Showing papers on "Head (linguistics) published in 2018"

Get The Point of My Utterance! Learning Towards Effective Responses with Multi-Head Attention Mechanism

Abstract: Attention mechanism has become a popular and widely used component in sequence-to-sequence models. However, previous research on neural generative dialogue systems always generates universal responses, and the attention distribution learned by the model always attends to the same semantic aspect. To solve this problem, in this paper, we propose a novel Multi-Head Attention Mechanism (MHAM) for generative dialog systems, which aims at capturing multiple semantic aspects from the user utterance. Further, a regularizer is formulated to force different attention heads to concentrate on certain aspects. The proposed mechanism leads to more informative, diverse, and relevant response generated. Experimental results show that our proposed model outperforms several strong baselines.

Two Types of Head Movement in Romance

Abstract: Introduction The basic point of this paper is to argue that there are two distinct kinds of head movement. One kind is triggered by morphological properties of the host head, while the other kind is not, and in fact often appears to be triggered by some property of the moved head. Adopting and extending the terminology of Chomsky & Lasnik (1991), we refer to the former as L-related head movement and the latter as non-L-related head movement. Both types of head movement are subject to the ECP, but, since the nature of the target of movement is different in each case, the antecedent-government requirement manifests itself in different ways. This gives the appearance of differing locality conditions; in particular, only L-related head movement obeys the “classical” Head Movement Constraint of Travis (1984). By a revision of the Relativized Minimality Condition of Rizzi (1990b), however, we see that both the cases which obey this condition and those which do not are in conformity with the ECP. We assume a conjunctive formulation of the ECP, as in Rizzi (1990b: chapter 2). Moreover, we assume that traces of head movement are subject to a uniform head-government requirement. For non-L-related head movement, this raises the possibility that the head-governor and the antecedent-governor may be distinct. Our main empirical argument for the framework to be adopted relies on this fact; we will show that there is diachronic evidence from French that non-finite AGR ceased to be a head-governor for head traces in the 17th century, with the result that a number of instances of non-L-related head movement disappeared together.

Minimizing Syntactic Dependency Lengths: Typological/Cognitive Universal?

Abstract: Syntactic dependencies are head/modifier relations between words in a sentence that organize sentences into a syntactic tree structure. The general principle that languages have a preference to group syntactically related words close together can be made precise as a preference for shorter dependencies. We examine evidence for this principle in the development of languages’ grammars as well as in the choices made by individual speakers where syntactic variation is licensed. We survey evidence from corpus studies, computational simulations, and experiments on comprehension; altogether, this evidence makes a compelling case for dependency length minimization as an important factor in language structure and cognition.

Joint Learning of Facial Expression and Head Pose from Speech

Abstract: Natural movement plays a significant role in realistic speech animation, and numerous studies have demonstrated the contribution visual cues make to the degree human observers find an animation acceptable. Natural, expressive, emotive, and prosodic speech exhibits motion patterns that are difficult to predict with considerable variation in visual modalities. Recently, there have been some impressive demonstrations of face animation derived in some way from the speech signal. Each of these methods have taken unique approaches, but none have included rigid head pose in their predicted output. We observe a high degree of correspondence with facial activity and rigid head pose during speech, and exploit this observation to jointly learn full face animation and head pose rotation and translation combined. From our own corpus, we train Deep Bi-Directional LSTMs (BLSTM) capable of learning long-term structure in language to model the relationship that speech has with the complex activity of the face. We define a model architecture to encourage learning of rigid head motion via the latent space of the speaker’s facial activity. The result is a model that can predict lip sync and other facial motion along with rigid head motion directly from audible speech.

Selection, idioms, and the structure of nominal phrases with and without classifiers

Abstract: It is common to hypothesize that in classifier and non-classifier languages alike the various functional heads (determiner/demonstrative, numeral, classifier) each head their own projection, so that the maximal projection of the nominal phrase is not NP but something like DP. We evaluate the predictions this makes regarding selection and verb-object idioms in English, a non-classifier language, and in Korean and Vietnamese, two classifier languages. These predictions are not upheld, and nominals act very differently from clauses and PPs, which are headed by functional heads. Selection and idioms show that the maximal projection of the nominal must be a projection of the lexical N itself, not a functional element. We develop such an analysis of nominals, and show how it accounts for data that was taken to motivate the DP Hypothesis.

Problems of Projection: The Role of Language Change in Labeling Paradoxes

Abstract: Chomsky's latest linguistic work has problematized projection and labeling. With the earlier Phrase Structure Grammar and X’-bar theory, it is taken for granted that a phrase contains a specifier, head, and complement; the current work only assumes a labeling algorithm to meet requirements of the conceptual-intentional interface. Such an algorithm automatically rules out particular configurations, for instance, ones with a specifier unless they share certain features. In this brief paper, I point out how regular patterns of language change can be seen as resolutions to the labeling paradox and how they themselves can possibly shed light on the precise nature of this labeling algorithm. I focus on the change where specifiers are reanalyzed as heads

Coordinate Structures in Universal Dependencies for Head-final Languages

Abstract: This paper discusses the representation of coordinate structures in the Universal Dependencies framework for two head-final languages, Japanese and Korean. UD applies a strict principle that makes the head of coordination the left-most conjunct. However, the guideline may produce syntactic trees which are difficult to accept in head-final languages. This paper describes the status in the current Japanese and Korean corpora and proposes alternative designs suitable for these languages.

Ellipsis in Head-Driven Phrase Structure Grammar

Abstract: The chapter provides an overview of the types of analyses of elliptical phenomena that have been proposed in the literature on Head-Driven Phrase Structure Grammar (HPSG). First, it explains the central insights behind the analyses, which have concentrated on three classes of phenomena: (i) non-sentential utterances, (ii) argument or predicate ellipsis, and (iii) constructions involving unpronounced syntactic structure. HPSG is crucially non-modular. Constraints involving various levels can be easily stated, which benefits the framework for the analysis of ellipsis, because it allows one to express simultaneous semantic and syntactic constraints on ellipsis (explaining for instance the connectivity effects among non-sentential utterances) and provides means to integrate non-semantic information-information about the realization of utterances-into context. A more detailed discussion of the theory then follows. The chapter provides a more technically precise account of the syntax of argument ellipsis, an area which has received a considerable amount of analysis in HPSG, for which there is a broad consensus. Subsequently, more recent developments are introduced and a detailed analysis of non-sentential utterances is provided. In particular, we introduce an alternative version of HPSG, which allows the grammar to directly interface with dialogue context as conceived in the framework of KoS.

"When I Write, I Picture It in My Head": Graphic Narratives as Inspiration for Multimodal Compositions

Abstract: I didn’t know there was an art to doing that! This is the way one seventhgrader reflected on studying and composing graphic narratives in her language arts classroom. As graphic narratives become increasingly positioned as complex and legitimate literature, they are finding their way into young people’s hands and classrooms (Abate & Tarbox, 2017; Connors, 2016). Both supporting and challenging literacy practices (Dallacqua, 2017), graphic narratives have the ability to transform the ways we think about reading and writing in language arts classrooms and the ways students think about themselves as readers and writers. Sousanis (2015) explores conceptions of communication through the structure of comics, noting that “not only space, but time and experience too, have been put into boxes” (p. 10). Playing off the panel boxes that are part of the comics medium, Sousanis theorizes that people are born into and thereby accept the ways we communicate, primarily with alphanumeric language. Schools often privilege this way of printbased reading and writing. Sousanis suggests comics as

Grammaticalization of nouns meaning “head” into reflexive markers: A cross-linguistic study

Abstract: Abstract Studies on the grammaticalization of body-part nouns into reflexives have often formulated cross-linguistic generalizations, but have mostly failed to provide detailed analyses of similar developments attested in unrelated languages. As a consequence, valuable insights have sometimes been overlooked. The purpose of this paper is twofold: on the one hand, it identifies a higher number of languages using “head”-reflexives than previous accounts. On the other hand, its purpose is to analyze the diachronic evolution of nouns denoting “head” into reflexive markers in three unrelated language groups (Basque, Berber and Kartvelian) and to show how “head”-reflexives synchronically and diachronically interact with secondary reflexivization strategies, such as detransitivization. The results suggest that the areal factor has a considerable impact on the emergence of “head”-reflexives; they also show that none of the languages analyzed reflects all grammaticalization stages put forward in the literature. Accordingly, it is argued that the grammaticalization stages are optional, and that the correlation between formal and semantic change is not obligatory.

On relative complementizers and relative pronouns

Abstract: This paper explores the syntactic status of che and (il) qual(e) relativizers, i.e. what are standardly referred to as relative complementizers and relative pronouns, in Old and Modern Italian and Italian varieties and proposes a unified analysis for both types of items. It takes into account the ongoing debate regarding the categorial status of relativizers (Kayne 1975, 2008, 2010; Lehmann 1984; Manzini & Savoia 2003, 2011, among many others) and aims at showing that what we call complementizers are not C0 heads, as commonly assumed. Instead, we propose that both relative “complementizers” and “pronouns” have the same categorial status, i.e. they are wh-items and are part of the relative clause-internal head.

The Relationship between Movements and Positions of the Head and the Torso in Finnish Sign Language

Abstract: Abstract:This article discusses a study of the relationship between movements of the head and the torso in Finnish Sign Language (FinSL). It describes the differences and similarities in the articulation of these two body parts in FinSL narratives, and discusses the status and relationship of the head and the torso as articulators in sign languages. The study reveals that, in FinSL narratives, the head is clearly more active than the torso. When both the torso and the head moved, almost half of the co-occurrences were found to be simple combinations of codirectional movements, while slightly more than half of the co- occurrences were semicomplex or complex combinations with differences in the direction of the movements. Most of the co- occurring torso and head movements shared the same function, regardless of the degree of complexity of the combination. However, differences in the functions of torso and head movements were found to increase as the complexity of the combined movements grew.

Revolutionary times and spaces

Abstract: Anniversaries, whether personal or more collective in nature, can be significant opportunities for reflecting on where we are and where we might want to head. That is even when their arbitrary nume...

Talking about our Bodies and their Parts in Warlpiri

Abstract: Linguists generally assume that all languages have some words for parts of the human body such as ‘head’, ‘hands’, ‘mouth’ and ‘legs’, but it is not so widely agreed that speakers of all languages ...

Grammatical-gender effects in noun-noun compound production: Evidence from German.

Abstract: We examined how noun-noun compounds and their syntactic properties are lexically stored and processed in speech production. Using gender-marked determiner primes ( dermasc, diefem, dasneut [the]) in a picture naming task, we tested for specific effects from determiners congruent with either the modifier or the head of the compound target (e.g., Teemasckannefem [teapot]) to examine whether the constituents are processed independently at the syntactic level. Experiment 1 assessed effects of auditory gender-marked determiner primes in bare noun picture naming, and Experiment 2 assessed effects of visual gender-marked determiner primes in determiner-noun picture naming. Three prime conditions were implemented: (a) head-congruent determiner (e.g., diefem), (b) modifier-congruent determiner (e.g., dermasc), and (c) incongruent determiner (e.g., dasneuter). We observed a facilitation effect of head congruency but no effect of modifier congruency. In Experiment 3, participants produced novel noun-noun compounds in response to two pictures, demanding independent processing of head and modifier at the syntactic level. Now, head and modifier congruency effects were obtained, demonstrating the general sensitivity of our task. Our data support the notion of a single-lemma representation of lexically stored compound nouns in the German production lexicon.

Effects of Grammatical Structure of Compound Words on Word Recognition in Chinese.

Abstract: Two lexical priming experiments were conducted to examine effects of grammatical structure of Chinese two-constituent compounds on their recognition. The target compound words conformed to two types of grammatical structure: subordinate and coordinative compounds. Subordinate compounds follow a structure where the first constituent modifies the second constituent (e.g., ,meaning snowball); here the meaning of the second constituent (head) is modified by the first constituent (modifier). On the other hand, in coordinative compounds both constituents contribute equally to the word meaning (e.g., , wind and rain, meaning storm where the two constituent equally contribute to the word meaning). In Experiment 1 that was a replication attempt of Liu and McBride-Chang (2010), possible priming effects of word structure and semantic relatedness were examined. In lexical decision latencies only a semantic priming effect was observed. In Experiment 2, compound word structure and individual constituents were primed by the prime and target sharing either the first or second constituent. A structure priming effect was obtained in lexical decision times for subordinate compounds when the prime and target compound shared the same constituent. This suggests that a compound word constituent (either the modifier or the head) has to be simultaneously active with the structure information in order for the structure information to exert an effect on compound word recognition in Chinese. For the coordinative compounds the structure priming effect was non-significant. When the meaning of the whole word was primed (Experiment 1), no structure effect was observable. The pattern of results suggests that effects of structure priming are constituent-specific and no general structure priming was observable.

Acoustic Head-Tracking for Acquisition of Head-Related Transfer Functions with Unconstrained Subject Movement

Abstract: Recently proposed Head-Related Transfer Function acquisition methods include head-tracking to allow unconstrained subject movements during the measurement. This enables fast measurements with less equipment than previous fast measurement approaches. In this paper, we propose a novel acoustic head-tracking concept, which is particularly suited for this application. Only a head-mounted microphone array and additional recording channels are required in addition to a regular measurement setup. Unlike other head-tracking systems, the tracking data is inherently synchronized to the acoustic measurements and the angle of sound incidence can be accurately determined without knowledge of loudspeaker positions. The concept is developed and evaluated in simulations and measurements, which show that the proposed acoustic head tracker outperforms a comparison device.

A syntactic analysis of the english noun phrase (a study at the fifth semester of english department faculty of teacher training and education university of muhammadiyah makassar)

Abstract: This study was intended to find out: (1) the students’ ability to construct the English Noun Phrase; (2) the causes of inaccuracy to construct English Noun Phrase. This study applied descriptive design. The samples of this study consisted of 40 students of the fifth semester of English Department. The data of this study were collected through the test. The data were analyzed by using descriptive statistics. Depending on the statistical results, the findings revealed that the students used 32 forming patterns of Noun Phrase which were covered in accuracy and inaccuracy construction. Those kinds of Noun Phrase patterns were identifier, adjective, noun modifier, quantifier, preposition phrase, participle clause, using conjunctions, and indefinite clause that all of the patterns were headed by Noun. The higher percentage of students’ accuracy to construct Noun Phrase was the pattern of identifier+Head, i.e., 27.4% meanwhile the higher percentage of students’ inaccuracy to construct Noun Phrase was the pattern of quantifier+Head, i.e., 17.6%. Besides, it is found that the causes of inaccuracy which are made by students in constructing Noun Phrase were classified into 11 categories, i.e., misused of identifier, misused of quantifier, misused of noun, omission of identifier, misordering, misused of plural, misused of singular, misformation, misused of word choice, omission of relative pronoun, and misused of adjective. The higher percentage of inaccuracy in constructing noun phrase was misused of singular, i.e., 17.4%.

Accents, Not Just Prosodic Boundaries, Influence Syntactic Attachment:

Abstract: Traditionally, pitch accents are understood to relate to the information structure of a sentence and its discourse connections, while prosodic boundaries indicate groupings of words and affect how constituents attach into a syntactic structure. Here, we show that accents also affect syntactic attachment in multiple different syntactic structures. Three auditory questionnaires on ambiguous attachment sentences (such as Tom reported that Bill was bribed [last May]) find that accenting the higher or lower verb (reported or bribed) increases the attachment of the final adverbial phrase as a modifier of the accented verb. A fourth experiment shows that accents on verbs or object nouns (in sentences like Jenny sketched a child [with crayons]) also increase the attachment of the final prepositional phrase to the accented head (sketched with crayons versus a child with crayons). Accent effects were small but consistent across sentences with different levels of bias and did not depend on prosodic boundaries. The r...

Errors in Translation: A Comparative Study of Noun Phrase in English and Malay Abstracts

Abstract: as a summary of a dissertation harbours important information where it serves to attract readers to consider reading the entire passage or to abandon it. This study seeks to investigate the backward translation of abstracts made by 10 randomly selected postgraduate students. This research serves as a guideline for students in composing their abstracts as it aims to compare the differences in noun phrase structure written in Malay as translated from English. It also analyses the types of errors when English noun phrases are translated to Malay. Preliminary findings from this pilot study found that translation errors committed were mainly inaccurate word order, inaccurate translation, added translation, dropped translation and also structure change. For this study, an exploratory mode of semantic analysis is applied by looking at noun phrases, the meaningful group of words that form a major part of any sentence, with the noun as the head of the group. Syntax is inevitably interwoven in the analysis as the structure and grammatical aspects of the translations are also analysed. They are examined by comparing English texts to its corresponding translation in the Malay language. Particularly relevant in this study is the need to emphasize on the semantics and syntax skills of the students before a good transaltion work can be produced. Language practitioners can also tap on translation activities to improve the learners’ language competency.

Effect of Number Head Together and Talking Stick Types of Cooperative Learning Model on Redoks Towards Student's Motivation and Learning Outcomes

Abstract: Learning success in the sense of achieving the standard of competence was very dependent on the ability of teachers learning the process. Therefore, the researcher applies cooperative learning model that was suitable for improved students’ motivation and enthusiasm that cooperative learning model Number Head Together and Talking Stick. This study aimed to determine the effect of cooperative learning model Numbered Head Together and Talking stick to the motivation and learning outcomes of students’ class X on the material of redox reactions in SMAN 1 Poso Pesisir Utara. This research was a preexperimental with the static pretest-posttest group design. The samples of this study were students Xa as a class experiment 1 and the total student was 31 students than student Xc as a class experiment 2 has 32 students. The results of data analysis, the average value ( 1 X ) class experiment 1 is 68.21 and ( 2 X ) the class experiment 2 is 62.00. Results of testing hypotheses by statistical t-test two parties obtained t-table ≤tcount≥ + t-table (t-count = 48,22 for class experiment 1 ; t-count = 55,59 for class experiment 2 and t-table = 1.67) with a significance level  = 0.05 and degrees of freedom 61, then H0 rejected and Ha be accepted. The results of data analysis of student learning motivation questionnaire showed that the experimental class 1 was the attitude of "agree" with the positive category was 83.69% and the experimental class 2 are in the attitude of "agree" with the positive category was 83.77%. It can be concluded that there was the influence of cooperative learning model Number Head Together and Talking stick on redox towards students to the motivation and learning outcomes. Keywords—Numbered Head Together; Talking Stick; Motivation; Learning Outcomes; Redox.

An Analysis of Translation Procedures of Noun Phrases in Carlo Collodi’s Novel Entitled “Pinocchioâ€

Abstract: This research is conducted to identify the noun phrase and its types in Carlo Collodi’s novel entitled Pinoccio as well as procedures used to translate them in the translation version entitled Pinokio which was translated by Wiwin Indiarti. The data of this descriptive qualitative research are noun phrases found in the novel and their translation in Indonesian. Documentation is used to collect the data. Meanwhile, content analysis method is applied for analyzing data in relation to their contexts. The result of this research shows that there are 5.283 noun phrases in chapter 1 to chapter 36 of Pinochio novel. It is also found that there are 3 types of noun phrase. They are: 1) noun phrase type I which is identified as Modifier + Head (M+H) with 2.985 data, 2) noun phrase type II which is identified as Head + Modifier (M+H) with 425 data, and 3) noun phrase type III which is identified as Modifier + Head + Modifier (M+H) with 1.873 data. Furthermore, the translator used eleven translation procedures to translate noun phrases proposed by Newmark. Those procedures are 1) translation by Transference with frequency of 93 data (1.8%), 2) translation by Naturalization with frequancy of 102 data (2.1%), 3) translation by Cultural Equivalent with frequency of 308 data (6.2%), 4) translation by Functional Equivalent with frequancy of 97 data (1.9%) translation by Componential Analysis with frequancy of 773 data (14.7%), 6) translation by Synonymy with frequancy of 738 data (14.9%), 7) translation by Through-translation with frequancy of 1.205 data (24.3%), 8) translation by Shift or Transposition with frequancy of 792 data (17%), 9) translation by Compensation with frequancy of 438 data (8%). 10 translation by Couplets with frequency 173 (3.4%), and 11) translation by Modulation with frequency 43 (1%). It can be concluded that the translator often used Through translation procedure to translate noun phrases into Indonesian. It was used because she wants to deliver the message of the text as natural as possible

Verbal Agreement with Partitive Noun Phrases

Abstract: This paper provides empirical evidence in favour of Marti Girbau's (2003, 2010) quantifier phrase analysis (QP of N) of the partitive construction, which is based on the analysis of verbal agreement in a large data set from the BNC (British National Corpus) and COCA (Corpus of Contemporary American English). The competing binominal N of NP analysis, advocated by some, predicts that there is number agreement with the first nominal element. In order to account for verbal agreement along these lines, two further principles, that of proximal agreement and possibly that of notional agreement, are needed. The agreement patterns with the partitive construction as observed in the corpus can be explained in a more elegant way when the NP is analysed in terms of a quantifier phrase followed by a nominal head (QP of N): verb number is predicted in 95.74% of the cases (compared to 54.24% when the binominal analysis is adopted), agreement in the remaining 4.26% exceptional cases falling out of further semantic and lexical considerations.

Between Reading Time and Clause Boundaries in Japanese - Wrap-up Effect in a Head-Final Language

Abstract: This paper presents a contrastive analysis between reading time and clause boundary categories in the Japanese language in order to estimate text readability. We overlaid reading time data of BCCWJ EyeTrack, and clause boundary categories annotation on the Balanced Corpus of Contemporary Written Japanese. Statistical analysis based on the Bayesian linear mixed model shows that the reading time behaviours differ among the clause boundary categories. The result does not support the wrapup effects of clause-final words. Another result we arrived at is that the predicateargument relations facilitate the reading speed of native Japanese speakers.

The morphosyntax of number in Estonian numeral-noun constructions

Abstract: The interaction of numerals and number-marking has generated much research in both morphosyntax and semantics in those domains. In this paper, I propose an analysis of number-marking in the numeral-noun constructions of Estonian. They are noteworthy for the existence of two morphosyntactic frames. In one, both the numeral and noun are singular, and the noun bears partitive case. In the other, both the numeral and noun are plural, and there is no assignment of partitive case. I propose an analysis whereby the head assigning partitive case is of the same syntactic category as the head introducing plurality: Borer's (2005) Div. Previous accounts do not capture the generalization that the numeral always matches the noun's number-marking. I propose it is another instance of the language's already robust system of nominal concord

Метафорическая конструкция pluie de + n и ее русские эквиваленты: лингвистический и когнитивный аспекты

Abstract: Our article examines the metaphorical uses of the noun ‘rain’ in French and Russian. The metaphorical use of the French noun pluie necessarily contains a nominal expansion, while its Russian equivalent dozdj’ can take both nominal and adjectival expansions. Our corpus-based study distinguished three productive conceptual spheres for the metaphorical expansion of the noun ‘rain’, namely the natural, military and economical spheres. In both languages, the weather noun ‘rain’ loses some of its atmospheric meaning and is used in metaphors to insist on abundancy of elements in a given context, often in movement and coming from a not clearly identified source. These elements may be associated to destructive events (such as ‘a rain of bullets’) but they can also be involved in beneficial episodes (such as ‘a rain of money’) or in neutral incidents (such as ‘a rain of flowers’). However, the material nature of the elements is less important in French, where nominal expansions can include abstract nouns. In French, the noun pluie can function both as a semantic head of the NP and as a quantifier comparable with complex modifiers such as un tas de (‘loads of’), while in Russian the noun dožd’ necessarily functions as a semantic head.

Case marking in Russian eventive nominalizations: inherent vs. dependent case theory

Abstract: In recent years, two theories have been advocated in the syntactic literature with respect to case assignment mechanisms, and this paper tests them based on new empirical material from Russian. One theory, advocated by Woolford and others, is Inherent Case Theory (ICT), which views case as an overt reflection of a relationship between a given noun phrase and a (usually functional) head. The other theory, known as Dependent Case Theory (DCT) and advocated most recently by Baker and Bobaljik, views case as a reflection of a relationship between noun phrases in a given structural domain. In this paper, we test the two theories against the findings of two experimental studies conducted by us on eventive nominalizations in Russian. In such nominalizations, transitive / agentive subjects are marked by the instrumental, whereas objects / internal arguments are marked by the genitive. We call into question whether in these types of nominalizations, an agentive subject that is not accompanied by an internal argument that needs a case is marked by the instrumental (as predicted by ICT) or the genitive (as predicted by DCT). Having tested this in two experimental studies, we argue that only one of these theories, the ICT, can account for our empirical findings in a complete and coherent way.

The Javanese Onomatopoeic Words Concerning Human Sense, Head and Eye Movements

Abstract: Onomatopoeic words in the Javanese language are evidence of the uniqueness of both lingual aspects and the described facts. This study discussed the phenomenon of phonological and morphological language processing. This study examined the derivation of the onomatopoeic root words of Javanese into some form of the word as an iconic formation. The data source covered source language of local print media. The study found that the iconic words to denote the head movements are classifiable into two types of motion. The first, the head movement itself is without involving the other elements; second, the head movement which involves other elements. Head movements that do not involve other elements include the motions of up and down, like: manthuk [ mantu ?] ‘nodding’ , lenggut-lenggut [lәŋgut-lәŋgut] ‘nodding’, and ndhingkluk [nḍiŋklu?] ‘down’ ; right and left lateral movements, such as: gedheg [gɛḍɛg]. Additionally, head movements that involve other elements are described by a word sundhul [ sundUl ]. The iconic nature of several words for eyes movements are words such as mlorok [mlɔrɔ?], kedhep [kәḍɛp], nglirik [ŋlirI?], liyer-liyer [lijәrlijәr], mencereng [mʧәnәŋrәŋ], blalak [blala?] and ngiyer [әijәr]. The word mlorok ‘glaring’ was derived from basic word plorok with addition of prefix aN -, and comes from the root rok .