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Showing papers on "Heat exchanger published in 1983"


Book
01 Jan 1983

430 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors classified thermal fouling of heat transfer surfaces into five principal categories, up to five in number, and discussed the successive events that characterize most fouling situations.
Abstract: Fouling of heat transfer surfaces, which leads to high economic penalties and is still dealt with by heat exchanger designers by the crude TEMA approach, is classified into five principal categories. The measurement of thermal fouling is considered critically, and this is followed by a discussion of the successive events, up to five in number, that characterize most fouling situations. The resulting 5×5 matrix of fouling categories and sequential events illustrates the fact that the fundamental fouling problem has now been mainly resolved, at least for liquid-solid interfaces, although it still remains largely unsolved.

269 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the concept of appropriate heat engine and heat pump placement in process networks based on a fundamental new insight is presented, which takes advantage of integration opportunities with the remainder of the process and yields marginal efficiencies far greater than could be achieved through stand-alone heat engines.
Abstract: The general problem of heat and power integration in process networks is complex and to date not fully understood. The subject covers site combined heat and power, on-plant power generation, heat pumps, and refrigeration systems. This paper is the first of a two-part series and explains the concept of ''appropriate'' heat engine and heat pump placement in process networks based on a fundamental new insight. ''Appropriate'' placement takes advantage of integration opportunities with the remainder of the process and yields marginal efficiencies far greater than could be achieved through stand-alone heat engines. Conversely, ''inappropriate'' placement can never offer an advantage over stand-alone systems. Part II describes procedures for preliminary design, involving heat engine, and heat pump equipment selection and performance assessment.

198 citations


Patent
14 Jul 1983
TL;DR: In this paper, an apparatus for cooling a high-density integrated circuit package including a base in which the circuit package is mounted and a heat exchanger which mounts on the base to enclose the circuit packages and carry away the heat generated by operation thereof by means of a fluid coolant which is passed through the heat exchangers.
Abstract: An apparatus for cooling a high-density integrated circuit package including a base in which the circuit package is mounted and a heat exchanger which mounts on the base to enclose the circuit package and carry away the heat generated by operation thereof by means of a fluid coolant which is passed through the heat exchanger. The heat exchanger includes a housing having a coolant chamber one surface of which is formed of a pliable thinwall diaphragm of thermally conductive material. The coolant chamber is filled with a plurality of thermally conductive spheriods which are biased into thermally conductive contact with each other and with the diaphragm by a resilient elastomeric pressure pad which is mounted in the coolant chamber. The biasing force exerted by the spheroids on the diaphragm biases it into thermally conductive contact with the circuit package so that heat is conducted away from the circuit package by the diaphragm and the spheroids.

185 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a 25 mm I.D. copper tube, tightly fitted with helical-wire-coil inserts of varying pitch (p), helix angle (x), and wire diameter (e), was used for heat transfer.

133 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a method for identifying the best outline design for any combined system of chemical process, heat engines, and heat pumps based on the temperature interval analysis of the heat exchanger network problem.
Abstract: In Part I, criteria for heat engine and heat pump placement in chemical process networks were derived, based on the ''temperature interval'' (T.I) analysis of the heat exchanger network problem. Using these criteria, this paper gives a method for identifying the best outline design for any combined system of chemical process, heat engines, and heat pumps. The method eliminates inferior alternatives early, and positively leads on to the most appropriate solution. A graphical procedure based on the T.I. analysis forms the heart of the approach, and the calculations involved are simple enough to be carried out on, say, a programmable calculator. Application to a case study is demonstrated. Optimization methods based on this procedure are currently under research.

113 citations


Patent
04 Mar 1983
TL;DR: A reversible mode heating and cooling system as mentioned in this paper includes a conventional reversible heat pump having a compressor (12), a changeover valve (14), an indoor heat exchanger (16) in heat exchange relationship with the interior ambient air, expansion cooling means (18, 19) and an outdoor heat exchinator (20), which acts in concert with the first heat exchiner (20) and which is in heat-exchange relationship with a fluid heat exchange (24a) in order to increase the capacity and efficiency of the system to evaporate the refrigerant during the heating mode and cond
Abstract: A reversible mode heating and cooling system includes a conventional reversible heat pump having a compressor (12), a changeover valve (14), an indoor heat exchanger (16) in heat exchange relationship with the interior ambient air, expansion cooling means (18, 19) and an outdoor heat exchanger (20) in heat exchange relationship with the outside ambient air, and an auxiliary heat exchanger ( 24) which acts in concert with the first heat exchanger (20) and which is in heat exchange relationship with a fluid heat exchange (24a) in order to increase the capacity and efficiency of the system to evaporate the refrigerant during the heating mode and condensing the refrigerant during the cooling mode. The auxiliary heat exchanger (24) is arranged to permit selective parallel flow or parallel flow simultaneous and serial refrigerant through the auxiliary heat exchanger and the outdoor heat exchanger of (20) to increase the capacity of the heating system at very low outdoor ambient temperatures, and the cooling capacity of the system at very high outside ambient temperatures. A subsystem for controlling the flow and temperature detecting means (100) acts in concert with the heating and cooling system by detecting temperatures of refrigerant at selected locations and operating the control valves of the fluid flow heat exchange or cooling, so as to direct the most effective and the most effective flow of the refrigerant to the outdoor heat exchangers and / or auxiliary.

111 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the effects of varying the spacing between the corrugated walls and of different fluid flow inlet conditions were determined experimentally for water flowing in a corrugation-wall duct.

97 citations


Patent
Jr. Seymour R. Cray1
17 Nov 1983
TL;DR: An immersion cooling system for high density electronic assemblies such as computers includes a container holding an inert cooling liquid, and stacks of circuit modules arranged in a generally radial pattern within the container as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: An immersion cooling system for high density electronic assemblies such as computers includes a container holding an inert cooling liquid, and stacks of circuit modules arranged in a generally radial pattern within the container. Coolant supply columns and coolant removal columns alternate between adjacent stacks around the pattern. The coolant supply columns include distribution manifolds which distribute incoming coolant at all levels to provide a flow of coolant to all circuit modules. The flow passes between adjacent boards of the modules and preferably along flow channels formed by the circuit chips aligned in rows. After passing across the circuit modules the heated coolant rises in coolant removal columns and flows over standpipes for removal from the container, and a pump and heat exchanger recools and recirculates the coolant. Pump up and pump down systems are also provided for withdrawing the coolant to a reservoir for servicing the circuitry.

96 citations


Patent
23 May 1983
TL;DR: In this article, a heat exchanger is mounted on the inside face of the enclosure door to provide a cooled surface so that warm air at the top of the enclosing forward compartment is drawn downwardly along the heat exchangers surface to the base of an inner chimney which separates the enclosure interior into forward and rearward compartments.
Abstract: Natural convection cooling of power carrying electronic components mounted within an enclosure is achieved by mounting the power components at the base of the enclosure at the opening of an inner chimney which separates the enclosure interior into forward and rearward compartments. The inner chimney serves to duct the heated air rising from the components at the base of the enclosure forward compartment to the top of the enclosure. A heat exchanger is mounted on the inside face of the enclosure door to provide a cooled surface so that warm air at the top of the enclosure forward compartment is drawn downwardly along the heat exchanger surface to the base of the enclosure thereby creating natural air turbulence within the enclosure. Natural convection cooling is further improved by adding a plurality of heat sinks to the chassis base so that the heat sink fins extend into the rearward compartment which forms an outer chimney by virtue of air ducts being provided in the front and top walls of the enclosure in communication of the rearward compartment. The outer chimney creates an increased draft of cool air along the fins thereby reducing the average temperature of the air rising through the fins. In this way, convection cooling is achieved without the need for separate mechanical air handling equipment.

86 citations


Patent
28 Apr 1983
TL;DR: In this paper, a method for controlling the temperature of a reaction carried out within a vessel in a fluidized bed containing solid particles which can be entrained with the smoke and then recovered in a separating device and recycled into the fluidised bed after passage through a heat exchanger where they yield up their heat.
Abstract: Method and a device for controlling the temperature of a reaction carried out within a vessel in a fluidized bed containing solid particles which can be entrained with the smoke and then recovered in a separating device and recycled into the fluidized bed after passage through a heat exchanger where they yield up their heat. The flow of particles separated from the smoke is divided into two parts, a hot part recycled directly into the fluidized bed and a cool part constituted by particles taken up at the outlet of the separating device and passed into the heat exchanger to constitute a reserve of cold material which can be mixed with the hot part before reinjection into the fluidized bed, the relative flow rates of the hot particles and of the cold particles being regulated so as to control the flow-rate and the average temperature of the flow of particles recycled into the fluidized bed for maintaining at the desired level the reaction temperature in the midst of the latter.

Patent
20 Jul 1983
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors describe a high efficiency water heater that passes a combustible mixture of gas and air from an impeller into the hollow interior of a cylindrical gas burner.
Abstract: An apparatus is described capable of functioning as a high-efficiency water heater. This apparatus passes a combustible mixture of gas and air from an impeller into the hollow interior of a cylindrical gas burner. The combustible mixture flows out through apertures in the cylindrical walls of the gas burner and is burned on a cylindrical flame as it emerges from the gas burner; the size of the apertures prevents flash-back of the flames of the combustible mixture into the gas burner. Heat is transferred from the flame to the walls of a cylindrical combustion chamber surrounding the gas burner and the combustion products generated pass to a heat exchanger comprising a vertical riser and a downwardly extending helical section which ensures maximum heat transfer to liquid in the tank surround the combustion chamber and heat exchanger. The apparatus may be used solely as a water heater or may serve as a combined gas furnace and water heating system.

Patent
22 Sep 1983
TL;DR: In this paper, a novel heat management system for aircraft is provided which is based on the aircraft fuel as the heat exchange medium and comprises a dedicated thermal reserve fuel tank for containing refrigerated aircraft fuel (or other expendable liquid) which is cooled by heat exchange with the primary aircraft fuel flow to the engines, a fuel line loop for conducting fuel through a plurality of heat exchangers associated with cooling loops for heat generating aircraft systems.
Abstract: A novel heat management system for aircraft is provided which is based on the aircraft fuel as the heat exchange medium and comprises a dedicated thermal reserve fuel tank for containing refrigerated aircraft fuel (or other expendable liquid) which is cooled by heat exchange with the primary aircraft fuel flow to the engines, a fuel line loop for conducting fuel through a plurality of heat exchangers associated with cooling loops for heat generating aircraft systems, and a central microprocessor based controller for controlling fuel flow and temperature throughout the fuel loop system and into the aircraft engine.

Patent
23 Dec 1983
TL;DR: In this article, a servicing device is shown for recovering and charging refrigerant in a cooling system of the type having a compressor for circulating compressible refrigerants in a closed, pressurized system between a condenser and an evaporator.
Abstract: A servicing device is shown for recovering and charging refrigerant in a cooling system of the type having a compressor for circulating compressible refrigerant in a closed, pressurized system between a condenser and an evaporator to provide a cooling effect. The servicing device includes a storage container which has a fill port which is adapted to be connected by a fluid conduit to the closed, pressurized system being serviced. Heat exchange coils located within the container are cooled by a heat exchange system to create a low pressure atmosphere within the container and draw refrigerant from the closed, pressurized system into the container. The heat pump system has reversible valves to reverse the flow of auxiliary refrigerant being circulated through the system. When the refrigerant circulation is reversed, the heat exchange coils located within the storage container heats the container to create a relatively higher pressure atmosphere to charge refrigerant from the storage container into the closed, pressurized system.

Patent
19 Dec 1983
TL;DR: In this paper, a modular passive solar energy storage system comprises a plurality of heat tubes which are arranged to form a flat plate solar collector and are releasably connected to a water reservoir by, and are part of, double-walled heat exchangers which penetrate to the water reservoir and enhance the heat transfer characteristics between the collector and the reservoir.
Abstract: A modular passive solar energy storage system comprises a plurality of heat tubes which are arranged to form a flat plate solar collector and are releasably connected to a water reservoir by, and are part of, double-walled heat exchangers which penetrate to the water reservoir and enhance the heat transfer characteristics between the collector and the reservoir. The flat plate collector-heat exchanger disassembly, the collector housing, and the reservoir are integrated into a relatively light weight, unitary structural system in which the reservoir is a primary structural element. In addition to light weight, the system features high efficiency and ease of assembly and maintenance.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: An operationally convenient methodology is presented for relating economic costs to entropy generation that allows an interaction with the system designer to gain insights into the trade-offs allowed between the thermodynamic irreversibilities of flow friction, heat transfer, heat leakage, and mixing.
Abstract: An operationally convenient methodology is presented for relating economic costs to entropy generation. This methodology, in the hands of the heat exchanger designer, allows an interaction with the...

Patent
20 Dec 1983
TL;DR: In this paper, an energy efficient heating and cooling system is proposed for use in conjunction with building type structures, where both liquid and gaseous fluids can be circulated at the same time through the heat exchange means.
Abstract: This invention is an energy efficient heating and cooling system. It is particularly adapted for use in conjunction with building type structures. Both liquid and gaseous fluids can be circulated at the same time through the heat exchange means. These exchangers can be either separately attached units or can form an integral part of the building structure itself. The exchangers are mounted on both northern and southern exposures and can accomplish a combination of functions either separately or at the same time to meet varying energy demand situations.

Patent
05 Jul 1983
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors describe a flow through type indirect heat exchanger of ring form located within an annular chamber in the engine cowl which is partially formed by lip surfaces of the inlet.
Abstract: Hot compressed air is bled from the compressor of an engine and a portion of it is directed through a flow through type indirect heat exchanger of ring form located within an annular chamber in the engine cowl which is partially formed by lip surfaces of the inlet. Such air gives up heat to low pressure air within such chamber which carries the heat to the inlet surfaces. The compressed air is then removed from the heat exchanger and is admixed with additional hot compressed air. A part of the mixture is delivered to a wing TAI subsystem and a second portion is used for cabin conditioning and pressurization.

Patent
27 Dec 1983
TL;DR: In this article, an apparatus for regenerating a filter trap (A) used to collect particulates from the exhaust gas of an internal combustion engine was described. But the filter trap was not equipped with a flow mask to mask a central core area of the flow of heat transfer medium.
Abstract: An apparatus for regenerating a filter trap (A) used to collect particulates from the exhaust gas of an internal combustion engine. The apparatus comprises: (a) apparatus (C-2) providing a flow of a heat transfer medium through the filter trap (A), (b) apparatus (C) for heating the heat transfer medium to a temperature effective to incinerate the particulates in the filter trap (A), and (c) a flow mask (22) stationed in the flow of heat transfer medium, upstream from said filter trap (A) effective to divert the heat transfer medium away from the radially inner zone of the filter trap (A) while guiding the heat transfer medium to engage and ignite the particulates along a radially outer region of the filter trap (A). The mask (22) is a circular disc and spaced upstream from the filter trap (A) effective to mask a central core area of the flow of heat transfer medium. The apparatus (C) for heating comprises one or more electrically heated resistance elements (21) arranged in a planar coil configuration extending transversely across the flow of heat transfer medium. A flow diffuser (23) is stationed upstream from the mask (22) and is comprised of a plurality of foraminous plates effective to diffuse and slow down the flow of heat transfer medium for increasing heat exchange. The flow diffuser (23) has a radiation reflective coating to limit heat losses and a member (24) is employed for depressing the temperature required to ignite the particulates.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, high temperature gas heating through porous media (SiC and ZrO 2 particles) in both a fluidized bed receiver and a packed bed receiver was investigated.

Patent
Jr. Marion E. Houser1
23 Jun 1983
TL;DR: In this paper, a microcomputer controlled charge control system for modulating charge in a heat pump refrigerant circuit is presented, where super-heating and sub-cooling strategies are employed to maintain the charge level in the circuit at optimum performance levels, automatically adapting to changes in environmental load conditions on the heat pump heat exchange coils.
Abstract: A microcomputer controlled charge control system for modulating charge in a heat pump refrigerant circuit. A charge receiver has its interior in thermal communication with the compressor suction line and has a single charge flow line connected via a charge control valve to the refrigerant circuit at a point intermediate two controllable expansion valves in the high side of the circuit. Super-heating and subcooling strategies are employed to maintain the charge level in the circuit at optimum performance levels, automatically adapting to changes in environmental load conditions on the heat pump heat exchange coils. Additional control strategy is employed to shift refrigerant charge into and out of the circuit during transient operation, such as during start-up, stop and reversal into defrost, to optimize operating efficiency during these transient conditions and also to assure correct placement of the refrigerant charge, for example, to avoid compressor slugging during start-up following an off cycle or a reversal in refrigerant flow.


Patent
09 May 1983
TL;DR: A shipboard engine system and method of operating includes two compressors with an intercooler, a compressor turbine, a power turbine, and a combustor for combining fuel, air and water.
Abstract: A shipboard engine system and method of operating includes two compressors with an intercooler, a compressor turbine, a power turbine, a combustor for combining fuel, air and water Heat exchangers remove heat from the exhaust and use it to preheat the water to the combustor Spray condensers recover water from the exhaust for reuse Water purification apparatus is used to remove acid from the water The system is designed for stoichiometric operation at full load and run with increased efficiency at part load to give a total lower fuel consumption

Journal Article
TL;DR: A ground-coil heat pump is defined as a heat pump in which the outdoor or evaporator coil is placed directly in the ground or exchanges heat with the ground through a secondary fluid (usually water or antifreeze solution), which is circulated through the ground in a closed loop.
Abstract: A ground-coil heat pump system is defined as a heat pump in which the outdoor or evaporator coil is placed directly in the ground or exchanges heat with the ground through a secondary fluid (usually water or antifreeze solution), which is circulated through the ground in a closed loop. Ground-coil systems present a more challenging design problem than either air-source or well-water systems. For instance, the performance of the outdoor coil on an air-source system can be readily predicted once the outdoor air temperature and humidity are known. Well-water system performance can generally be determined at the time of drilling with established well-testing techniques. However, the performance of ground-coil systems is highly dependent on ground heat-transfer characteristics. Soil type (clay, silt, sand, etc.) and moisture content can cause ground thermal conductivities to vary by orders of magnitude from one part of the country to another, from one lot to another within the same town, or from one point in time to another for the same lot. Thus, there are many challenges and uncertainties in designing and installing ground-coil heat pumps. This project was undertaken with the objective of reviewing historical and current methods for designing ground-coil heat pumps. The effortsmore » concentrated on European and North American experience. The following discussion presents the historical background followed by a description of basic design configurations, operating experience, and some specific design methods that have been developed or are under development.« less

Patent
05 Dec 1983
TL;DR: In this article, a water heating system is described in which vapor in the products of combustion gases is condensed in a secondary heat exchanger positioned in a housing with the primary heat exchange and combustion chamber.
Abstract: In a water heating system, vapor in the products of combustion gases is condensed in a secondary heat exchanger positioned in a housing with the primary heat exchanger and combustion chamber. The two heat exchangers are coaxial coils with the secondary coil positioned below the primary. Gases flow radially through the primary coil and then axially through the secondary coil at an increased velocity. The gases are then used to pre-heat a gas/air mixture in a third heat exchanger within the secondary heat exchanger. The pre-heated gas/air mixture is burned in a burner within the primary heat exchanger and the gas products are drawn through the exchangers by a blower. A water storage tank is designed to enhance stratification of hot water over cooler water. The cooler water is used to condense vapor in the secondary heat exchanger.


Patent
02 May 1983
TL;DR: In this article, the air is compressed, purified and cooled in a first heat exchanger while a second gas stream is compressed to elevated pressure, and is cooled in another heat exchange with the compressed gas stream.
Abstract: In the production of gaseous oxygen, a process and apparatus is used which requires low temperature rectification of air. The air is compressed, purified and cooled in a first heat exchanger while a second gas stream is compressed to elevated pressure, and is cooled in a second heat exchanger. Liquid oxygen removed from rectification is pressurized to a desired pressure and is evaporated and heated in heat exchange with the compressed gas stream.

Patent
TL;DR: In this paper, a high frequency jet ventilator humidification system is described, which includes an air-oxygen blender, a heat exchanger, a solenoid valve, a water infusion pump, a humidifier and a small tube coaxially positioned in a larger tube for delivery of respirable gas to a patient.
Abstract: The present invention is directed to a high frequency jet ventilator humidification system which generally includes an air-oxygen blender, a heat exchanger, a solenoid valve, a water infusion pump, a humidifier, and a small tube coaxially positioned in a larger tube for delivery of respirable gas to a patient.

Patent
13 Dec 1983
TL;DR: A transversally corrugated multi-luminal flat tube for circulating the refrigerant of an evaporator for an automotive air conditioner in indirect heat exchange relation with air is provided with one laterally marginal portion as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: A transversally corrugated multi-luminal flat tube for circulating the refrigerant of an evaporator for an automotive air conditioner in indirect heat exchange relation with air is provided with one laterally marginal portion, being the one which faces inlet air flow in a transverse cross-flow system, that is so thick-walled about its outer perimeter, that inlet air, which is corrosive because it contains moisture and salt, will be prevented for a sufficiently long time from corroding pinholes through that part of the tube, the remaining part of the outer periphery of the flat tube, because it is less subject to corrosive attack being thinner walled, so as to maximize durability and mass flow rate, while minimizing weight and cost.

Patent
01 Mar 1983
TL;DR: In this paper, a plate and fin type heat exchanger is provided with an improved mounting arrangement for mounting the heat exchange within the intake manifold of a combustion engine for use as a charge air cooler.
Abstract: A plate and fin type heat exchanger is provided with an improved mounting arrangement for mounting the heat exchanger, for example, within the intake manifold of a combustion engine for use as a charge air cooler. A plurality of threaded nuts are secured as by welding at predetermined points at the inboard sides of the heat exchanger side plates for receiving bolts passed through aligned bolt-receiving holes in the intake manifold and side plates to secure the heat exchanger in place, thereby providing a mounting arrangement permitting the heat exchanger to occupy substantially the entire cross-sectional area of the intake manifold for optimized heat transfer capacity.