-structure rule systems, the X-bar conditions have hardly any effect on the descriptive power of grammars, and that the principles with the most chance of making some descriptive difference are the least adhered to in practice.
Abstract: X-bar theory is widely regarded as a substantive theory of phrase structure properties in natural languages. In this paper we will demonstrate that a formalization of its content reveals very little substance in its claims. We state and discuss six conditions that encapsulate the claims of X-bar theory: LEXICALITY—each nonterminal is a projection of a preterminal; SUCCESSION—each X n + 1 dominates an X n for all n ≥ 0; UNIFORMITY—all maximal projections have the same bar-level; MAXIMALITY—all nonheads are maximal projections; CENTRALITY—the start symbol is a maximal projection; and OPTIONALITY—all and only nonheads are optional. We then consider recent proposals to 'eliminate' base components from transformational grammars and to reinterpret X-bar theory as a set of universal constraints holding for all languages at D-structure, arguing that this strategy fails. We show that, as constraints on phrase-structure rule systems, the X-bar conditions have hardly any effect on the descriptive power of grammars, and that the principles with the most chance of making some descriptive difference are the least adhered to in practice. Finally, we reconstruct X-bar theory in a way that makes no reference to the notion of bar-level but instead makes the notion 'head of the central one.

105 citations



Journal ArticleDOI

19 citations



Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Findings suggest that syntactic comprehension disturbances are similar following left cerebral hemisphere infarction and closed head injury.
Abstract: Two studies examined the ability to assign thematic roles and to coindex referentially dependent noun phrases in closed head injured adults, adult stroke patients, and normal adults. The subjects’ ...

15 citations



Book ChapterDOI
01 Jan 1990

12 citations



Journal ArticleDOI
01 Sep 1990-Wasafiri

8 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
31 Mar 1990-BMJ

7 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This paper argued that the prenominal element su is base-generated as a clitic adjoined to a nominal head in Spanish, whereas his in English attains its position via NP-movement to the nominal specifier.
Abstract: This paper offers an account of the different behaviour of prenorninal constituents such as his and su in the examples in (1) which are associated with one of the thematic roles assigned by the nouns picture and foto respectively. I argue that the prenominal element su is base-generated as a clitic adjoined to a nominal head in Spanish, whereas his in English attains its prenominal position via NP-movement to a nominal specifier.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, it is argued that what has usually been taken as simplification in the rendering of Archaic hair should often be read as a head cover; in particular, Antenor's Kore, Akr. 681, is considered an Athena wearing a helmet, in imitation of an earlier image.
Abstract: Research on metal attachments in Archaic sculpture leads to the conclusion that the \"meniskoi\" mentioned by Aristophanes as protection against the birds may be a pun or allusion, the meaning of which escapes us today. Spikes and attachment holes on the heads of kouroi and korai should rather be seen in the light of some examples on marble sphinxes, where traces of paint and other devices indicate specific meanings for the metal bars. It is argued that what has usually been taken as simplification in the rendering of Archaic hair should often be read as a head cover; in particular, Antenor's Kore, Akr. 681, is considered an Athena wearing a helmet, in imitation of an earlier image. Elaborate Archaic headdresses may have their roots in prehistoric or Eastern practices, and in turn lead to the complicated fashions of fifth-century temple statues, like the Athena Parthenos and the Rhamnousian Nemesis. Identification must be made on a case-by-case basis, but it seems plausible to suggest that most kouroi and korai represented divine beings, whose distinctive headdresses served as identifiers for the ancient viewers.

Patent
16 Jul 1990
TL;DR: In this article, the authors propose to produce a summary having the consistence in terms of the structure and the contents of a sentence by extracting an important sentence taking the gist of the contents out of the important words and a logical structure of an original and producing the summary based on the logical structure.
Abstract: PURPOSE:To produce a summary having the consistence in terms of the structure and the contents of a sentence by extracting an important sentence taking the gist of the contents out of the important words and a logical structure of an original and producing the summary based on the logical structure of the original. CONSTITUTION:A syntactic analyzing part 31 analyzes the component elements of the original by means of a sentence structure rule dictionary 14. A noun extracting part 32 extracts the nouns with the use of a Japanese word dictionary 13. A vocabulary statics part 33 takes the statics of the noun vocabularies and stores them into a frequency-based noun table 9. An important word extracting part extracts the words ranging from the head of the table 9 up to 15% in terms of the cumulative using ratio as the most important words and the words having the cumulative using ratio less than 25% as the important words respectively. An important sentence extracting part 35 chooses the important sentences based on the standard of such a sentence where the most important word emerges for a first time. A summary producing part 36 selects the sentences in the desired number according to the volume of the summary set previously and rearranges these selected sentences in the order shown in the original to produce a summary.

Patent
22 Mar 1990
TL;DR: In this article, a phrase boundary setting part 48 is connected to a word identi fication part 47 and a phoneme/rhythm analytical part 50 are connected to the part 48 and an evaluation value indicating the easiness of formation of a phrease boundary is previously set up in the means 48 in accordance with the accumulated number of moras and adjacent inter-word relation.
Abstract: PURPOSE:To execute dictionary reference, word identification processing and phrase setting processing n parallel and t obtain a natural voice output by using an accumulated number of moras and adjacent inter-word relation and setting up a pharase boundary from the head of a sentence CONSTITUTION:A phrase boundary setting part 48 is connected to a word identi fication part 47 and a phoneme/rhythm analytical part 50 is connected to the part 48 An evaluation value indicating the easiness of formation of a phrease boundary is previously set up in the means 48 in accordance with the accumulat ed number of moras and the adjacent inter-word relation About an inputted 'KANJI' (Chinese character)/'KANA' (Japanese syllabary) mixed sentence, the accumulated number of mores from the immediately preceding phrase bound ary is found out in each inter-word boundary successively from the head the head of the sentence, the product of respective evaluation values corresponding to the accumulated number of moras and the adjacent inter-word relation is found out and phrase boundary is set up on the inter-word boundary in acordance with the found product Consequently, dictionary reference, word identification processing and phrase boundary setting processing can be executed in parallel and a natural sound output can be obtained

01 Jan 1990
TL;DR: An investigation of the Georgian poetry settings of Michael Head (1900-1976) constitutes the central purpose of this study as discussed by the authors, and the stylistic procedures explored in the settings are documented.
Abstract: An investigation of the Georgian poetry settings of Michael Head (1900-1976) constitutes the central purpose of this study. To that purpose the Georgian settings are documented, and the stylistic procedures explored. In addition, Head's complete solo song output has been catalogued. This study is divided into five chapters and one appendix. Chapter I furnishes introductory information about the study. Chapter II defines Georgian poetry. Chapter III explores the stylistic features apparent in the works of two influential predecessors in the field of the English solo art song, Roger Quilter and Peter Warlock. Chapter IV examines the Georgian solo art song settings of some of Michael Head's contemporaries. Chapter V furnishes introductory information about Michael Head and explores stylistic features apparent in the Georgian poetry settings of this composer. The appendix constitutes a Catalogue of the 122 solo art songs by Michael Head. Comprising a chronological conspectus, with listings of poets, available keys, and range and tessitura of the songs, the catalogue supplies a systematic guide to this composer's complete solo song output.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This paper argued that the teaching of Japanese language to English-speaking students can be made more efficient if they make their students aware of the universal linguistic notion "head" (of both words and phrases) and the possible variations among languages with respect to its location.
Abstract: An attempt will be made to apply some notions In theoretical linguistics to language pedagogy. In particular, It will be argued that the teaching of the Japanese language to English-speaking students can be made more efficient, if we make our students aware of the universal linguistic notion " head" (of both words and phrases) and the possible variations among languages with respect to its location. First, the universality of the head-finality in words will commit us to emphasize the similarity of the two languages with respect to morphology. This will provide a simplebasis for the teaching and the learning of the interpretation and conjugation of morphologically complex words. Second, Japanese Is head-final while English is head-initial In syntax. By making an appeal to this fundamental "parametric" difference between the two languages, we can make our students perceive what appear to be totally unrelated and complex problems as manifestations of a unitary and quite systematic contrast between the two languages. We will Illustrate this by examining a wide range of phenomena such as subordination, modification of nominal expression, word order and case marking.

Patent
08 Feb 1990
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors proposed to reduce the error generation probability by performing normally the data recording and the error detection even when the dust is stuck to a reading head and a writing head.
Abstract: PURPOSE:To reduce the error generation probability by performing normally the data recording and the error detection even when the dust is stuck to a reading head and a writing head. CONSTITUTION:Along a forward direction, two writing heads WE1 and WE2 and two reading heads RE1 and RE2 are provided, and these writing heads WE1 and WE2 and reading heads RE1 and RE2 are alternatively used respectively. It is judged at which of the reading head or the writing head the error cause exists, by the coincidence/non-coincidence of two reading signals from the reading heads RE1 and RE2 when the error in the recording condition is detected and in accordance with the judged result, the reading head or the writing head is switched from the head during using to other head. Then, even when the dust is stuck to the reading head or the writing head, the data recording and the error detection can be normally performed and the reliability of the action of the magnetic tape device can be improved.



Patent
16 Apr 1990
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors proposed to perform read-after-write operations in both directions and to greatly shorten the time for processing by providing one piece of writing head to one piece recording track and two pieces of reading out heads on both sides thereof.
Abstract: PURPOSE:To perform read-after-write operations in both directions and to greatly shorten the time for processing by providing one piece of writing head to one piece of recording track and two pieces of reading out heads on both sides thereof. CONSTITUTION:One piece of the writing head 3 and two pieces of the reading out heads 2, 4 are provided atop a magnetic recording head body 1. The reading out heads 2, 4 are disposed on both sides of the writing head 3 in parallel with the traveling direction of the recording medium. The read-after-write operations are performed respectively by using the reading out head 2 when the head body 1 travels in an arrow A Direction relative to the recording medium and by using the reading out head 4 when the head body travels in an arrow B direction; therefore, the need for returning the recording head to a home position each other is eliminated. The time for recording processing is drastically reduced in this way.


Patent
20 Nov 1990

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In the case of noun complementation or appositive clauses with ukuba in Xhosa which are selected by verbs, four arguments have been presented to arrive at a structure.
Abstract: In the case of noun complementation or appositive clauses with ukuba in Xhosa which are selected by verbs, four arguments have been presented to arrive at a structure. It was found that the head NP in the full NP functions as an operator and that the EC within the complementizer phrase is a variable which is locally Abound by this operator, within the principles of the Government-Binding theory. The data presented also gives insight to the nature of ukuba, both as a fossilized Infinitive and as a properly functioning Infinitive with a verb ba, giving rise to Indirect Complementation.

Book ChapterDOI
01 Jan 1990
TL;DR: It is possible to build any function from head, tail, append and cons, but the results would be pretty cryptic (especially if head and tail are replaced with the more conventional car and cdr.
Abstract: I could argue that, with the exception of the way LISP interfaces with the outside world, we have now met all its main features. It is possible, as I have already hinted, to build any function from head, tail, append and cons. However, the results would be pretty cryptic (especially if head and tail are replaced with the more conventional car and cdr.


01 Jan 1990
TL;DR: The authors demonstrate what happens if we reverse the order of priorities of grammatical analysis, with much less concern for satisfactory explanations, and show that the rules come first, and the reasons such as they are understood, come after (for rare exception, see Lewis 1986).
Abstract: The study of grammar has traditionally been and still is largely the study of syntax, for syntax is considered "the core of grammar" (Chalker 1984: 7). Of course, meaning has also been discussed, but almost always as secondary to the form. Satisfactory description has been the goal of grammatical analysis, with much less concern for satisfactory explanations. Grammar books of any kind tend to begin a section with a sentence such as "A/an is only used when the head of the noun phrase is a singular count noun" (Chalker 1984: 52) . The rules come first, and the reasons, such as they are understood, come after (for rare exception , see Lewis 1986) . This paper is an attempt to demonstrate what happens if we reverse this order of priorities.

Patent
29 Nov 1990
TL;DR: In this paper, an affixial word deciding part 58 takes the grammatical information out of a preceding paragraph buffer 57 and decides whether at least the head part of the read data to be inputted next can be connected or not to the preceding paragraph as an affIXial word.
Abstract: PURPOSE:To obtain a desired KANJI (Chinese character)-KANA (Japanese syllabary) sentence with high probability even if an affixial word is set at the head of the sentence by using a deciding means to decide the propriety of connection as an affixial word to a paragraph whose reading head part is changed at an immediately preceding stage CONSTITUTION:An affixial word deciding part 58 takes the grammatical information out of a preceding paragraph buffer 57 and decides whether at least the head part of the read data to be inputted next can be connected or not to the preceding paragraph as an affixial word Thus the part 58 outputs a connectable reading part to the paragraph to be converted at an immediately preceding stage in the form of a KANA character string after deciding whether at least the head part of the input reading can be connected or not to the paragraph converted at an immediately preceding stage as an affixial word based on the grammatical information stored in a storage means As a result, a desired KANJI/KANA sentence is obtained with high probability even if an affixial word is set at the head of the sentence


Patent
20 Apr 1990
TL;DR: In this article, the control code length of a compiler by putting a prescribed control code into the head of the data of the same character from to edit control code, comparing the character forms with each other via a data part and before and after each item for check the necessity of the control codes, and obtaining the total control codes length.
Abstract: PURPOSE:To secure the control code length of a compiler by putting a prescribed control code into the head of the data of the same character from to edit the control code, comparing the character forms with each other via a data part and before and after each item for check the necessity of the control code, and obtaining the total control code length. CONSTITUTION:A calculation table 6 includes a 1st character form 15 of an item immediately preceding a repetitive phrase 14, a valid flag 16, the 1st and 2nd character forms 17 and 19 of the first and final items within a repetitive phrase, the repeating frequency 20, and a 1st control code length 21 within a repetitive phrase level. A table production part 4 retrieves the items of a table for each emergence of a repetitive phrase and turns on the head valid flag 16 when the repetitive phrases are continuous. A calculation part 5 adds (code length 21 X frequency 20), (control code length between forms 17 and 19 X (frequency 20 - 1)) and the control code length between character forms 15 and 17 obtained when the flag 16 is turned on together to obtain the 2nd control length. The nests are accumulated at and after the one of the deepest level as the code length 21 of the next higher rank level. Then the control code length of the data forming a hierarchical structure is calculated from the repetitive phrase. A library 3 is requested to perform an insertion editing job.