Showing papers on "Heat exchanger published in 1973"

Ultra pure water process and apparatus

Abstract: Deionized pretreated supply water is stored in a storage unit, and a part of the stored water is recirculated through a pure water recirculation loop. The recirculated water is polished in polishing demineralizers to an electrical resistivity at the circulating temperature equivalent to 18 megohm electrical resistivity at 25*C. A proess portion of this polished water is heated to about 170*F. in a heat exchanger while retaining the 18 megohm equivalent resistivity and delivered to one point of use and then discarded from the recirculation loop. The remainder of the recirculating water is returned to storage, either directly if not used or after reclamation following use as process water. The heat exchanger preserves the ultra pure quality of the water in the 18 megohm equivalent resistivity range by a technique of indirect heating in a coil of inert plastic tubing which is immersed in a body of liquid heated by an immersion heater. The high velocity of the water in the recirculation loop prevents degradation of the quality of the water by minimizing the time of contact with the conduit structure of the recirculation loop. The storage unit has sufficient capacity to make the flow balance substantially non-critical and to provide reserve capacity for the quantities needed for process use. The storage unit and the high quality deionized pretreated water permit the polishing demineralizers in the recirculation loop to be sized for flow rather than for capacity and also permit equipment in the pretreatment supply to be replaced or repaired without interruption of flow in the recirculation loop.

Air conditioning apparatus and method

Abstract: Efficiency of an open-cycle air conditioning apparatus and method for heating and cooling is improved and the economy of external power is increased both with respect to cost and energy consumption by providing a combination of a primary heater and a secondary heater for heating the regeneration stream for regenerating the desiccant means in the air conditioning apparatus. The thermal source for the primary heater may utilize waste heat or solar energy which is transferred to a solid phase thermal storage means by a gaseous phase heat exchange medium. The thermal energy may be transferred from the thermal storage means to the regeneration stream of the open-cycle air conditioning apparatus either directly by passing the air stream over the solid phase thermal storage means or indirectly by passing liquid in an enclosed system through the solid phase thermal storage means and the regeneration stream.

Multiple-completion geothermal energy production systems

Abstract: A system for the mining of geothermal energy in which a plurality of geothermal wells radiate from a single surface site into a subsurface geothermal reservoir The wells can be drilled by conventional slant drilling techniques and each may contain a closed end heat exchanger which receives water and generates steam Some of the heat exchangers are disposed vertically and others are implanted horizontally By alternating production of the wells in a programmed cyclical manner, convective movement of the hydrothermal fluid will occur within the geothermal zone The generated steam is collected in a reservoir at the surface site and utilized to generate electricity The condensate from the turbine can be recycled to the wells

Heat transfer problems with nucleate boiling of liquids

Abstract: Translated fmm Teploenergetika; 19: No. 9, l4-99(1972), Experimental data on and methods for calculating heat transfer coefficients with nucleate boiling of liquids on metallic heating surfaces are discussed with emphasis on the problems created by the effects of the surface conditions of the heating surface. It is concluded that, at the present time, a sufficiently reliable method is available for calculating the mean heat transfer level when boiling normal (nonmetallic) liquids in the region of moderate pressures. However, allowing for the effects of surface conditions remains unsolved and must be further investigated in order to improve the accuracy of design calculations for heat exchangers for thermal and nuclear power plants. (LCL)

Solar water-heating systems

Abstract: This invention deals with improvements in the fabrication and operation of a solar water-heating system utilizing semicylindrical reflecting surfaces. The semicylindrical reflecting surfaces are formed from foamed or expanded plastics with a combination bearing and seal at each end, through which the longitudinal, heat collecting tubes pass. A center, fixed support bearing that maintains the sealed enclosure is provided for longer heat collecting tubes. A linear actuating linkage is provided for rotation to follow the sun'' s motion daily and seasonally. The measurement of differential temperatures within the enclosure of the reflecting surface, controls operation of the circulation pump that circulates the heated liquid to a heat exchanger.

Optimization of Finned Tubes for Heat Transfer in Laminar Flow

Abstract: The heat transfer of fully developed laminar flow in internally finned tubes is investigated analytically. If there is no heat generation in the fluid, the highest Nusselt number is obtained for the tube with 22 fins extended to about 80 percent of the tube radius. Its value is almost 20 times that for the finless tube. When there is heat generation at sufficiently large rate, the number of fins is reduced from 22 to 16 in order to obtain the highest Nusselt number.

Peak efficiency solar energy powered boiler and superheater

Abstract: A cup-shaped enclosure forms an energy conversion chamber open at one end to a solar energy radiation field which is generally in axial alignment therewith, the conversion field incorporating, in order, from the thermal energy receiver aperture at the open end, a boiler heat exchanger and a superheater heat exchanger, which line the radial wall and the closed end wall of the chamber respectively. A water cooled window at the aperture closes off the aperture end of the conversion chamber and is opaque to infra-red radiation, prevents escape of thermal energy by convection. A frustoconical reflecting surface extends radially outward of the enclosure and away from the window to reflect fringe solar radiation into the chamber. One or more cylindrical superheater heat exchanger coils may protrude axially towards the window from the rear end of the chamber. The frustoconical reflecting surface and the window are cooled by further heat exchangers which preheat the feed water entering the boiler heat exchanger.

Reaction apparatus for carrying out exothermic and endothermic chemical processes with radial flow of a heat exchange medium

Abstract: The reaction apparatus comprises an annular nest of contact tubes in a reaction tank and connected into headers at their opposite ends, for passage of the reaction gas through the contact tubes in contact with catalyst material in the tubes A heat exchange medium is circulated by a fan, pump or the like through an external heat exchanger and is supplied and discharged through respective axially spaced annular supply and discharge conduits, to flow over the contact tubes Baffles are arranged in the tank in a known manner to extend transversely of the length of the tubes to direct the heat exchange medium to flow alternately in opposed radial directions over the tubes between the supply and discharge conduits At least one additional annular circuit is arranged at at least one point of the tank intermediate the supply and discharge conduits, is connected to the heat exchanger and the tank and supplies and discharges a regulable partial amount of the heat exchange medium In one embodiment of the invention, several such additional annular conduits are arranged at respective points of the tank intermediate the supply and discharge conduits In another embodiment of the invention, diaphragms or partitions divide the tank into separate compartments each of which has a respective heat exchanger associated therewith

Gas generator and enhanced energy conversion systems

Abstract: A gas generator is disclosed which will simply and reliably effect a gas producing reaction between a gaseous and a liquid reactant. The generator can operate at elevated temperatures and has heat exchange means incorporated. The gas generator is applied as a hydrogen generator to an energy conversion system in which hydrogen from the hydrogen-producing reaction powers a fuel cell and the reaction heat from the hydrogen producing reaction powers a thermal engine, thereby enhancing the energy conversion system relative to one in which the hydrogen generator is merely cooled and its heat is rejected as waste heat. Other possible energy conversion systems based on this gas generator are disclosed.

Water cooled condenser dryer for laundry center

Abstract: A recirculating water-cooled low profile condensing unit for a vertically stacked combination clothes washer and non-vented dryer wherein a plurality of condenser plates, located in a plenum chamber above the dryer top wall, are arranged in a vertically spaced shallow V-shaped configuration. A serpentine cooling water series passageway is connected via valve means to the cold water inlet tube of the washer and contacts the plates in heat exchange relation such that the volume of water required for condensing is reduced to a minimum without increasing the drying time interval required for a vented dryer. A longitudinally extending center baffle partition is aligned with the apex of the plates so as to divide the spaces between the plates into a plurality of parallel side-by-side spent air inlet and condensed air outlet air flow passages to maximize the condensing plate surface contacted by the recirculating drying air. Condensate flows from the plates to an underlying conforming shallow V-shaped drain pan for discharge into the washer located beneath the dryer.

Well fracturing method using liquefied gas as fracturing fluid

Abstract: An improved method is disclosed for fracturing an oil well or gas well with a mixture of liquid carbon dioxide and liquid petroleum gas. The objective is to be able to inject the liquid into the wellbore at a relatively high pumping rate without causing the liquid to boil. Prior to injection, both the liquid CO2 and the LPG are held in separate supply tanks at a temperature and pressure at which the liquid phase will not boil. The temperature of the LPG is substantially higher than the liquid CO2. During the pumping operation, part of the liquid CO2 and all of the LPG is fed through a heat exchanger. In the exchanger the amount of heat transferred from the LPG to the liquid CO2 is enough to vaporize the liquid. The CO2 vapor is then circulated back into the CO2 tank. The recycled vapor thus maintains the liquid-vapor phase in the tank at equilibrium, so that the liquid will not boil at the desired pumping rate.

Method for thermal afterburning of exhaust air from industrial working plants and device for carrying out this method

Abstract: In a plant in which there is a circulating gas flow, an afterburner is provided which is supplied with fuel from outside the system. A part of the circulating gas is extracted and fed to the afterburner after passing in heat exchange relation with a part of the burnt gas. The heat produced in the burner is fed to the plant either by feeding the burnt gas back to the plant or through heat exchange between the burnt gas and the gas in the plant.

Cross flow heat exchanger

Abstract: A cross flow heat exchanger comprising an outer structural frame, a multiplicity of channels longitudinally aligned in parallel spaced relation to form first fluid passageways within the channels, and a multiplicity of wall projection portions formed from the channel side walls and extending outwardly with load-bearing end segments of adjacent side walls abutting and transferring the channel load to the outer structural frame, the channels and wall projection portions arranged for flowing a second fluid normal to and in the space between adjacent channels, and fins extending from the channel edge walls having surface distortions.

Thermoelectric generator including catalytic burner and cylindrical jacket containing heat exchange fluid

Abstract: A generator of the thermoelectric type isolates the fuel combustion area thereof from a series of thermoelectric elements or modules and makes use of a two-phase vapor heat transfer in which there is a transfer from a liquid phase to a gaseous phase through the intervening presence of a boiler in which a fuel burner is supported. Fuel consumed in the boiler creates heat impinging upon a jacket of the boiler in which a vaporizable fluid is confined. The heated vapor thus produced flows through a series of heat exchange loops radiating from the boiler, to heat the hot junctions of the thermoelectric elements. The electrical energy is produced by a potential developed between the hot and cold junctions of said elements.

Electric heat accumulator unit

Abstract: An electric heat accumulator unit for use in an electrically powered motor vehicle characterized in that the unit is powered independently of the battery used to power the vehicle. The unit makes use of an accumulator which is adapted to store therein heat generated by an electric heating means operatively associated with the accumulator and energized from an external power supply. A blower is provided to circulate air through passages in the accumulator for extraction of heat therefrom. A blower is provided to circulate air through passages in the accumulator for extraction of heat therefrom. The blower may be powered by means of a thermoelectric power source in heat exchange relationship with the accumulator. A voltage regulator is provided to maintain a constant voltage from the thermoelectric power source. A temperature responsive circuit varies the blower speed as the temperature of the accumulator changes in order to maintain a substantially constant thermal output from the accumulator.

Air-cooled enclosure for an engine

Abstract: An air-cooled enclosure for an engine, fan and heat exchanger installation with the engine including an exhaust pipe extending outwardly through the enclosure. An engine compartment within the enclosure has an air inlet and an air outlet and an ejector utilizing the flow of engine exhaust gas from the exhaust pipe to create a low pressure within the air outlet in order to draw ambient cooling air through the air inlet into the engine compartment and out of the air outlet with a minimum of noise transmission through the enclosure. The enclosure further includes a separate engine heat exchanger and fan compartment providing a separate air inlet passage and a separate air outlet passage wherein the powered fan draws ambient cooling air into the separate air inlet and forces it through the heat exchanger and out of the separate air outlet at a minimum noise level and with optimum engine cooling effectiveness.

Refrigeration system with subcooler

Abstract: A secondary or booster refrigeration system associated with a primary refrigeration system so that high temperature liquid refrigerant of the primary system is itself subcooled by refrigeration after it has been condensed. The secondary or booster refrigeration system is situated so that the evaporation coil is in heat exchange relation with that portion of the primary refrigeration circuit carrying the condensed liquid refrigerant. Optionally, the secondary or booster refrigeration system may itself be liquid subcooled by heat exchange with the suction line of the primary refrigeration system. Operational control of the secondary refrigeration system is achieved by means responsive to the temperature and/or humidity in the space cooled by the primary refrigeration system and/or the ambient temperature in the vicinity of the condenser of the primary refrigeration system.

Electrical heating device for use with aerosol containers

Abstract: A heater includes a housing enclosing a heat exchanger, an aerosol can adapter for attaching the heater to an aerosol shaving cream can, a stem for actuating the aerosol can valve, and resilient foam insulation between the can and the heat exchanger. The heat exchanger has a cavity in one side receiving an electric heating element and a spiral heating passage in the other side to provide long residence times for heating fluids forced through the passage. A thermo-setting epoxy material provides electrical and heat insulation for the heater. Additional foam may be used for filling an electrical connection cavity above the heat exchanger, or the heat exchanger electrical connections may be encapsulated along with the heat exchanger by injection molding.

Fixed-fluidized bed dry cooling tower

Abstract: A forced draft dry cooling tower is disclosed wherein the medium to be cooled passes through heat exchanger tubes embedded within a bed of inert particles composed of smaller particles surrounding and embedded in much larger particles. The forced draft through the cooling tower fluidizes the smaller particles but not the larger particles which stabilize the fluidization of the smaller particles and enhance the fluidization and heat exchange effect thereof.

Heat exchange system

Abstract: An enthalpy exchange system utilizing a hygroscopic solution to transfer latent and sensible heat between an incoming fresh air stream and an air stream being exhausted to effect partial conditioning of air and/or an overall economy of operation in a universal air conditioning system.

Liquefying refrigerant for water desalination with liquefied natural gas and an intermediate energy cycle

Abstract: Desalted water is produced through a process in which liquified natural gas is converted to the vapor state with the release therefrom of refrigeration units which are transferred, through a closed refrigerant fluid circuit, to a higher hydrocarbon in the vapor state, which hydrocarbon is converted to the liquid state and delivers to the water to be desalted, in a desalination plant, the refrigeration units necessary for desalination. The closed refrigerant fluid circuit includes a heat exchanger for the absorption of refrigeration units from the liquified natural gas, a boiler for the absorption of heat from the higher hydrocarbons, a superheater for the transfer of heat from a source such as water to the refrigerant fluid, and a turbine through which energy in the heated refrigerant fluid may be delivered to a compressor for the higher hydrocarbon.

Jet impingement heat exchanger

Abstract: A heat exchanger for directing discrete jets of fluid against a heat exchanging wall is configured to establish relatively close spacing between the openings through which the jets are formed and a portion of the heat exchanging wall while providing relatively large volumes of space adjacent other portions of the heat exchanging wall. The large volumes of space permit passage of the fluid from adjacent the heat exchanging wall without disturbing the jet flow.

Gas turbine engine and counterflow heat exchanger with outer air passageway

Abstract: A gas turbine engine comprising a compressor, a turbine, and a burner. The turbine is interposed between the compressor and the burner. The exhaust gases of combustion from the turbine are reversed and moved axially while the air from the compressor is moved in a sinuous path in heat exchange relationship to the movement of the exhaust gases axially.

Freeze protection device in heat pump system

Abstract: A water source heat pump system having a plurality of zone air conditioning units, each unit adapted for selectively heating or cooling a zone independent of other units, each air conditioning unit having an air-to-refrigerant heat exchanger, a water-torefrigerant heat exchanger of the type having a water contact coil disposed within a housing, a refrigerant compressor, and refrigerant control means operable to selectively cause the airto-refrigerant exchanger to act as a refrigerant evaporator or condenser and the water-to-refrigerant heat exchanger to act as a refrigerant condenser or evaporator, the water-to-refrigerant heat exchanger and the air-to-refrigerant heat exchanger utilizing thermostat control means to control the operation of the air conditioning unit so as to prevent freezing of water in the water-to-refrigerant heat exchanger during the heating cycle and prevent frosting or freezing of condensate on the air side of the air-to-refrigerant exchanger during the cooling cycle

Removing nitrogen from and subsequently liquefying natural gas stream

Abstract: A natural gas containing substantial nitrogen is refrigerated to below minus 120*F in usual propane-ethylene refrigeration system using a cascade arrangement Vapor and liquid thus obtained are separated and the liquid passed into the tubes of a refrigeration heat exchanger The vapor and liquid, which has been further refrigerated, as a liquid, are recombined to effect uniform distribution of the vapors into the further refrigerated liquid for a flow through the heat exchanger tubes Thus, admixed liquid and vapor streams are further refrigerated by heat interchange with bottoms from a fractionation zone into which the feed has been flashed, thus reboiling the fractionation zone bottoms The nitrogen to be separated and some hydrocarbon, eg, methane, are taken as overhead from the fractionation zone Also, the overhead is used to refrigerate the liquid first obtained when refrigerating the feed after separation of vapors therefrom Further, refrigeration of the recombined vapor and liquid is effected by flashing the natural gas containing fractionation zone bottoms in several stages, using liquid obtained upon a first flashing of said bottoms to refrigerate the recombined vapor and liquid streams described and using vapors from each flashing step practiced upon the fractionation zone bottoms to further refrigerate in order the liquid first separated from the feed after separation of vapors therefrom and the incoming feed gas resulting in a fuel gas containing some nitrogen The remainder of the several times flashed fractionation bottoms is now substantially at atmospheric pressure and constitutes liquefied natural gas substantially free from nitrogen which is the product of the process A controls system designed to render the system essentially automatic and to keep it in balanced operation is described

Lmfbr intermediate heat exchanger

Abstract: A heat exchanger of the shell and tube type and particularly adapted to employ liquid metal as the heating fluid is provided with a floating head for connecting the ends of the heat exchanger tubes whereby stresses on the tubes due to thermally induced differential movements between the tubes and the shell are prevented. A pair of mutually spaced expansion bellows are connected between the floating head and the shell to define a closed space within which an inert gas is maintained. The bellows pair provides a double barrier between the heating fluid and the fluid to be heated to prevent admixture of the two fluids while the inert gas space intermediate the bellows provides means for detecting a bellows failure enabling the ruptured bellows to be replaced without danger of mixing the two fluids.

Heat recovery systems

Abstract: A heat recovery system for an industrial process producing a gaseous effluent as a by-product has a direct-fired combustion chamber for the effluent which is supplied by ducting from the process The burnt gas from the combustion chamber is carried by ducting to a heat exchanger where it is either mixed with fresh air or used to heat fresh air directly Ducting carries the heated air or air/burnt gas mixture to a number of separate heating zones in the process, and the supply duct for each zone is provided with temperature control means for either heating or cooling the gas in the duct whilst maintaining a constant weight of gas passing through the duct

Heats of mixing of binary mixtures of N-methylpyrrolidinone, ethanolamine, n-heptane, cyclohexane, and benzene by differential flow calorimetry

Abstract: The heat produced by mixing two continuous liquid flows is measured in a mixing cell consisting of a T tubing where the two incoming streams merge and a long narrow channel where the mixture exchanges heat with an isothermal air bath through an electric heat-flux meter. The liquid flow rates are set to allow the liquid to reach the bath temperature before leaving the mixing cell. The incoming liquids are brought to the bath temperature through a heat exchanger. Viscous flow heat evolution is reproduced by circulating the liquid in a reference cell. The corresponding heat effect is subtracted from the heat effect in the mixing cell. Both cells are provided with calibration heaters. The heat flux detector consists of a thermocouple assembly soldered to the cell and a heat sink kept at the bath temperature. The electric power is linearly related to the heat flux transmitted to the heat sink. The electric signal is amplified by a Keithley 150 B amplifier and recorded. The measurement is obtained by comparing the base line shift of the recorder on mixing to the deviation produced by a known current applied in one calibration heater while the liquids are pumped. The calibration cell is chosen to reduce the base line shift on mixing, and the current is set to produce a heat effect close to that of mixing. Tacussel “electroburap” BC/VRE Syringe pumps, equipped with lO-cm3 syringes were set at flow rates ranging from 0.01 to 0.4 cm3/min. Flow rates were obtained with a precision of 0.2% and calibrated by weighing. The use of a step-by-step electric motor did not produce any fluctuation of the recorder response. Degassing of pure liquids was found necessary because the solubility of air is lower in mixtures than in pure-liquids. Bubble growth in the mixing cell caused instability of the recorder response. Air concentration

Refrigeration system utilizing ice slurries

Abstract: A slurry of ice crystals in a water immiscible carrier fluid, for example, toluene, is produced and circulated to a heat exchanger for absorbing heat from a load, principally by means of the melting ice. The two liquids are then forwarded to a receiver where they separate into two phases. The liquid water from the melted ice is returned separately to the ice forming unit and at least a part of the carrier fluid is re-chilled prior to recirculating the slurry through the system.

Process and apparatus for continuously heating fine-grained coal

Abstract: Fine-grained coal is continuously heated to a controlled, uniform end temperature by direct contact with hot gases by conveying the coal to be heated to a first elevated heat exchange cyclone and subsequently to one or more heat exchange cyclones positioned on a lower level or on successively lower levels, the temperature of the coal being raised in the cyclones. Thereafter the coal is heated to the end temperature in a fluidized bed heater and the exhaust gas from the fluidized bed heater is supplied as a hot conveying gas to the heat exchange cyclones positioned above the fluidized bed heater. Apparatus for carrying out the process of the invention includes a plurality of heat exchange cyclones for preheating the coal positioned on different levels, a fluidized bed heater positioned below the heat exchange cyclones and means to transfer exhaust gas from the fluidized bed heater to the heat exchange cyclones. A dust collector is also included for collecting fine dust from the exhaust gas leaving the upper most heat exchange cyclone.