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Showing papers on "Heat exchanger published in 1976"


Patent
06 Apr 1976
TL;DR: In this article, a method and apparatus for treating hot exhaust gas to purify the gas and/or to recover the heat values therein includes removing particulate matter from the gas, cooling the gas by transferring its heat to regenerators and purifying the cooled gas by subliming or freezing out harmful, less volatile components.
Abstract: A method and apparatus for treating hot exhaust gas to purify the gas and/or to recover the heat values therein includes removing particulate matter from the gas, cooling the gas by transferring its heat to regenerators and purifying the cooled gas by subliming or "freezing out" harmful, less volatile components. The heat energy of the exhaust gas may be recovered by passing a heat exchange medium, such as compressed air and/or purified cooled gas, through the heated regenerators. A major advantage of this method and apparatus is that exhaust gases at 300°-350° C. may be purified and the heat energy recovered using thermodynamically efficient regenerators. As a result the air preheater stage of conventional boilers or combustion units, which comprise 60% to 70% of the heat exchange surface area, may be eliminated.

111 citations


Patent
03 Nov 1976
TL;DR: In this paper, a method is described for storing the offpeak electrical output of an electricity generating plant in the form of heat by using it to raise the temperature level of a quantity of stored heat retention material and recalling said stored heat during periods of peak power demand.
Abstract: A method is described for storing the offpeak electrical output of an electricity generating plant in the form of heat by using it to raise the temperature level of a quantity of stored heat retention material and recalling said stored heat during periods of peak power demand in the form of electrical power During low power demand periods hot water is drawn from a hot water storage means and cooled by flashing it at successively lower pressures The cold condensate is sent to a cold water storage means while the various flash vapors are fed to appropriate stages of a steam compressor driven by excess power drawn from the electricity generating station The steam which has been compressed by means of the excess electrical power is directed to heat exchanger means where it is used to heat a low vapor pressure (LVP) thermal energy retention material flowing from cold to hot storage means through the heat exchanger means By the practice of this invention, heat is transferred, by means of the steam compressor powered by excess electrical power, from hot water (˜ 210° F) to the LVP material raising its temperature from a cold storage temperature of about 190°-300° F to a hot storage temperature of about 450°-600° F The hot LVP material is stored at atmospheric pressure preferably under an inert gas atmosphere During peak energy demand periods, the process is reversed and the hot LVP material is used to generate steam which runs a turbine thereby producing electrical power from a generator

94 citations


Patent
26 Nov 1976
TL;DR: In this article, a solar energy conversion system includes a centrally positioned tower supporting a solar receiver, and an array of pivotally mounted reflectors disposed circumferentially there around which reflect earth incident solar radiation onto the receiver which thermally excites and photo-ionizes a working fluid to form a plasma.
Abstract: A solar energy conversion system includes a centrally positioned tower supporting a solar receiver, and an array of pivotally mounted reflectors disposed circumferentially therearound which reflect earth incident solar radiation onto the receiver which thermally excites and photo-ionizes a working fluid to form a plasma. The plasma is accelerated and further heated through a ceramic turbo-compressor into a magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) generator to produce direct current. The working fluid is then passed through a heat exchanger channel where the waste heat is removed by another working fluid which drives a vapor turbine connected to the ceramic turbo-compressor and an AC generator. Seed may then be removed and the working fluid is recycled in the closed cycle MHD system. The electrical power is distributed, part of it being used to electrolyze water into hydrogen and oxygen which are stored and allowed to exothermally recombine to drive the system during low solar radiation intervals. In a further embodiment the MHD working fluid receives its velocity from an external turbo-compressor driven by the second working fluid, and an alternative thermal and photo-ionization chamber is employed.

81 citations


Patent
08 Nov 1976
TL;DR: In this paper, a closed loop refrigeration cycle with a single mixed refrigerant composition in a heat exchange zone forming a part of a closed-loop process is described, which is especially useful for liquefaction of natural gas.
Abstract: A fluid material is cooled through a temperature range exceeding 200° F. by heat exchange with a single mixed refrigerant composition in a heat exchange zone forming a part of a closed loop refrigeration cycle thus assuring high reliability and low investment by virtue of simplification of the equipment required and ease of control thereof. The process is especially useful for liquefaction of natural gas. Refrigerant in the refrigeration loop containing constituents having increasingly lower boiling points is successively directed from a compression zone to a condensation zone, thence to a heat exchange zone, next expanded in an expansion zone, returned to the heat exchange zone for countercurrent flow against the refrigerant flowing therethrough from the condensation zone to the expansion zone, and finally returned to the compression zone. The natural gas is directed to the heat exchange zone and liquefied therein by countercurrent flow against the cold refrigerant stream flowing from the expansion zone to the compression zone. The refrigerant is made up of C 1 to C 5 hydrocarbons plus nitrogen as an optional constituent with the relative proportions of the constituents being controlled so that the combined cooling curve of the hot refrigerant stream and the feed gas closely matches the heating curve of the cold refrigerant stream in a sense that the curves are in close proximity at the lowest temperature levels thereof and relatively uniformly and slowly diverge as the highest temperature points on the curves are approached.

73 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors used the heat-mass transfer analogy, in conjunction with the naphthalene sublimation technique, to investigate the transfer capabilities and transfer mechanisms in two-row plate fin and tube heat exchanger configurations.

59 citations


Patent
10 Aug 1976
TL;DR: In this article, a heat exchanger in the form of a fluid manifold is used to elevate and maintain the temperature of the molten adhesive, just prior to dispensing it, above that temperature level at which the liquid is supplied to the apparatus.
Abstract: Apparatus for dispensing hot viscous liquids such as molten adhesives, either in a continuous bead or as spaced unitary deposits. In preferred form, the apparatus includes a heat exchanger in the form of a fluid manifold which functions to elevate and maintain the temperature of the molten adhesive, just prior to dispensing it, above that temperature level at which the molten adhesive is supplied to the apparatus.

57 citations


Patent
29 Jan 1976
TL;DR: In this paper, the principle of thermodynamic availability is employed in a water source system advantageously storing heated and chilled fluid for subsequent heat exchange, and by diversion of high heat range fluid through a Rankine cycle prime mover for motivation of vapor compression refrigeration or the generation of electrical power dependent upon the availability of solar energy and the demand of said refrigeration, whereby heat energy is claimed and reclaimed and made available to reduce the net energy requirements necessary to provide both heating and cooling of said building complex zones.
Abstract: This invention relates to the air conditioning of a building complex comprised of one or more zones, utilizing solar insolation and terrestrial re-radiation to a maximum extent and supplemented by external energy as may be required. The principle of thermodynamic availability is employed in a water source system advantageously storing heated and chilled fluid for subsequent heat exchange, and by the diversion of high heat range fluid through a Rankine cycle prime mover for motivation of vapor compression refrigeration or the generation of electrical power dependent upon the availability of solar energy and the demand of said refrigeration, whereby heat energy is claimed and reclaimed and made available to reduce the net energy requirements necessary to provide both heating and cooling of said building complex zones.

54 citations


Patent
16 Dec 1976
TL;DR: In this article, a chassis for an electronic apparatus having heat generating circuit components attached to heat exchangers along its top and bottom walls is described, where parallel fingers project toward a plane passing horizontally through the center of the chassis, the various exchangers having fingers of differing lengths to define an air passage of varying effective cross-sectional area, thereby promoting air turbulence for increased cooling.
Abstract: A chassis for an electronic apparatus having heat generating circuit components attached to heat exchangers along its top and bottom walls. Each heat exchanger includes a base from which parallel fingers project toward a plane passing horizontally through the center of the chassis, the various exchangers having fingers of differing lengths to define an air passage of varying effective cross-sectional area, thereby promoting air turbulence for increased cooling. The heat exchangers at the entrance to the air passage are aluminum, while those at the exit where the cooling air is warmest are copper.

54 citations


Patent
21 Apr 1976
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors describe a heating system that includes a solar collector assembly exterior of a building that is fluidly connected by inlet and return conduits to separate chambers in a heat transfer tank located in the building, a heat pump furnace unit having an evaporation-condensor coil, and a plurality of vertically elongated ground heat exchangers extended into the earth and connected by conduits.
Abstract: A heating system that includes a solar collector assembly exterior of a building that is fluidly connected by inlet and return conduits to separate chambers in a heat transfer tank located in the building, a heat pump furnace unit having an evaporation-condensor coil located in the heat transfer tank so that as the liquid flows in the tank from one chamber to the other it flows in heat transfer relationship to the coil, the heat pump furnace unit being located outside of the tank and being provided for supplying heat to the building heating system, and a plurality of vertically elongated ground heat exchangers extended into the earth and connected by conduits so that there is provided a liquid flow path from one of the tank chambers through the ground heat exchangers, and then back to the other chamber. Pumps are provided in the above conduits for pumping the liquid between the tank and the solar collector assembly, and the tank and the ground heat exchangers.

51 citations


Patent
13 Sep 1976
TL;DR: In this article, an ice plug is formed by transferring thermal energy from the slug of water through the walls of the pipeline to a cryogenic cooling fluid such as liquid nitrogen, and the liquid nitrogen is agitated by discharging a stream of nitrogen vapor through the pool.
Abstract: Apparatus for freezing a slug of water to form an ice plug in a section of a pipeline for hydrostatic testing purposes. The ice plug is formed by transferring thermal energy from the slug of water through the walls of the pipeline to a cryogenic cooling fluid such as liquid nitrogen. A section of the pipeline is filled with water and is enclosed by an insulated chamber. The chamber is filled with liquid nitrogen to form a pool around the pipeline. The liquid nitrogen is agitated by discharging a stream of nitrogen vapor through the pool. Heat exchange occurs as a result of heat transfer directly from the surface of the pipeline to the liquid nitrogen by the action of convection currents produced by the vigorous agitation of the liquid associated with the motion of the nitrogen vapor. In a preferred embodiment, the liquid nitrogen is diffused over the surface of the pipeline by means of a permeable layer of material which is easily wetted by the liquid nitrogen.

51 citations


Patent
13 Aug 1976
TL;DR: In this paper, the Bacon fuel cell is combined with a solid electrolyte for the electrolytic cell, which offers high efficiency and automatic replenishing of water vapor into the cycle realizes a high-efficiency electrochemical cycle.
Abstract: High-temperature (1200-1500K) electrolysis of water and recombination of the products in a medium-temperature (530K) fuel cell achieve a practical efficiency exceeding 50%. A solid electrolyte is chosen for the electrolytic cell and in combination with the Bacon fuel cell, which offers high efficiency and automatic replenishing of water vapor into the cycle realizes a high-efficiency electrochemical cycle. Both high-temperature, gas-cooled reactors and conventional combustion processes may be used as heat sources. Unconventional heat sources, such as concentrated solar energy, can also be used. A regenerative counterflow heat exchanger and a waste-heat power plant serve as energy-conserving devices. An important feature of this cycle is the flexibility of operation that can be achieved by adding hydrogen storage. Switching among power-generating, load-averaging, and hydrogen-generating modes can then be done by simple gas-flow valves.

Patent
21 Dec 1976
TL;DR: In this article, a method and apparatus for transferring energy in an absorption system according to the heat pump principle to improve the cycle efficiency thereof is presented, in which the selected working medium is vaporized in an evaporator by heat exchange with heat source of ambient pressure and passed into a sorption station where it is brought into contact with an absorbent solution with consequent release of heat of absorption and heat of condensation.
Abstract: A method and apparatus for transferring energy in an absorption system according to the heat pump principle to improve the cycle efficiency thereof, in which the selected working medium is vaporized in an evaporator by heat exchange with heat source of ambient pressure and passed into a sorption station where it is brought into contact with an absorbent solution with consequent release of heat of absorption and heat of condensation. The mixture of absorbent solution and absorbed working medium is passed from the sorption station into a pressurized separating station, where the absorbent is separated from the working medium by diffusing the mixture under pressure through a semi-permeable membrane defining a zone of relatively high pressure and a zone of relatively low pressure higher than the ambient pressure, the concentrated absorbent solution being collected in the high pressure zone and the solution of working medium being received in the low pressure zone by virtue of the resultant reverse osmotic flow. The dilute solution of working medium is passed to the evaporator upon being depressurized, while the concentrated absorbent solution, upon being reduced to the ambient pressure, is passed into the sorption station.

Patent
12 Feb 1976
TL;DR: In this paper, the collector temperature bears a predetermined relation to the storage medium, and a heat exchange liquid dissipating means is provided to dissipate heat in the medium when the collector's temperature exceeds a predetermined value.
Abstract: A solar heating system of the liquid heat transfer collector type in which provision is made for circulating the heat exchange medium only, then the collector temperature bears a predetermined relation to the storage medium, and where, a heat exchange liquid dissipating means is provided to dissipate heat in the medium when the collector temperature exceeds a predetermined value.

Patent
28 Oct 1976
TL;DR: In this paper, a method for manufacturing a concentric-tube heat exchanger which includes at least a pair of concentric tubes disposed one within the other to form an annular longitudinally extending flow channel in which a plurality of heat transfer promoting fins reside is provided.
Abstract: A method is provided for manufacturing a concentric-tube heat exchanger which includes at least a pair of concentric tubes disposed one within the other to form an annular longitudinally extending flow channel in which a plurality of heat transfer promoting fins reside. The method includes the step of applying a radially directed force to one of the pair of concentric tubes in sufficient magnitude to permanently deform the tube into engagement with the plurality of heat transfer promoting fins.

Patent
10 Dec 1976
TL;DR: In this paper, an electronic air conditioner, in which a charging section, a dust collecting section and a negative ion generating section, known per se, are arranged in this order along the flow path of air extending from the air inlet to the air outlet in a casing of insulating material, is described.
Abstract: An electronic air conditioner, in which a charging section, a dust collecting section (including an electrostatic dust collecting section and an ozone reducing section) and a negative ion generating section, known per se, are arranged in this order along the flow path of air extending from the air inlet to the air outlet in a casing of insulating material to provide a compact electronic air conditioner capable of air hearing, air cooling and air cleaning. At an appropriate position between the air inlet and the air outlet in the casing, a fan is provided to cause a flow of air. Between a mechanical filter provided at the air inlet and the negative ion generating section, a heat exchanger is provided to act on the flow of air for heating or cooling the same. The endothermic-and-thermoradiation fins of the heat exchanger can be also used as a dust collector if grounded.

Patent
06 Jan 1976
TL;DR: A formed plate heat exchanger of the air and hot gas counterflow type for gas turbines with provision for thermal response zones of different heat transfer capability in the hot gas passages of the core, each succeeding zone in the gas flow direction having greater heat transferred capability than a preceding zone to reduce temperature gradients and core thermal fatigue, with elimination of core cracking and splitting as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: A formed plate heat exchanger of the air and hot gas counterflow type for gas turbines with provision for thermal response zones of different heat transfer capability in the hot gas passages of the core, each succeeding zone in the gas flow direction having greater heat transfer capability than a preceding zone to reduce temperature gradients and core thermal fatigue, with elimination of core cracking and splitting.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a modal superposition approach was used to predict the motions and contact forces of a single heat exchanger tube using a finite element technique. But the model was not applied to the case of a CCA with a clearance support at the free end.

Patent
03 May 1976
TL;DR: In this article, a plurality of segmented components are arranged to form a fixed radial heat exchanger with a core of fluid tubes and air flow corridors between the tubes, which is maintained by means of a propeller type fan mounted coaxially with the heat exchange.
Abstract: A plurality of segmented components are arranged to form a fixed radial heat exchanger. Each segment is an independent heat exchanger having a core of fluid tubes and air flow corridors between the tubes. Air flow is maintained through the heat exchanger by means of a propeller type fan mounted coaxially with the heat exchanger.

Patent
15 Jun 1976
TL;DR: In this paper, a free-floating piston is mounted in the expanded chamber of a reversible vapor compression refrigeration cycle, and a centrally located metering port passes through the piston while fluted channels are formed in its outer periphery.
Abstract: An expansion device for use in a reversible vapor compression refrigeration cycle for producing, upon demand, either heating or cooling. Two devices are mounted in opposed relationship in a supply line carrying refrigerant between a first heat exchanger and a second heat exchanger. Each expansion device includes a body having a flow passage therein opening into an expanded chamber. A free-floating piston is slidably mounted in the chamber and is moved to a first position when refrigerant is passed through the line in a first direction and to a second position when the direction of flow is reversed. A centrally located metering port passes through the piston while fluted channels are formed in its outer periphery. When in the first position, the fluted channels are closed against one side wall of the chamber and refrigerant is throttled through the metering port from the high pressure exchanger (condenser) into the low pressure exchanger (evaporator). Reversing the direction of refrigerant flow causes the piston to be moved into the second position wherein the fluted channels are opened to the supply line to allow an unrestricted flow of refrigerant about the piston.

Patent
29 Nov 1976
TL;DR: In this paper, a fuel delivery system is presented where first and second heat exchanger means are each adapted to provide the transfer of heat between the fuel and a second fluid such as lubricating oil associated with the gas turbine engine.
Abstract: A fuel delivery system is presented wherein first and second heat exchanger means are each adapted to provide the transfer of heat between the fuel and a second fluid such as lubricating oil associated with the gas turbine engine. Valve means are included which are operative in a first mode to provide for flow of the second fluid through both first and second heat exchanger means and further operative in a second mode for bypassing the second fluid around the second heat exchanger means.

Patent
05 Feb 1976
TL;DR: In this paper, an internal combustion engine providing mechanical energy and also thermal energy which is commonly referred to as waste heat is used to generate steam at a relatively low temperature and pressure.
Abstract: A method and apparatus for generating steam including an internal combustion engine providing mechanical energy and also thermal energy which is commonly referred to as waste heat. In one aspect, the engine drives a heat pump, and the low temperature side of the heat pump removes waste heat from the engine and in some instances also heat from the environment, while the high temperature side of the heat pump delivers heat to an unfired steam boiler. In another aspect, the engine drives a water injectable compressor, and waste heat from the engine is utilized in a heat exchanger to boil water and thereby produce steam at a relatively low temperature and pressure. This steam enters the compressor and emerges therefrom at a relatively high temperature and pressure. In all aspects, the generated steam can be used for such applications as heating or the operation of a steam engine.

Patent
26 Jul 1976
TL;DR: In this article, a solar water heating system in which piping arrangements and solenoid operated valves are combined with a water storage heater and solar heater or collectors in a manner to protect the system against over temperature and against freezing without the use of antifreeze or auxiliary heat exchanger systems.
Abstract: A solar water heating system in which piping arrangements and solenoid operated valves are combined with a water storage heater and solar heater or collectors in a manner to protect the system against over temperature and against freezing without the use of antifreeze or auxiliary heat exchanger systems.

Patent
13 Sep 1976
TL;DR: In this paper, a closed loop system was proposed for efficient downhole cooling of the electric pump motor, motor protector, and thrust bearing of a submerged pump assembly in a high temperature environment without significant modification of the pump assembly itself.
Abstract: Efficient downhole cooling of the electric pump motor, motor protector, and thrust bearing of a submergible pump assembly in a high temperature environment is accomplished without significant modification of the pump assembly itself. Coolant flows through an insulated shroud as a high velocity annular fluid sheet surrounding the components to be cooled. In a closed loop system, coolant from a heat exchanger is supplied to the shroud via insulated supply tubing, which contains a cable for energizing the motor, is injected into the shroud by a coolant discharge head from which the pump assembly is suspended, and returns to the heat exchanger via insulated return tubing. The walls of the shroud and tubing include expansion element which accommodate the difference between interior and exterior temperatures.

Patent
07 Dec 1976
TL;DR: In this article, a cyclical flow is proposed for controlling the air temperature in buildings, particularly large multi-room buildings, which eliminates the use of conventional refrigeration units during substantial portions of the year, providing a significant reduction in energy consumption.
Abstract: A process and apparatus for controlling the air temperature in buildings, particularly large multi-room buildings, which eliminates the use of conventional refrigeration units during substantial portions of the year, providing a significant reduction in energy consumption. A liquid stream is cooled in an air cooling tower outside the building by contact with the ambient or outside air, is filtered to remove contaminants, and is circulated in a cyclical flow directly between the heat exchangers or induction unit coils in the building and the cooling tower outside the building, which preferably cools the liquid substantially to the outside ambient wet bulb air temperature. The system is used when the wet bulb temperature of the outside air is low enough to provide liquid at an effective cooling temperature, preferably at or below the desired temperature of the room air, and more preferably at a predetermined liquid temperature desired at the induction units for cooling. When the liquid at the output of the cooling tower is below the desired liquid cooling temperature, a suitable proportion of return liquid from the building is caused to bypass the cooling tower and is mixed with the cooling tower liquid. Additionally, the cooling liquid is prevented from circulating through the induction unit coils in the rooms in which slight heating is desired and return air from all the rooms is mixed with fresh air and recirculated through a conventional fan back to the rooms in which heat is desired to provide heating of the room air therein without the need to use a conventional heat generation unit. This process can be employed with existing systems having refrigeration and heat generation units.

Patent
28 Oct 1976
TL;DR: In this paper, a cylindrical cup-shaped baffle is arranged coaxially within the tank for directing the influent liquid toward the side wall of the tank, and a pressureexpanded, helically wound conduit is positioned between and disposed in intimate heat exchange contact with both the tank and the baffle.
Abstract: A heat exchanger takes the form of a cylindrical tank having an inlet at one end to receive an influent liquid to be chilled, an outlet at the opposite end of the tank from which the chilled liquid may be discharged. A cooling coil is wrapped around the outer side wall of the tank for circulating a refrigerant in conductive, heat exchange relation to the tank. A cylindrical cup-shaped baffle is arranged coaxially within the tank for directing the influent liquid toward the side wall of the tank, and a pressure-expanded, helically wound conduit is positioned between and disposed in intimate heat exchange contact with both the side wall of the tank and the cup-shaped baffle and defines two relatively separated passages through which separate portions of the influent liquid pass to be chilled by contact with the tank, the baffle and the intervening helically wound conduit.

Patent
29 Jul 1976
TL;DR: In this article, a spherical tube sheet is arranged in sealed relation across the chamber with an elongated duct extending outwardly therefrom to provide manifold means for interconnection with the opposite end of the tube bundle.
Abstract: A heat exchanger for use in nuclear reactors includes a heat exchange tube bundle formed from similar modules each having a hexagonal shroud containing a large number of thermally conductive tubes which are connected with inlet and outlet headers at opposite ends of each module, the respective headers being adapted for interconnection with suitable inlet and outlet manifold means. In order to adapt the heat exchanger for operation in a high temperature and high pressure environment and to provide access to all tube ports at opposite ends of the tube bundle, a spherical tube sheet is arranged in sealed relation across the chamber with an elongated duct extending outwardly therefrom to provide manifold means for interconnection with the opposite end of the tube bundle.

Patent
06 Oct 1976
TL;DR: In this article, a pre-heating system for a supercharged, low-compression ratio diesel engine is described. But the authors do not discuss the process of preheating the intake air of the engine.
Abstract: A device for and process of pre-heating the intake air of a supercharged, low-compression ratio Diesel engine when operating at low loads, comprising the apparatus for and steps of taking the heat required for said pre-heating from at least one portion of the exhaust gases of said engine and conveying it to at least one part of the intake air. The device includes heat exchange apparatus having a heating fluid inlet connected to the diesel engine exhaust line through a three-way valve, a heating fluid outlet, a heated fluid inlet, a heated fluid outlet connected to the intake air duct of the engine, and a heat conveying means moving in a closed path between the heating fluid and the heated fluid. A temperature sensor in the air intake duct controls the three-way valve to apportion the flow of exhaust gases between the heating fluid inlet and the atmosphere to maintain a predetermined minimum intake air temperature.

Patent
16 Aug 1976
TL;DR: In this article, a water circulating pump is used to pass relatively cold tank water through a heat exchanger which is connected to the compressor outlet conduit of the air conditioner, and the pump is controlled by a thermostatic switch which measures the water exchanger outlet temperature.
Abstract: An energy saving device that utilizes the rejected heat from an air conditioning unit for heating water or other suitable liquid in a conventional liquid heating storage tank. The primary heater control in the storage tank is turned off whenever the air conditioning compressor is operating by a pressure sensing switch in the compressor line that is wired in series with the tank heater control circuit. A water circulating pump is used to pass relatively cold tank water through a heat exchanger which is connected to the compressor outlet conduit of the air conditioner. The pump is controlled by a thermostatic switch which measures heat exchanger outlet water temperature. The device not only utilizes otherwise rejected heat energy from an air conditioning unit for heating water in a conventional hot water tank but also increases the efficiency and endurance of the air conditioning system by removing super heat from the compressor gases.

Patent
18 May 1976
TL;DR: In this article, a double-tiered solar collector and heat exchanger are mounted on a roof at an angle ranging from 30 DEG to 45 DEG with respect to the horizontal, with its upper surface being blackened.
Abstract: A solar heating and cooling system comprising a double tiered solar collector and heat exchanger that is mounted on a roof at an angle ranging from 30 DEG to 45 DEG with respect to the horizontal, with its upper surface being blackened. Each tier of the heat exchanger includes a series of longitudinal channels, there being upper and lower manifolds communicating with all of the channels. A duct depends from the middle of the upper channel and is connected to an air blower that takes air from the premises being heated or cooled. Another pair of ducts depend from the lower manifold at the opposite end thereof and discharge heated air into the premises. A heat trap in the form of a transparent plastic sheet is removably mounted above the collector and heat exchanger in close proximity thereto.

Patent
Johann Schroder1
14 Apr 1976
TL;DR: In this article, the latent heat stored in a crystalline liquid heat storage medium subject to super-cooling was exploited by continuously circulating the storage medium past a heat exchanger positioned in the upper portion of an enclosed space containing a body of such storage medium, then past a bed of seed crystals in the lower portion of such space to effect partial crystallization thereof.
Abstract: Utilization of latent heat stored in a crystalline liquid heat storage medium subject to super-cooling by continuously circulating the storage medium past a heat exchanger positioned in the upper portion of an enclosed space containing a body of such storage medium to effect super-cooling thereof, then past a bed of seed crystals in the lower portion of such space to effect partial crystallization thereof, and then back past the heat exchanger.